Ornithine Explained

Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. Ornithine is abnormally accumulated in the body in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. The radical is ornithyl.^[1]

Role in urea cycle

L-Ornithine is one of the products of the action of the enzyme arginase on L-arginine, creating urea. Therefore, ornithine is a central part of the urea cycle, which allows for the disposal of excess nitrogen. Ornithine is recycled and, in a manner, is a catalyst. First, ammonia is converted into carbamoyl phosphate by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. Ornithine transcarbamylase catalyzes the reaction between carbamoyl phosphate and ornithine to form citrulline and phosphate (P_i). Another amino group is added from aspartate, producing arginine and denitrogenated fumarate. The resulting arginine (a guanidinium compound) is hydrolysed back to ornithine, producing urea. The amino groups of urea come from the ammonia and aspartate, and the nitrogen in ornithine remains intact.

Ornithine is not an amino acid coded for by DNA, that is, not proteinogenic. However, in mammalian non-hepatic tissues, the main use of the urea cycle is in arginine biosynthesis, so, as an intermediate in metabolic processes, ornithine is quite important.^[2]

Other reactions

Ornithine, via the action of ornithine decarboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.17), is the starting point for the synthesis of polyamines such as putrescine.

In bacteria, such as E. coli, ornithine can be synthesized from L-glutamate.^[3]

Research

Exercise fatigue

L-Ornithine supplementation attenuated fatigue in subjects in a placebo-controlled study using a cycle ergometer. The results suggested that L-ornithine has an antifatigue effect in increasing the efficiency of energy consumption and promoting the excretion of ammonia.^{[4] [5]}

Weightlifting supplement

Amino acid supplements, including L-ornithine, are frequently marketed to bodybuilders and weightlifters with claims for increasing levels of human growth hormone (HGH), muscle mass, and strength. A 1993 short 4-day clinical study reported that L-ornithine in combination with L-arginine and L-lysine at 2 g/d each did not increase HGH.^[6] A review from 2002 on the topic concluded "The use of specific amino acids to stimulate GH release by athletes is not recommended."^[7]

Cirrhosis

L-Ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA), a stable salt of ornithine and aspartic acid, has been used in the treatment of cirrhosis^[8] and hepatic encephalopathy.^[9]

External links

• Ornithine mass Spectrum

Notes and References

1. Sivashanmugam M . Ornithine and its role in metabolic diseases: An appraisal . Biomed Pharmacother . 86 . 185–194 . February 2017 . 27978498 . 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.024 .
2. Weber AL, Miller SL . Reasons for the occurrence of the twenty coded protein amino acids . Journal of Molecular Evolution . 17 . 5 . 273–84 . 1981 . 7277510 . 10.1007/BF01795749 . 1981JMolE..17..273W . 27957755 .
3. Ornithine Biosynthesis . 2007-08-17 . School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London . https://web.archive.org/web/20120414191013/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/enzyme/reaction/AminoAcid/Orn.html . 2012-04-14 . dead .
4. Sugino T, Shirai T, Kajimoto Y, Kajimoto O . L-ornithine supplementation attenuates physical fatigue in healthy volunteers by modulating lipid and amino acid metabolism . Nutrition Research . 28 . 11 . 738–43 . November 2008 . 19083482 . 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.08.008 .
5. Demura S, Yamada T, Yamaji S, Komatsu M, Morishita K . The effect of L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion on performance during incremental exhaustive ergometer bicycle exercise and ammonia metabolism during and after exercise . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition . 64 . 10 . 1166–71 . October 2010 . 20717126 . 10.1038/ejcn.2010.149 . free . 2297/25434 . free .
6. Fogelholm GM, Näveri HK, Kiilavuori KT, Härkönen MH . Low-dose amino acid supplementation: no effects on serum human growth hormone and insulin in male weightlifters . International Journal of Sport Nutrition . 3 . 3 . 290–7 . September 1993 . 8220394 . 10.1123/ijsn.3.3.290 .
7. Chromiak JA, Antonio J . Use of amino acids as growth hormone-releasing agents by athletes . Nutrition . 18 . 7–8 . 657–61 . 2002 . 12093449 . 10.1016/s0899-9007(02)00807-9 .
8. Sikorska H, Cianciara J, Wiercińska-Drapało A . [Physiological functions of L-ornithine and L-aspartate in the body and the efficacy of administration of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in conditions of relative deficiency] ]. Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski . 28 . 168 . 490–5 . June 2010 . 20642112 .
9. Butterworth R, Mcphail M . L-Ornithine L-Aspartate (LOLA) for Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: Results of Randomized Controlled Trials and Meta-Analyses . Drugs . 79 . Suppl 1 . 31–37 . February 2019 . 30706425 . 6416237 . 10.1007/s40265-018-1024-1 .