LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 explained

Powertype:Steam
LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0
Designer:William Stanier
Serialnumber:AW: 1166–1265, 1280–1506
VF: 4565–4614, 4618–4667
Builddate:1934–1951
Totalproduction:842
Uicclass:2′C h2
Leadingdiameter:3feet
Driverdiameter:6feet
Length:63feet or 63feet
Locoweight:72.1LT to 75LT
Tenderweight:53.7LT
Fueltype:Coal
Fuelcap:9LT
Watercap:4000impgal
Boiler:LMS type 3B
Boilerpressure:225lbf/in2 superheated
Firearea:NaNsquare feetNaNsquare feet or 28.5square feet
Tubesandflues:1426square feet1479square feet
Fireboxarea:156square feet171square feet
Superheaterarea:228square feet365square feet
Cylindercount:Two, outside
Cylindersize:NaNx
Valvegear:Most Walschaerts; Several fitted with Caprotti; one fitted with outside Stephenson
Tractiveeffort:25455lbf
Operator:LMS, BR
Axleloadclass:BR: Route Availability 7
Withdrawndate:1961–1968
Disposition:18 preserved, remainder scrapped

The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Stanier Class 5 4-6-0, commonly known as the Black Five, is a class of steam locomotives. It was introduced by William Stanier and built between 1934 and 1951. A total of 842 were built initially numbered 4658-5499 then renumbered 44658-45499 by BR. Several members of the class survived to the last day of steam on British Railways in 1968, and eighteen are preserved.

Origins

The Black Five was a mixed-traffic locomotive, a "do-anything go-anywhere" type, designed by Stanier, who had previously been with the GWR. In his early LMS days, he designed his Stanier Mogul, experimenting with the GWR school of thought on locomotive design. A number of details in this design he would never use again, realising the superiority of details not used on the GWR. Stanier realised that there was a need for larger locomotives. These were to be the LMS version of the GWR Halls, but they were not copies, as the Hall was too wide to run in most places in Britain. They shared a similar cylinder arrangement (two outside), internal boiler design and size and 6 foot driving wheel diameters.[1]

In their early days the locomotives were known as the "Black Staniers" from their black livery, in contrast to Stanier's other class of 4-6-0, the LMS Jubilee Class, which were painted crimson (and known until April 1935 as the "Red Staniers").[2] [3] Later on, the nickname of the former became "Black Five", the number referring to the power classification. This was originally 5P5F, but from 1940 was shown on cabsides as the simple figure 5. Eight hundred and forty-two were constructed. The locomotives were an instant success and were well-liked by their crews for their versatility.[4] [5] One of them was recorded to have reached a speed of 96 mph in service.[6] [7] [8]

Construction

There were a number of detail variations in the locomotives and they did not all remain in the same condition as built. Some locomotives built under British Railways administration were used as test beds for various design modifications, with a view to incorporating the successful modifications in the Standard Classes of locomotives built from 1951 onwards. These modifications included outside Caprotti valve gear, roller bearings (both Timken and Skefco types) on the coupled and tender axles in varying combinations, and an experimental steel firebox. Other locomotives had modified draughting to "self clean" the smokebox (thereby reducing turn-around and disposal times and eliminating or mitigating one of the most unpopular jobs).[9]

The domeless engines

Numbering started from 5000, with the first twenty being ordered from Crewe Works in April 1934, and a further fifty (5020–5069) ordered from the Vulcan Foundry in 1933. The first of the Vulcan Foundry engines entered service in 1934, and the entire order of 50 was delivered before the first Crewe-built engine, No. 5000, was completed in February 1935. The first 57 locomotives were built with domeless boilers with straight throatplates and a low degree of superheat (14 elements in two rows), the boilers of the remaining 13 (5007–5019) were provided with a three-row version (21 elements) having greater total surface area and giving less obstruction to gas flow. The original 57 boilers were converted later to higher superheat (24 elements) and fitted with a dome. Further orders were placed with Crewe (5070–5074), Vulcan Foundry (5075–5124) and Armstrong Whitworth (5125–5224) for a total of 155 locomotives which were also built with domeless boilers with straight throatplates and 21 element superheaters. All these boilers, including the early converted ones with a dome, were fitted indiscriminately to any of the first 225 engines, which could appear at various times with domed or domeless boilers.

However, many of the early frames were converted to accept sloping throatplate boilers, as listed below. This modification was carried out to provide a stock of spare boilers for the early engines, which would minimise the time spent in works by engines awaiting a fresh boiler. All locomotives from no. 5225 were fitted when new with the sloping throatplate boiler. All extra boilers made had the sloping throatplate arrangement, and only one example of a later engine having been fitted with a straight throatplate boiler is known - no. 45433. Several different patterns of boiler were used on the locomotives, running into double figures. The throatplate design was the most significant, but there were also different numbers of superheater flues, firegrate arrangement, stay material, dome and water feed arrangements, washout plug placement, etc. in various combinations.

The following locomotives were built with straight throatplate boilers, but were later fitted with a sloping throatplate boiler (date in brackets). Conversion was done by relocating the frame stretcher immediately in front of the firebox. Some of them reverted to straight throatplate at a later date, and these are also shown where known. Those marked with an asterisk were fitted with a boiler which had the top feed on the front ring on the date shown. In the case of no. 45087 it had previously been converted. The first conversion was carried out on no. 5022, and the last known was on no. 45163, which has been preserved.

5002 (12/37), 45007 (1/60), 45008 (1/60*), 45011 (1/49*+), 5020 (2/37), 5022 (10/36) reverted (10/58), 5023 (2/38) reverted (3/53), 5026 (2/37) reverted (1/59), 5027 (12/36), 5040 (11/36), 5045 (11/54), 5047 (1/37), 45049 (7/54) reverted (8/59), 5054 (1/37), 5057 (11/37), 5058 (11/37), 5059 (7/45), 45066 (4/60), 45082 (12/56*), 45087 (9/55) (12/60*), 5097 (1/37), 5108 (6/45), 45109 (5/48), 5142 (12/37), 45151 (3/51), 45163 (5/61), 45169 (7/55), 45197 (5/60)

The pre-war domed engines

A further 227 were ordered from Armstrong-Whitworth in 1936, the largest single locomotive order ever given by a British railway to an outside contractor. Crewe built a further 20, which had higher degree superheat boilers, with 28 elements, unlike the AW boilers, which had 24 elements.

5471, built at Crewe in 1938, would be the last built for five years. During the early stages of the Second World War, the priority was for heavy freight engines, and the closely related 8Fs were produced in large numbers.

Wartime and postwar domed engines

In 1943 construction was restarted, with Derby Works building its first. Construction continued up to no. 5499. As the numbering block from 5500 was allocated to the Patriot Class, a further batch of 200 locomotives were numbered from 4800 to 4999, followed by a batch from 4658 to 4799. By this time the LMS had been nationalised, and British Railways added 40000 to all numbers. Eventually the 842 examples would number 44658–45499.

Ivatt engines and experimental modifications

From early 1947, engines were built with the top feed on the front ring of the boiler (from no. 4998), and Nos 44758-767 had a longer wheelbase (27 ft 6in rather than 27 ft 2in, with the change in the coupled wheelbase from 7 ft + 8 ft to 7 ft + 8 ft 3in); this was necessary in order to accommodate the Timken roller-bearing housings without fouling the ashpan. In 1948, George Ivatt introduced more modifications to bearings and valve gear; other experimental Ivatt features included the use of steel rather than copper fireboxes on certain engines, and the fitting of double blastpipes & chimneys in some instances. 44738-57 were built with Caprotti valve gear. The last two, nos. 44686 and 44687 built at Horwich in 1951, were fitted with a new arrangement of Caprotti valve gear, which was later used on some of the BR standard Class fives, and the BR class 8 4-6-2.

No. 4767, built at Crewe and delivered in December 1947, had outside Stephenson valve gear: instead of eccentrics, double return cranks were used to drive the eccentric rods, and a launch-type expansion link was used. This one cost £13,278, which was about £600 more than those built at the same time with Walschaerts' valve gear. The aim of the experiment was to find out if a valve gear having variable lead (as opposed to the constant lead of the Walschaerts' motion) would affect performance. On trial, it proved to have no advantage, although in normal service it did gain a reputation as a good performer on banks.

Accidents and incidents

Construction details

Names

Only five Black Fives received names during their mainline working lives, a small percentage of the total produced,[14] although seven more have been named in preservation (see below). All of those named in mainline service were named after Scottish regiments. Locomotive 5155 carried the name The Queen's Edinburgh for only two years during the Second World War. Some sources have noted that no photographic confirmation of this naming is extant,[15] although this is neither unique to the class, nor unexpected given restrictions on photography during wartime. The evidence for the naming of the locomotive is set out in full in various sources.

-- please do not include names of preserved engines in this list-->+ Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 namesLMS No.BR No.NameDate namedName removed
515445154Lanarkshire Yeomanry19371966 (withdrawal from service)
515545155The Queen's Edinburgh19421944 (remained in service until 1964)
515645156Ayrshire Yeomanry19361968 (withdrawal from service)
515745157The Glasgow Highlander19361962 (withdrawal from service)
515845158Glasgow Yeomanry19361964 (withdrawal from service)

Withdrawal

The class remained intact until 1961 when 45401 was the first Black Five to be withdrawn from stock following a collision at Warrington, although the boiler was re-used and actually lasted to the end of steam on BR. The remainder of the class were withdrawn between 1962 and 1968. Some members of the class, 46 in total, survived to the last day of steam on BR in August 1968.[16] No. 45318, a Lostock Hall based engine, hauled the last scheduled train on 3 August 1968; a Preston to Liverpool exchange. The locomotive was withdrawn a few days later and then scrapped the following year at Drapers.[17] [18]

Table of withdrawals! Year !! Quantity in
service at
start of year !! Quantity
withdrawn !! Locomotive numbers!Notes
1961 842 1 align=left 45401.
1962 841 21 align=left 45030/36/85–86/98,
45119/25/51–52/57/59/65/69/74/79,
45265–66,
45355,
45452–53/58.
1963 820 29 align=left 44706/40/44/47/50/55,
44885,
44969,
45010/22–23/49/87/99,
45100/23/66/75/89/99,
45244/51,
45315/17/20/58/67,
45457/85.
1964 791 67 align=left 44660/76,
44701/19/38/42/45–46/48–49/51–52/54/56/83–85/89/93,
44801/49,
44922–23/57/61/67–68/76/94/96,
45007–08/32/35/66/88,
45103/21–22/36/44/53/55/58/70/72–73/83,
45356/61/66/84,
45400/13/56/59/62/65/68/70/76/79.
1965 724 97 align=left 44673/86,
44702/16/21/39/41/53/57/63–64/69/87/99,
44823/27,
44901/04/21/24/31/39/55/59/70/73/79–80,
45002/09/11/20/26/37/68/74/77–78/80/84/92/94,
45102/08/13/17/42–43/46/48/63/71/78/80/84/92/94,
45229–30/37/45/57/72/86/91/93,
45300–01/06/13–14/27/34–35/37/51/54/60/62/78–80/87/89/98,
45414/16/29/39/43/60/71/86/91/98.
44901, 45163, 45293, 45337/79, 45491 preserved
1966 627 171 align=left 44668/70/87–88/92/98,
44700/03–05/07/10/12/14/18/20/23–24/26/29/31/43/60/62/79/82/86/88/91/97–98,
44808/10–11/13/20/39/41/47/50/69/80–81,
44908/19/25/35/41/45/51–54/56/60/66/72/74/77/84/87/92/95/99,
45004/12/16/18/29/33/44–45/47/51/53/58/63/82/84/91/97,
45105/12/15/18/27–29/37–38/40/54/60–62/64/68/76–77/81–82/85/95,
45205/07/10/13–14/16–18/20/23–24/33/35/38/48–49/52/89,
45309/11/22/25/29/32–33/38/44/48/57/64–65/70/72/85/93/96/99,
45403/08/10/18–19/22/27/30/32–34/38/42/51/61/63–64/67/69/72–75/77–78/80/83/88–90/92.
1967 456 305 align=left 44658–59/61–62/66–67/69/71/74–75/77–82/84–85/89/91/93–97/99,
44717/22/25/27/30/32–34/36–37/59/65–68/70–76/78/90/92/94–96,
44805/12/14/17/19/21–22/24–26/28/30–35/37/40/43–44/52–54/56–63/65–67/70/72–73/75–76/79/82–83/86–87/92–93/95–96/98,
44900/02/05/07/09/11–18/20/27–28/30/33–34/36–38/43–44/46/48/58/62/64/81–83/85–86/88–91/93/97–98,
45000/03/06/14–15/19/21/24/28/31/39–43/48/50/52/56–57/59–62/64/67/69–72/75/79–80/83/89/92/94,
45106–07/09/11/16/20/24/26/30/32/35/39/41/45/47/67/86/88/91/93/96–98,
45204/08/11/15/19/21–22/25–26/28/32/34/36/39–43/46–47/50/56/59/61/63–64/67/70–71/73–78/80–81/83/85/88/92/95/97–99,
45302–04/07–08/19/21/23–24/26/28/31/36/39–41/43/46–47/49/52/59/63/68–69/71/73–74/77/83,
45402/04–06/09/12/15/17/23/25/28/31/37/40–41/46/48–50/54–55/66/81/94–95.
44767, 45000/428 preserved
1968 151 151 align=left 44663–65/72/83/90,
44708–09/11/13/15/28/35/58/61/77/80–81,
44800/02–04/06–07/09/15–16/18/29/36/38/42/45–46/48/51/55/64/68/71/74/77–78/84/88–91/94/97/99,
44903/06/10/26/29/32/40/42/47/49–50/63/65/71,
45001/05/13/17/25/27/34/38/46/54–55/65/73/76/95–96,
45101/04/10/14/31/33–134/49–50/56/87/90,
45200–03/06/09/12/27/31/53–55/58/60/62/68–69/79/82/84/87/90/94/96,
45305/10/12/16/18/30/42/45/50/53/75–76/81–82/86/88/90–92/94–95/97,
45407/11/20–21/24/26/35–36/44–45/47/93.
44806/71/932, 45025/110, 45212/31, 45305, 45407 preserved

Preservation

Eighteen Black Fives have been preserved, with twelve of them being purchased directly from BR for preservation (these being 44767, 44806, 44871, 44932, 45000, 45025, 45110, 45212, 45231, 45305, 45407 & 45428), the remaining six being rescued from Woodham Brothers' Barry Scrapyard (these being 44901, 45163, 45293, 45337, 45379 & 45491). Members of each of the builder's batches have survived into preservation: seven LMS-built engines and eleven by outside contractors. Of the eighteen to be preserved, fourteen have operated in preservation, the class members that have not yet run being 44901, 45163, 45293 & 45491. Twelve Black Fives have been operated on the main line in preservation: 44767, 44871, 44932, 45000, 45025, 45110, 45212, 45231, 45305, 45337, 45407 & 45428.

As of December 2023 there are eight Black Fives in traffic, six of which have valid main line certificates. 44871, 44932, 45212, 45231 & 45407 have full main line certificates for use over the national network, while 45428 is certified for main line use only between Grosmont and Whitby with occasional visits to Battersby, both 44806 and 45025 are only able to operate on preserved lines. 44767 & 45337 are in the process of undergoing overhauls while four, 44901, 45163, 45293 and 45491, are undergoing restorations from Barry Scrapyard condition.

No. 44781 was a candidate for preservation, but was scrapped. In 2019, parts were rediscovered in Bartlow and in the National Railway Museum's collection in York.[19] [20] [21]

Note: Some locos may usually have a nameplate but marked names indicate that the loco is not presently wearing them. Loco numbers in bold indicate their current number.

Preserved locos

NumberName†BuilderBoiler TypeBuiltWithdrawnHome LocationStatusLiveryDual BrakedNotes
LMS / BRService Life
4767
44767
George StephensonCrewe WorksForward TopfeedDec 1947Dec 1967Undergoing a major overhaul.BR Lined Black, Late Crest (on completion)NoThis locomotive was the sole member of the class equipped with Stephenson valve gear.
20 Years, 1 Month
4806
44806
Derby WorksDomedJul 1944Aug 1968North Yorkshire Moors RailwayRunning In [22] BR Lined Black, Late Crest[23] NoFormerly named Magpie and later renamed to Kenneth AldcroftRunning in commenced in December 2023 with full return to service planned for 2024.

The engine is to also be mainline certified for use on Grosmont to Whitby & Whitby to Battersby trains.

24 Years, 1 Month
4871
44871
Crewe WorksDomedMar 1945Aug 1968East Lancashire RailwayOperational and mainline certified.BR Lined Black, Early EmblemYesHauled Fifteen Guinea Special in August 1968.[24]
23 Years, 5 Months
4901
44901
Crewe WorksDomedOct 1945Aug 1965Vale of Berkeley RailwayAwaiting restoration from ex-Barry conditionN/ANo
19 Years, 10 Months
4932
44932
Horwich WorksDomedSep 1945Aug 1968Carnforth MPDOperational and mainline certified.BR Lined Black, British Railways LetteringNoThe engine is to be trialed out with the fitment of ETCS (in-cab signalling).[25]
22 Years, 11 Months
5000
45000
Crewe WorksDomelessMar 1935Oct 1967Shildon Locomotion MuseumStatic Display.LMS Lined BlackNoPart of the National Collection
32 Years, 8 Months
5025
45025
Vulcan FoundryDomelessAug 1934Aug 1968Strathspey RailwayOperationalLMS Lined BlackNoOldest surviving member of the class.
34 Years
5110
45110
Vulcan FoundryDomelessJul 1935Aug 1968Carnforth MPD[26] StoredBR Lined Black, Late CrestNoPurchased from Severn Valley Railway by private owner in August 2023.[27]

Hauled Fifteen Guinea Special in August 1968, and formerly named RAF Biggin Hill

33 Years, 1 Month
5163
45163
Armstrong WhitworthDomedAug 1935May 1965Colne Valley RailwayUnder restoration.N/ANo
29 Years, 9 Months
5212
45212
Armstrong WhitworthDomedNov 1935Aug 1968Keighley and Worth Valley RailwayOperational and mainline certified.BR Lined Black, Late CrestYes
32 Years, 9 Months
5231
45231
The Sherwood ForesterArmstrong WhitworthDomedAug 1936Aug 1968Operational and mainline certified.BR Lined Black, Late CrestYes
32 Years
5293
45293
Armstrong WhitworthDomedDec 1937Aug 1965Colne Valley RailwayUnder restoration.N/ANo
27 Years, 8 Months
5305
45305
Alderman A. E. DraperArmstrong WhitworthDomedJan 1937Aug 1968Great Central RailwayUnder overhaulTBCNo
31 Years, 7 Months
5337
45337
Armstrong WhitworthDomedApr 1937Feb 1965East Lancashire RailwayUnder overhaulLMS Lined Black (on completion)[28] No
27 Years, 10 Months
5379
45379
Armstrong WhitworthDomedJul 1937Jul 1965Mid-Hants RailwayStoredBR Lined Black, Late CrestNoBoiler ticket expired in early September 2018
28 Years 1 Month
5407
45407
The Lancashire FusilierArmstrong WhitworthDomedSep 1937Aug 1968East Lancashire RailwayOperational and Mainline CertifiedBR Lined Black, Early EmblemYesOwned by Ian Riley.[29]
30 Years, 11 Months
5428
45428
Eric TreacyArmstrong WhitworthDomedOct 1937Oct 1967North Yorkshire Moors RailwayOperational and mainline certified.LMS Lined BlackNo
30 Years
5491
45491
Derby WorksForward TopfeedDec 1943Jul 1965Great Central RailwayUnder restorationN/ANo Only surviving example having a boiler with top feed on the front ring in conjunction with Walschaerts valve gear.
21 Years, 7 Months
† In all cases names are historically inaccurate, i.e. they have all been applied since preservation. Some engines might still have their names but where marked indicates that they currently do not carry them. Either for authenticity or other reasons like the engine is running in another identity.

Sound

In fiction

In The Railway Series children's books by the Rev. W. Awdry and its television adaption Thomas and Friends, the character Henry the Green Engine was rebuilt into a Black Five at Crewe Works after his accident with the Flying Kipper.

In artwork

A Black 5 locomotive appears in the 1938 René Magritte painting Time Transfixed.[30] [31]

See also

Further reading

External links

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Book: Langston, Keith . Stanier: Black Five Locomotives (Locomotive Portfolios) . Pen and Sword Transport . 2018 . 978-1-5267-1906-5 . 1048105854.
  2. Book: Jenkinson, David . Locomotive Liveries of the LMS . Roundhouse Books . 1967.
  3. Web site: Black five 45337 . 18 September 2022 . Black 5 Locomotive . en-US.
  4. Web site: Review: Jubilees & Black 5's: Locomotive Performance . 18 September 2022 . locoperformance.tripod.com.
  5. Book: Clay, John F. . The Stanier Black Fives . Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. . 1972 . 0711002746.
  6. Web site: Jennings . Toby . 21 April 2017 . 96mph WITH A 'BLACK FIVE'? . 18 September 2022 . PressReader.
  7. Web site: LMS 4-6-0 Locomotives in Great_Britain . 13 February 2023 . www.steamlocomotive.com.
  8. Web site: 3 July 2017 . 5MT 44658 – 45499 4-6-0 LMS Stanier Black Five . 13 February 2023 . Preserved British Steam Locomotives . en.
  9. Book: Powell, A. J. . Stanier Locomotive Classes . 1991 . Ian Allan . 0-7110-1962-2 . 24909852.
  10. Report on the Accident at Bletchley on 13th October 1939 . The Railways Archive . 22 July 2017 . Ministry of Transport . 20 December 1939 . A.H.L. . Mount.
  11. Report on the Accident which occurred on 16th January 1958 at Preston in the London Midland Region British Railways . The Railways Archive . Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation . 18 April 1958 . 2 April 2017 . C.A. . Langley .
  12. Web site: The collision of a locomotive with carriages at Great Central Railway's Loughborough Central station, 4 February 2006 . Rail Accidents Investigation Branch . July 2006 . 12 May 2014.
  13. Web site: ORR Issues Prohibition Notice On WCR . 24 November 2015. Railway Herald .
  14. See details and commentary at Heritage Railway Magazine on-line .
  15. See, for example, David Hunt, Bob Essery and Fred James with David Jennison and David Clarke, LMS Locomotive Profiles (three volumes, with pictorial supplements).
  16. Web site: 5MT 44658 – 45499 4-6-0 LMS Stanier Black Five . Preserved British Steam Locomotives . 3 July 2017 . WordPress.com . 28 October 2020.
  17. Web site: FROM BLACK FIVE TO STANDARD FIVE . RAILSPOT RELOADED . GLOUCESTERSHIRE TRANSPORT HISTORY . 4 December 2020.
  18. Web site: 5MT 44658 – 45499 4-6-0 LMS Stanier Black Five . Preserved British Steam Locomotives . 3 July 2017 . WordPress.com . 4 December 2020.
  19. Web site: 13 December 2019 . A PIECE OF 44781 IS IN THE NATIONAL COLLECTION . 18 September 2022 . PressReader.
  20. Web site: 15 November 2019 . 44781: THE LOST TREASURE . 18 September 2022 . PressReader.
  21. Web site: 18 October 2019 . Lost 1968 'Black 5' parts found . 18 September 2022 . PressReader.
  22. 44806 commences running in . Steam Railway . 553 . December 2023 . 39.
  23. 44806 due back shortly . Steam Railway. 551 . November 2023 . 39.
  24. https://www.sixbellsjunction.co.uk/60s/680811ce.html 1T57 tour in 1968
  25. 44932 and 60163 being fitted as part of Pathfinder project . Steam Railway . 538 . November 2022 . 40.
  26. SVR Sells Black Five for Better Future Trackside issue 27 October 2023 page 14
  27. Web site: Severn Valley Railway confirms sale of steam locomotive . Holden . Michael . 16 August 2023 . 16 August 2023.
  28. 45337 to be outshopped in LMS Lined Black . Steam Railway. 552 . December 2023 . 39.
  29. Web site: Our Locomotives . Riley and Son (E) LTD . 22 September 2023.
  30. Web site: René Magritte – Three Favourites . Cedric Suggests . Aube Creative Web Design . 11 October 2020.
  31. Web site: Time Transfixed . René Magritte . 5 November 2020.