L. K. Advani Explained

L. K. Advani
Office:7th Deputy Prime Minister of India
Primeminister:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Term Start:29 June 2002
Term End:22 May 2004
Predecessor:Devi Lal
Successor:Vacant
Office1:16th Union Minister of Coal and Mines
Primeminister1:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Term Start1:1 July 2002
Term End1:26 August 2002
Predecessor1:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Successor1:Uma Bharati
Office2:17th Union Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
Term Start2:29 January 2003
Term End2:21 May 2004
Primeminister2:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Predecessor2:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Successor2:Manmohan Singh
Office3:21st Union Minister of Home Affairs
Primeminister3:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Predecessor3:Indrajit Gupta
Successor3:Shivraj Patil
Term Start3:19 March 1998
Term End3:22 May 2004
Office4:6th Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha
Term Start4:May 2004
Term End4:December 2009
Primeminister4:Manmohan Singh
Predecessor4:Sonia Gandhi
Successor4:Sushma Swaraj
Term Start5:24 December 1990
Term End5:26 July 1993
Primeminister5:
Predecessor5:Rajiv Gandhi
Successor5:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Office6:Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha
Constituency6:Gandhinagar
Term Start6:28 February 1998
Term End6:23 May 2019
Predecessor6:Vijay Patel
Successor6:Amit Shah
Term Start7:26 November 1989
Term End7:7 May 1996
Predecessor7:Krishna Chandra Pant
Successor7:Rajesh Khanna
Constituency7:New Delhi
Office8:2nd President of the Bharatiya Janata Party
Term Start8:2004
Term End8:2005
Predecessor8:Venkaiah Naidu
Successor8:Rajnath Singh
Term Start9:1993
Term End9:1998
Predecessor9:Murli Manohar Joshi
Successor9:Kushabhau Thakre
Term Start10:1986
Term End10:1991
Predecessor10:Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Successor10:Murli Manohar Joshi
Office11:5th Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha
Vicepresident11:Mohammad Hidayatullah
Term Start11:21 January 1980
Term End11:7 April 1980
Successor12:P. Shiv Shankar
Predecessor12:Kamalapati Tripathi
Office13:11th Union Minister of Information & Broadcasting
Term Start13:24 March 1977
Term End13:28 July 1979
Primeminister13:Morarji Desai
Predecessor13:Vidya Charan Shukla
Successor13:Purushottam Kaushik
Office14:Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
Term Start14:3 April 1988
Term End14:30 November 1989
Predecessor14:Hans Raj Bhardwaj
Successor14:Jinendra Kumar Jain
Constituency14:Madhya Pradesh
Term Start15:3 April 1982
Term End15:2 April 1988
Predecessor15:Sawai Singh Sisodiya
Successor15:Radhakishan Malviya
Constituency15:Madhya Pradesh
Term Start16:3 April 1976
Term End16:2 April 1982
Predecessor16:Devdatt Kumar Kikabhai Patel
Successor16:Kumud Ben Joshi
Constituency16:Gujarat
Term Start17:3 April 1970
Term End17:2 April 1976
Predecessor17:Sardar Santokh Singh
Successor17:Charanjit Chanana
Constituency17:Delhi
Office18:2nd Chairman, Delhi Metropolitan Council
Term Start18:28 March 1967
Term End18:19 April 1970
Predecessor18:Jag Parvesh Chandra
Successor18:Shyam Charan Gupta
Birth Name:Lal Krishna Advani
Birth Date:8 November 1927
Birth Place:Karachi, Bombay Presidency, British India
(present-day Sindh, Pakistan)
Party:Bharatiya Janata Party
Children:Pratibha Advani (daughter)
Jayant Advani (son)
Awards:Bharat Ratna
Padma Vibhushan
Signature:Lal Krishna Advani Signature.png

Lal Krishna Advani (born 8 November 1927) is an Indian politician who served as the 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004. He is one of the co-founders of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a right-wing Hindu nationalist volunteer organization. He is the longest serving Minister of Home Affairs serving from 1998 to 2004. He is also the longest serving Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha. He was the prime ministerial candidate of the BJP during the 2009 general election.

Advani was born in Karachi and migrated to India during the Partition of India and settled down in Bombay where he completed his college education. Advani joined the RSS in 1941 at the age of fourteen and worked as a pracharak in Rajasthan. In 1951, Advani became a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh founded by Syama Prasad Mookerjee and performed various roles including in charge of parliamentary affairs, general secretary, and president of the Delhi unit. In 1967, he was elected as the chairman of the First Delhi metropolitan council and served till 1970 while becoming a member of the RSS national executive. In 1970, Advani became a member of the Rajya Sabha for the first time and would go on to serve four terms till 1989. He became the president of Jana Sangh in 1973 and Jana Sangh merged into the Janata Party before the 1977 general election. Following the Janata party's victory in the elections, Advani became the union minister for Information and Broadcasting and leader of the house in Rajya Sabha.

In 1980, he was one of the founding members of the BJP along with Atal Bihari Vajpayee and served as the president of the party three times. He was elected to the Lok Sabha for the first time in 1989 where he served seven terms. In 1992, he was alleged to have been part of the Demolition of the Babri Masjid, but was acquitted by the courts due to lack of evidence. Following the same, he was one of the chief proponents of the movement to build a temple over the disputed Ram Janmabhoomi site in Ayodhya and the subsequent rise of Hindutva politics in the late 1990s. He has served as leader of opposition in both the houses. He was the minister of home affairs from 1998 to 2004 and deputy prime minister from 2002 to 2004. He served in the Indian parliament until 2019 and is credited for rise of BJP as a major political party. In 2015, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honour and in 2024, he was conferred with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.

Early and personal life

Lal Krishna Advani was born on 8 November 1927 in Karachi, British India in a Sindhi Hindu Lohana family[1] [2] [3] to Kishanchand D. Advani and Gyani Devi.[4] He was educated at St. Patrick's High School, Karachi, and at D.G. National College, Hyderabad, Sindh.[5] His family migrated to India during partition of India and settled in Bombay, where he graduated in Law from the Government Law College of the Bombay University.[6]

Advani married Kamla Advani in February 1965 and they have a son Jayant and a daughter Pratibha.[7] Pratibha is a television producer and also supports her father in his political activities.[8] His wife died on 6 April 2016 due to old age.[9] Advani resides in Delhi.[10]

Career

1941-51: Early years

Advani joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) in 1941 at the age of fourteen.[11] He became a pracharak (full-time worker) conducting shakhas and became the secretary of the Karachi unit in 1947.[12] After the partition of India, Advani was a pracharak in Rajasthan working across Alwar, Bharatpur, Kota, Bundi and Jhalawar districts until 1952.[13]

1951-70: Jana Sangh and DMC chairman

Advani became a member of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS), a political party founded in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mookerjee in collaboration with the RSS. He was appointed as the secretary to S. S. Bhandari, then general secretary of the Jana Sangh in Rajasthan. In 1957, he moved to Delhi and became the general secretary and later, president of the Delhi unit of the Jana Sangh. From 1966 to 1967 he served as the leader of BJS in the Delhi Metropolitan Council (DMC). After the 1967 Delhi Metropolitan Council election, he was elected as the chairman of the council and served till 1970.[14] He also assisted K. R. Malkani with the publication of Organiser, the weekly newsletter of the RSS and became a member of its national executive in 1966.

1971-75: Parliament entry and Jan Sangh leader

In 1970, Advani became a member of the Rajya Sabha from Delhi for the six-year tenure.[15] In 1973, he was elected as the president of BJS at the Kanpur session of the party working committee meeting.

1976-80: Janata party and cabinet minister

Advani was reelected to the Rajya Sabha from Gujarat in 1976 for the second time.[15] After the imposition of Emergency and crack down on opposition parties by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, BJS and other opposition parties merged to form the Janata Party.[16] In the 1977 election, Janata Party won a landslide victory due to the widespread unpopularity of emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi.[17] Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister with Advani becoming the Minister of Information and Broadcasting.[18] The government did not complete its five year term and was dissolved to call fresh elections in 1980 where Janata party lost to the Indian National Congress.[19] [20] Subsequently, Advani became the leader of opposition in Rajya Sabha.

1981-89: Formation of BJP and early years

On 6 April 1980, Advani along with few of the erstwhile members of the Jana Sangh quit the Janata Party and formed the Bharatiya Janata Party with Atal Bihari Vajpayee as the first president.[21] Though the previous government lasted briefly from 1977 till 1980 and was marred with factional wars, the period saw a rise in support for the RSS which culminated into the formation of the BJP.[22] In 1982, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha for the third time from Madhya Pradesh representing the BJP. BJP won only two seats in the 1984 election with the Congress winning a landslide on the back of a sympathy wave due to the assassination of Indira Gandhi. This failure led to a shift in the party's stance with Advani being appointed party president and the BJP turning to Hindutva ideology of Jana Sangh.[23]

Under Advani, BJP became the political face of the Ayodhya dispute over the Ram Janmabhoomi site when the Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) begun a movement for the construction of a temple dedicated to the Hindu deity Rama at the site of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya.[24] The dispute centered on the basis of the belief that the site was the birthplace of Rama, and that a temple once stood there that had been demolished by the Mughal emperor Babur with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) supporting the claim.[25] [26] BJP supported the campaign and made it a part of their election manifesto for the 1989 elections helping it win 86 seats with Advani getting elected to the Lok Sabha for the first time. Advani became the leader of opposition in Lok Sabha when VP Singh formed the National Front government.[27]

1990-97: Rath yatra and rise of BJP

In 1990, Advani embarked on Ram Rath Yatra, a procession with a chariot to mobilise volunteers for Ram Janmabhoomi movement. The procession began from Somnath in Gujarat and headed to converge at Ayodhya.[28] In the 1991 general election, the BJP became the second largest party after the Congress with Advani winning for the second time from Gandhinagar and becoming the leader of opposition again.[29] In 1992, Babri Masjid was demolished with Advani alleged to have delivered a provocative speech prior to the demolition.[30] [31] [32] Advani was among the accused in the demolition case but was acquitted on 30 September 2020 by a CBI's special court.[33] [34] In the judgement, it was mentioned that the demolition was not pre-planned and that Advani was trying to stop the mob and not incite them.[35] [36]

In the 1996 general election, the BJP became the single largest party and was consequently invited by the President to form the government. Advani did not contest the elections over allegations of involvement in the Hawala scandal from which he was acquitted later by Supreme Court.[37] [38] While Vajpayee was sworn in as Prime Minister in May 1996, the government collapsed after just thirteen days.[39]

1998-2004: Home minister and deputy prime minister

In the 1998 general election, the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA), came to power with Vajpayee returning as Prime Minister in March 1998.[40] Advani was elected to the Lok Sabha for the third term and became the Home Minister. However, the government again collapsed after only thirteen months when All Indian Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) under J. Jayalalitha withdrew its support to the government.[40] With fresh elections being called, the BJP led NDA again won a majority in the 1999 general election and Advani won from Gandhinagar for the fourth term. He assumed the office of Home Minister and was later elevated to the position of Deputy Prime Minister in 2002.[41] [42]

2004-09: Leader of opposition

In the 2004 general election, the BJP suffered a defeat with United Progressive Alliance led by the Congress coming to power, with Manmohan Singh as Prime Minister.[43] Advani won his fifth term to the Lok Sabha and became the leader of opposition.[44] [45] Vajpayee retired from active politics after the 2004 defeat, promoting Advani to lead the BJP.[46] In June 2005, while on a visit to Karachi, Advani described Mohammad Ali Jinnah as a "secular" leader which led to criticism from the RSS. Advani was forced to resign as BJP president but withdrew the resignation a few days later.[47] In April 2005, RSS chief K. S. Sudarshan opined that Advani should step aside.[48] At the silver jubilee celebrations of the BJP in Mumbai in December 2005, Advani stepped down as party president and Rajnath Singh, from Uttar Pradesh was elected in his place. In March 2006, following a bomb blast at a Hindu shrine at Varanasi, Advani undertook a "Bharat Suraksha Yatra" (Sojourn for National Security), to highlight the alleged failure of the ruling United Progressive Alliance in combating terrorism.[49]

2009-15: Prime Minister candidacy and later years

In December 2006, Advani stated that as the leader of the opposition in a parliamentary democracy, he considered himself the Prime Ministerial candidate for the next general elections in May 2009.[50] While not everyone was supportive of his candidacy, Vajpayee endorsed Advani's candidacy.[51] On 2 May 2007, BJP President Rajnath Singh stated that Advani is the natural choice for the next prime minister if BJP won the next elections.[52] On 10 December 2007, the Parliamentary Board of BJP formally announced that L. K. Advani would be its prime ministerial candidate for the general elections due in 2009.[53]

Though Advani won his sixth term in Lok Sabha, the BJP lost to Congress and its allies in the 2009 general elections, allowing then incumbent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to continue in office. Following the defeat in the elections, L. K. Advani handed over the position of leader of opposition to Sushma Swaraj.[54] [55] He was elected working chairman of the National Democratic Alliance in 2010.[56] Advani contested the 2014 general election from Gandhinagar, winning for the fifth consecutive time. Later he was part of the Marg Darshak Mandal (vision committee) of the BJP along with Murli Manohar Joshi and Atal Bihari Vajpayee.[57]

Rath Yatras

Advani often organised Rath yatras or processions to boost the popularity of the BJP and unify the Hindutva ideology. He organized six rath yatras or processions across the country with the first one in 1990.[58]

  1. Ram Rath Yatra

Advani started his first yatra from Somnath in Gujarat on 25 September 1990 which concluded at Ayodhya on 30 October 1990. The procession was linked to the dispute at Ram Janmabhoomi site at Ayodhya and was stopped in Bihar by then Chief Minister Lalu Yadav with Advani himself being arrested on the orders of V. P. Singh, then Prime Minister of India.[59]

  1. Janadesh Yatra: Four processions starting on 11 September 1993 from four corners of country were organized and Advani led the yatra from Mysore in South India.[60] Traversing through 14 states and two Union Territories, the processions were organized with the purpose to seek the people's mandate against the two bills, the Constitution 80th Amendment Bill and the Representation of People (Amendment) Bill and congregated at Bhopal on 25 September.[61]
  2. Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra: The procession was organized between May and July 1997 and was conducted in celebration of 50 years of Indian Independence and to project the BJP as a party committed to good governance.[62]
  3. Bharat Uday Yatra: The yatra took place in the run-up to the 2004 election.[63]
  4. Bharat Suraksha Yatra: The BJP launched a nationwide mass political campaign from 6 April to 10 May 2006 consisting of two yatras – one led by Advani from Dwaraka in Gujarat to Delhi and the other led by Rajnath Singh from Puri to Delhi.[64] The yatra was focused on fighting left wing terrorism, minority politics, price rise and corruption, protection of democracy.[65]
  5. Jan Chetna Yatra: The last of the yatras was launched on 11 October 2011 from Sitab Diara in Bihar with the purpose of mobilising public opinion against corruption of then ruling UPA government and promote the BJP agenda of good governance and clean politics.[66]

Positions held

Following are the various positions held by Advani:[67]

State honours

RibbonDecorationCountryDateNoteRef.
Padma Vibhushan India2015The second-highest civilian honour of India.[68]
Bharat Ratna2024The highest civilian honour of India.[69]

Bibliography

In popular culture

He is popularly known as "Loh Purush" (Iron Man)."[77] [78]

See also

Further reading

External links

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Notes and References

  1. Web site: Ahmed . Khaled . 2014-06-27 . The fading memory of amity . 2024-07-20 . The Indian Express . en . BJP leader L.K. Advani, in his autobiography My Country, My Life (2008), writes: "The Advani family belonged to the Amil branch of Sindhi Hindus. Traditionally, the Amil was a revenue official who assisted munshis in the administrative set-up of Muslim kings. It was one of the two main divisions of the Lohano clan which was linked to the Vaishya (business) community. In time, Amils came to dominate government jobs and professions in Sindh.".
  2. Web site: Patel . Aakar . Aakar Patel . 10 February 2011 . BJP's sole currency is its anger . 20 July 2024 . . L.K. Advani is different, and from the same Lohana caste as Jinnah..
  3. News: Patel . Aakar . Aakar Patel . Analysis: Trading with India . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111006183815/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/beta2/tft/article.php?issue=20110930&page=7 . 6 October 2011 . 6 August 2012 . . Incidentally, BJP's LK Advani is a Sindhi-speaking Amil from the Lohana caste..
  4. News: Bhartiya Janata Party's Prime Ministerial candidate and the Leader of Opposition, Lal Krishna Advani will once again seek re-election from his Gandhinagar constituency. 18 March 2009. India Today. 1 November 2023. 17 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231117140944/https://www.indiatoday.in/election-news/key-contestants/story/lk-advani-41833-2009-03-15. live.
  5. News: L.K. Advani: Bio, Political life, Family & Top stories. Times of India. 1 November 2023. 8 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231108063917/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/l-k-advani. live.
  6. Book: Malik . Yogendra K. . Singh . V.B. . Hindu Nationalists in India: The Rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party . 1994 . Westview Press . Boulder, Colorado . 978-0-8133-8810-6. 40–43.
  7. News: Will LK Advani's son live up to his father's image? . 5 April 2019 . Firstpost . 14 May 2014 . 23 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161223002906/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/will-lk-advanis-son-live-up-to-his-fathers-image-1523797.html . live .
  8. News: Sahgal . Priya . A Tale of Two Daughters . . 9 May 2022 . 9 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220509172927/https://www.indiatoday.in/column-off-the-record/story/a-tale-of-two-daughters-45777-2009-04-27 . live .
  9. News: LK Advani bids adieu to wife Kamla; Swaraj, Manmohan, Amit Shah at funeral . 5 April 2019 . . 7 April 2016 . 10 November 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161110034557/http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/l-k-advanis-wife-kamla-advani-passes-aways-rare-family-pics/ . live .
  10. News: Roy Chaudhury. Dipanjan. 29 June 2019. Lutyens' Zone: Sushma Swaraj to vacate, LK Advani & MM Joshi may retain bungalows. The Economic Times. 28 June 2020. 21 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210921061840/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lutyens-zone-sushma-swaraj-to-vacate-lk-advani-mm-joshi-may-retain-bungalows/articleshow/69998385.cms. live.
  11. News: 'My idea of happiness is good books':Advani. Indian Express. 19 September 2010. 1 November 2023. 17 November 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20231117163812/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/my-idea-of-happiness-is-good-books/. live.
  12. News: India 'incomplete' without Sindh: Advani. 15 January 2017. 15 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170115121812/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-incomplete-without-sindh-advani/. 15 January 2017. live. Indian Express.
  13. Book: Jaffrelot, Christophe . Christophe Jaffrelot. The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers . 1996 . 978-1850653011 . 237.
  14. Book: Proposal to nominate a member to the Delhi Metropolation [sic] Council Vice Shri L.K. Advani ]. Ministry of Home Affairs: Delhi Section . 1971 . New Delhi . 2 . "Shri L. K. Advani who was the chairman of the Metropolitan Council, was elected as member of the Rajya Sabha in the last elections and his seat has fallen vacant in the Council. He was from the Jan Sangh Party." . 21 September 2022 . registration . . 21 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220921135504/https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2783364 . live .
  15. Web site: List of Rajya Sabha members Since 1952 . 21 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100109030114/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx . 9 January 2010 . dead .
  16. Book: Zarhani, Seyed Hossein. Governance and Development in India: A Comparative Study on Andhra Pradesh and Bihar after Liberalization. Routledge. 2018. 978-1-351-25518-9. 189.
  17. Book: G. G. Mirchandani. 320 Million Judges. Abhinav Publications. 2003. 81-7017-061-3. 90–100.
  18. Book: Basu, Amrita. Violent Conjunctures in Democratic India. 30 June 2015. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-107-08963-1. 69.
  19. Web site: General Election of India 1980, 7th Lok Sabha . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf . 18 July 2014 . 13 January 2010 . Election Commission of India . 5 . dmy-all.
  20. News: As general elections loom large, new four-party United Front formed to counter Cong(I) . Prabhu . Chawla. 30 September 2013. . 23 June 2019.
  21. News: 6 April 2019. BJP's foundation day: Brief history of the achievements and failures of the party. The Indian Express. live. 17 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20190511143721/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/bhartiya-janata-party-narendra-modi-bjp-bjps-37th-foundation-day-brief-history-of-the-achievements-and-failures-of-the-party-4601637/. 11 May 2019.
  22. Book: Guha . Ramachandra . Ramachandra Guha . India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy . 2007 . Picador . India . 978-0-330-39610-3 . 1st. India after Gandhi. 563–564.
  23. Book: Guha . Ramachandra . Ramachandra Guha . India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy . 2007 . Picador . India . 978-0-330-39610-3 . 1st. India after Gandhi. 633.
  24. News: In the times of Yakub Memon, remembering the Babri Masjid demolition cases. 29 July 2015 . 29 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150730231427/http://scroll.in/article/744403/in-the-times-of-yakub-memon-remembering-the-babri-masjid-demolition-cases. 30 July 2015. live.
  25. News: Evidence of temple found: ASI. 25 August 2003. 3 April 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090411193402/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm. 11 April 2009. live.
  26. News: Layers of truth. The Week. https://web.archive.org/web/20050323101829/http://www.the-week.com/23sep07/events1.htm. 23 March 2005.
  27. Book: Krishna, Ananth V. . India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics . Pearson Education India . 2011 . 9788131734650 . 347.
  28. Panikkar. K. N.. 1993. Religious Symbols and Political Mobilization: The Agitation for a Mandir at Ayodhya. Social Scientist. 21. 7/8. 63–78. 10.2307/3520346. 3520346 . 0970-0293.
  29. News: 1990-L.K. Advani's rath yatra: Chariot of fire. Sahgal. Priya. 28 December 2009. India Today. 9 May 2020. 14 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200514152536/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20091228-1990-l.k.-advanis-rath-yatra-chariot-of-fire-741621-2009-12-24. live.
  30. News: Muslims can never forgive Kalyan over Babri issue. Express India. 27 April 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120121102810/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Muslims-can-never-forgive-Kalyan-over-Babri-issue/419656/. 21 January 2012.
  31. News: Babri demolition & failure of Muslim leadership. Zee News India. 27 April 2011. 27 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20101002222522/http://www.zeenews.com/news657090.html. 2 October 2010. live.
  32. News: Advani fuelled fire that razed Babri: IPS officer. Sharat. Pradhan. 26 March 2010. 28 June 2020. Rediff. 29 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200629230835/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/ips-officer-testifies-to-cbi-on-babri-demolition/20100326.htm. live.
  33. News: Vakasha. Sachdev. 6 December 2019. 'Vindicated' LK Advani Remains on Trial in Babri Demolition Case. 28 June 2020. The Quint. 29 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200629225658/https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/babri-masjid-demolition-criminal-case-conspiracy-lk-advani-vindicated-ayodhya-verdict. live.
  34. News: 30 September 2020. Advani on being acquitted from Babri demolition case.. Times of India. 30 September 2020. 1 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201001044037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jai-shri-ram-advani-on-being-acquitted-from-babri-demolition-case/articleshow/78402831.cms. live.
  35. News: From Nation of Donkeys to 'Black Day for Democracy': English Editorials Slam Babri Verdict . . 2 October 2020 . 3 October 2020 . 1 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201001162639/https://thewire.in/media/newspaper-editorials-babri-masjid-demolition-verdict . live .
  36. News: Babri accused tried to stop mob, not incite them . . 30 September 2020 . 1 October 2020 . 28 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240328174319/https://news.rediff.com/commentary/2020/sep/30/babri-accused-tried-to-stop-mob-not-incite-them/577b595b886fd7890e30173a4bdff9c0 . live .
  37. News: How Advani will create Parliamentary history whether he contests 2019 Lok Sabha elections or not. India Today Group. New Delhi. 1 November 2017. India Today. Kumar. Shakti Shekhar. 15 July 2020. 15 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200715173257/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lk-advani-parliamentary-history-2019-lok-sabha-elections-1077707-2017-11-01. live.
  38. News: SC clears Advani, Shukla in hawala case. Indian Express. 3 March 1998. 27 September 2008. 22 January 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090122210136/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980303/06250324.html. live.
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  45. Web site: Lal Krishna Advani Biography & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 10 May 2020. 19 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201119153656/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lal-Krishna-Advani. live.
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  47. News: L K Advani resigns for 3rd time in 8 years, once over row on Jinnah remarks. The Economic Times. 6 August 2020. 2 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211102132821/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/l-k-advani-resigns-for-3rd-time-in-8-years-once-over-row-on-jinnah-remarks/articleshow/20524464.cms. live.
  48. News: Atal, Advani should step aside, let young rise: RSS chief. 11 April 2005. The Indian Express. 3 April 2009. 23 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200423012539/http://www.indianexpress.com/oldstory.php?storyid=68121. live.
  49. News: 10 June 2013. Advani resigns for 3rd time in 8 years, once over row on Jinnah remarks. 6 August 2020. Hindustan Times. en. 15 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210615101906/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/advani-resigns-for-3rd-time-in-8-years-once-over-row-on-jinnah-remarks/story-28cfjVrLxsbMXxNYXv3QgI.html. live.
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  52. News: LK 'natural' choice for PM: Rajnath. 2 May 2007. Mohua Chatterjee. 30 June 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131219143857/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-02/india/27883339_1_mohan-rao-bhagwat-vajpayee-and-advani-suresh-soni. 19 December 2013. The Times of India. dead.
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  54. News: New India opposition leader named. BBC News. 18 December 2009. 27 April 2014. 23 April 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200423012542/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8421132.stm. live.
  55. News: Advani quits as Leader of Opposition . 18 December 2009. The Hindu. 18 December 2009 . Vyas. Neena . https://web.archive.org/web/20131219182548/http://www.thehindu.com/news/article67005.ece . 19 December 2013 . live.
  56. News: 22 February 2010. NDA elects Advani 'working chairman'. 3 February 2021. Hindustan Times. en. 15 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210615111520/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/nda-elects-advani-working-chairman/story-aO8FS7uLOopcwWwOrojczL.html. live.
  57. News: "No Advani, Joshi, Vajpayee in BJP Parliamentary Board, party makes Marg Darshak Mandal for them". 29 August 2014. IBN Live. 26 August 2014. 29 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140829023013/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-advani-joshi-vajpayee-in-bjp-parliamentary-board-party-makes-marg-darshak-mandal-for-them/494440-37-64.html. dead.
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  59. News: Why And How I Arrested LK Advani By Lalu Yadav. 7 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171207105505/https://www.ndtv.com/blog/lalu-yadav-on-why-and-how-he-arrested-lk-advani-on-october-23-1990-1784734. 7 December 2017. live. NDTV.
  60. Web site: LK Advani – Portal – Janadesh Yatra . Lkadvani.in . 11 September 1993 . 11 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120627154935/http://www.lkadvani.in/eng/content/view/451/295/ . 27 June 2012 . dead .
  61. Web site: Janadesh Yatra : Shri L K Advani . Bjp.org . 11 September 1993 . 11 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120614225113/http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=151&Itemid=467 . 14 June 2012 . live .
  62. Web site: Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra : Shri L K Advani . Bjp.org . 11 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120613001601/http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=152&Itemid=468 . 13 June 2012 . live .
  63. Web site: Press Trust India . Advani kickstarts Bharat Uday Yatra . Express India . 10 March 2004 . 11 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120121102741/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=29187 . 21 January 2012 . live .
  64. News: Advani to begin from Gujarat; Rajnath from Orissa – Rediff.com India News . Rediff.com . 17 March 2006 . 11 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130524114751/http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/mar/17yatra.htm . 24 May 2013 . live .
  65. Web site: Bharat Suraksha Yatra : Shri L K Advani . Bjp.org . 11 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120611053223/http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154&Itemid=470 . 11 June 2012 . live .
  66. Web site: About Jan Chetna Yatra | . Janchetnayatra.com . 20 November 2011 . 11 July 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120626120403/http://www.janchetnayatra.com/index/about-jan-chetna-yatra/ . 26 June 2012 .
  67. Web site: Members Bioprofile. Lok Sabha of India/National Informatics Centre, New Delhi. 27 April 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120617072553/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=9. 17 June 2012.
  68. News: Advani, Bachchan, Dilip Kumar get Padma Vibhushan. The Hindu. 25 January 2015. 3 February 2023. 20 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160120063253/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/advani-bachchan-dilip-kumar-get-padma-vibhushan/article6821421.ece. live.
  69. News: LK Advani to receive Bharat Ratna. The Times of India. 3 February 2023. 3 February 2023. 3 February 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240203065313/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lk-advani-to-receive-bharat-ratna-pm-modi/articleshow/107379045.cms?from=mdr. live.
  70. Book: Advani, L. K., 1927-. A prisoner's scrap-book. 2002. Ocean Books. 81-88322-10-5. New Delhi. 51752185. 2 October 2020. 28 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240328174439/https://search.worldcat.org/title/51752185. live.
  71. Book: Advani, L. K., 1927-. New approaches to security and development. 2003. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.. 978-981-230-614-2. Singapore. 867796807. 2 October 2020. 28 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240328175506/https://search.worldcat.org/title/867796807. live.
  72. Book: Advani, L. K., 1927–. My country my life. 2008. Rupa & Co. 978-81-291-1363-4. New Delhi. 221287960. 2 October 2020. 8 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220508032133/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221287960. live.
  73. Book: "As I See it: LK Advani's Blog Posts". 978-81-291-1876-9 . Advani . L. K. . 2011 . Rupa & Company .
  74. Book: Āḍavāṇī, Lālakrishńa.. Nazarbaṇda lokataṇtra. 2002. Prabht̄a Prakāśana. 81-7315-399-X. Dill ̄. 50640962. 2 October 2020. 28 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240328175330/https://search.worldcat.org/title/50640962. live.
  75. Book: Advani, L. K., 1927-. Dr̥shṭikoṇa : blôga para bāteṃ. 2012. 978-93-5048-142-4. Saṃskaraṇa prathama. Dillī. 823027286. 2 October 2020. 28 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240328175418/https://search.worldcat.org/title/823027286. live.
  76. Book: Advani, L. K., 1927-. Rāshṭra sarvopari. January 2014. 978-93-5048-549-1. Saṃskaraṇa prathama. Dillī. 904246754. 2 October 2020. 28 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240328175333/https://search.worldcat.org/title/904246754. live.
  77. News: LK Advani: Iron Man who found a gentler side . NDTV . 18 December 2009 . 5 February 2024 . 5 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240205090522/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lk-advani-iron-man-who-found-a-gentler-side-407131 . live .
  78. News: Karnataka yatra exposes Advani's waning influence . India Today . 6 November 2011 . 1 December 2023 . 6 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240206114854/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/karnataka-advani-bjp-jan-chetna-yatra-145029-2011-11-05 . live .

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