L'Anse aux Meadows explained

L'Anse aux Meadows
Coordinates:51.5964°N -55.5333°W
Designation1:WHS
Designation1 Offname:L'Anse aux Meadows
National Historic Site
Designation1 Date:1978 (2nd session)
Designation1 Type:Cultural
Designation1 Criteria:vi
Designation1 Number:4
Designation1 Free1name:Country
Designation1 Free1value:Canada
Designation1 Free2name:Region
Designation1 Free2value:Europe and North America
Designation2:Canada
Designation2 Offname:L'Anse aux Meadows National Historical Site of Canada.
Designation2 Date:28 November 1968

L'Anse aux Meadows is an archaeological site, first excavated in the 1960s, of a Norse settlement dating to approximately 1,000 years ago. The site is located on the northernmost tip of the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador near St. Anthony.

With carbon dating estimates between 990 (mean date 1014)[1] [2] [3] and tree-ring dating of 1021,[4] [5] L'Anse aux Meadows is the only undisputed site of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact of Europeans with the Americas outside of Greenland. It is notable as evidence of the Norse presence in North America and for its possible connection with the accounts of Leif Erikson in the Saga of the Greenlanders and the Saga of Erik the Red,[6] which were written down in the 13th century. Archaeological evidence suggests the settlement served as a base camp for Norse exploration of North America, including regions to the south.[7]

Spanning 8000ha of land and sea, the site contains the remains of eight buildings constructed of sod over a wood frame, with over 800 Norse objects unearthed,[8] including bronze, bone, and stone artifacts, and evidence of iron production.[9] The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1968 and a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1978,[10] and is managed by Parks Canada.[11]

Etymology

L'Anse aux Meadows is a French-English name which can be translated as "Grassland Bay" (lit. "the bay with the grasslands").[12] How the village acquired this name is debated. L'Anse aux Meadows might be a corruption of the French French: L'Anse aux Méduses (Jellyfish Cove).[13] [14] [12] A more recent conjecture derives it from L'Anse à la Médée (Medea Cove),[15] as it is marked on an 1862 French naval chart, with Medée or Meduse possibly the name of a French naval vessel.[16] The English name "Meadows" may have occurred as folk etymology referring to the meadowy open landscape around the cove.[17]

History

Indigenous occupation

Before the Norse arrived in Newfoundland, there is evidence of occupations by five Indigenous groups at the site of L'Anse aux Meadows, the oldest dated to roughly 6,000 years ago. None were contemporaneous with the Norse occupation. The most prominent earlier occupation was by the Dorset people, who occupied the site about 300 years before the Norse. Radiocarbon date ranges for these groups are for the Maritime Archaic tradition, for the Groswater tradition, for the Middle Dorset, for the Cow Head Group and Beaches traditions, and (after the Norse) for the Little Passage tradition.

Norse activity

The Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows has been dated to approximately (carbon dating estimates 990–1050), with a mean carbon date of 1014,[3] [18] an assessment that tallies with the relative dating of artifact and structure types.[2] [1] A 2021 Nature study, using radiocarbon analysis of three separate tree ring samples and evidence from the anomaly in atmospheric 14C concentrations in the year 993, pinpointed 1021 as a date of Norse activity at L'Anse aux Meadows.[5] [19]

Anthropologist John Steinberg has suggested the site may have been "occupied at least sporadically for perhaps 20 years" by the Norse.[19] Eleanor Barraclough[20] suggests the site was not a permanent settlement but a temporary boat repair facility.[21] She notes there are no findings of burials, tools, agriculture or animal pens—suggesting the inhabitants abandoned the site in an orderly fashion.[22] According to a 2019 PNAS study, there may have been Norse activity in L'Anse aux Meadows for as long as a century.[23]

There is no way to know the site's population at any given time, though the dwellings could accommodate 30 to 160 people.[24] The entire population of Greenland at the time was about 2,500, meaning that the L'Anse aux Meadows site was less than 10 percent of the Norse settlement on Greenland. Julian D. Richards notes: "It seems highly unlikely that the Norse had sufficient resources to construct a string of such settlements."[25] Today the area mostly consists of open, grassy lands, but 1000 years ago there were forests that were convenient for boatbuilding, housebuilding and iron extraction.[26] The remains of eight buildings (labelled from A–J) were found. They are believed to have been constructed of sod placed over a wooden frame. Based on associated artifacts, the buildings were identified as dwellings or workshops. The largest dwelling (F) measured 28.8× and consisted of several rooms.[27] Three small buildings (B, C, G) may have been workshops or living quarters for lower-status crew or slaves. Workshops were identified as an iron smithy (building J) containing a forge and iron slag,[21] a carpentry workshop (building D), which generated wood debris and a specialized boat repair area containing worn rivets.

Other things found at the site consisted of common everyday Norse items, including a stone oil lamp, a whetstone, a bronze fastening pin, a bone knitting needle and part of a spindle. Stone weights, which were found in building G, may have been part of a loom. The presence of the spindle and needle suggests that women as well as men inhabited the settlement.

Food remains included butternuts, which do not grow naturally north of New Brunswick, so that the Norse inhabitants probably travelled farther south to obtain them.[28] There is evidence that the Norse hunted caribou, wolf, fox, bear, lynx, marten, many types of birds and fish, seal, whale and walrus. Harsh winters and ice cover force the game either to hibernate or venture south, and the lack of game must have made over-winter occupation difficult for the Norse.[26]

Discovery and significance (1960–68)

In 1960, the archaeological remains of Norse buildings were discovered in Newfoundland by the Norwegian husband-wife team of explorer Helge Ingstad and archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad, who led an international team excavating during 1960-1968. Based on the idea that the Old Norse name Vinland in the Icelandic Sagas meant "wine-land", historians had long speculated that the Norse had landed in a region with wild grapes.[29] The common hypothesis before the Ingstads was that Vinland could not be north of the Massachusetts coast, the northern limit of wild grapes, though they are also found in New Brunswick and the St. Lawrence River valley.[30]

The Ingstads doubted this hypothesis, believing the Norse would not have felt secure settling along the American Atlantic coast. Based on an alternative pronunciation, they proposed "that the name Vinland probably means land of meadows...and includes a peninsula."[26] (However, the later discovery of butternuts in the Norse stratum of the bog implies that the Norse did sail into the grape growing regions as well.[30])In 1960, George Decker, a resident of the fishing hamlet of L'Anse aux Meadows, led Helge Ingstad to a group of mounds near the village that the locals called the "old Indian camp". The grassy mounds looked like the remains of houses.[31] Helge and Anne Ingstad carried out seven archaeological excavations there from 1961 to 1968, finding the remains of eight buildings and perhaps a ninth.[26] They determined that the site was a Norse settlement from the characteristics of its structures and artifacts, compared to sites in Greenland and Iceland from around 1000 CE.L'Anse aux Meadows is the only confirmed Norse site in North America outside Greenland,[32] and represents the farthest known extent of European exploration and settlement of the New World before the voyages of Christopher Columbus almost 500 years later. Historians have speculated that there were other Norse sites in the Canadian Arctic, or at least trade contacts between Norse and Native Americans.[33] In 2012, possible Norse outposts were identified in Nanook at Tanfield Valley on Baffin Island,[34] as well as Nunguvik, Willows Island and the Avayalik Islands.[35] [36] In 2015 and 2016, Point Rosee in southwestern Newfoundland was excavated with no discoveries of a Norse presence.[32] [37] [38]

National historic site (1968–present)

In November 1968, the Government of Canada named the archaeological site a National Historic Site of Canada. The site was also named a World Heritage Site in 1978 by UNESCO. After L'Anse aux Meadows was named a national historic site, the area, and its related tourist programs, have been managed by Parks Canada. After the first excavation was completed, two more excavations of the site were ordered by Parks Canada. The excavations fell under the direction of Bengt Schonbach from 1973 to 1975 and Birgitta Wallace, in 1976. Following each period of excavation, the site was reburied to protect and conserve the cultural resources.

The remains of seven Norse buildings are on display at the national historic site. North of the Norse remains are reconstructed buildings, built in the late 20th century, as a part of an interpretive display for the national historic site. The remains of an aboriginal hunting camp are also located at the site, southwest of the Norse remains. Other amenities at the site includes picnic areas, and a visitor centre.

Connection with Vinland sagas

In 1073, the German cleric Adam of Bremen wrote the oldest known document mentioning Vinland, a history of the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen, who held ecclesiastical authority over Norse Scandinavia at the time. He wrote:

Two traditional Icelandic sagas, the Saga of the Greenlanders and the Saga of Erik the Red, tell of the Norse Greenlanders who discovered and attempted to settle a land to the west which they called Vinland. The sagas recount quarrels among the Norsemen and bloody fights with the native people they called Skrælings, which led to the abandonment of the effort.[39]

The settlements of Vinland mentioned in these two sagas, Leifsbudir (founded by Leif Erikson) and Hóp (Norse Greenlanders), have both been claimed to be the L'Anse aux Meadows site.[40] [41]

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Nydal . Reidar . A Critical Review of Radiocarbon Dating of a Norse Settlement at L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland Canada . . 1989 . 31 . 3 . 976–985 . 0033-8222 . 1945-5755 . 10.1017/S0033822200012613 . 1989Radcb..31..976N . free . With an assumed total systematic error of 30 ± 20 years, as a mean for various tree rings, the calibrated age range of L'Anse aux Meadows is AD 975–1020. This agrees well with the assumed historical age of ca AD 1000, a result which has also been recently corroborated by high-precision accelerator dating at the University of Toronto. . 22 November 2021 . 22 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211122050650/https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/652904 . live .
  2. Encyclopedia: Linda S. . Cordell . Kent . Lightfoot . Francis . McManamon . George . Milner . L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site . Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia . 2009 . ABC-CLIO . 978-0-313-02189-3 . 82 . This is a substantial base for analysis, which yields an entirely credible range of dates between 990 and 1050 and a mean date of 1014 CE, which is popularly rounded off at 1000 CE . . 22 September 2016 . 25 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150120/https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82 . live .
  3. Ledger . Paul M. . Girdland-Flink . Linus . Forbes . Véronique . New horizons at L'Anse aux Meadows . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 15 July 2019 . 116 . 31 . 15341–15343 . 0027-8424 . 1091-6490 . 10.1073/PNAS.1907986116 . 31308231 . 6681721 . 2019PNAS..11615341L . Modeling results were remarkably consistent, and model A suggests Norse occupation began Cal AD 910–1030..... A weighted mean of twig dates—notwithstanding issues associated with combination of 14C ages from multiple individuals—provided a result of AD 986–1022 .
  4. Web site: Vikings did reach North America a thousand years ago -- and now we know exactly when. Mihai. Andrei. 11 September 2023. ZME Science.
  5. Kuitems. Margot. Wallace. Birgitta L.. Lindsay. Charles. Scifo. Andrea. Doeve. Petra. Jenkins. Kevin. Lindauer. Susanne. Erdil. Pınar. Ledger. Paul M.. Forbes. Véronique. Vermeeren. Caroline. 20 October 2021. Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021. Nature. 601 . 7893 . en. 388–391. 10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8. 34671168. 8770119 . 2022Natur.601..388K . 239051036. 1476-4687. Our result of AD 1021 for the cutting year constitutes the only secure calendar date for the presence of Europeans across the Atlantic before the voyages of Columbus. Moreover, the fact that our results, on three different trees, converge on the same year is notable and unexpected. This coincidence strongly suggests Norse activity at L'Anse aux Meadows in AD 1021. In addition, our research demonstrates the potential of the AD 993 anomaly in atmospheric 14C concentrations for pinpointing the ages of past migrations and cultural interactions..
  6. Wallace . Birgitta . L'Anse aux Meadows, Leif Eriksson's Home in Vinland . Journal of the North Atlantic . 2009 . 115 . 26686942 . 1935-1984 . 27 May 2022 . 27 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220527203431/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26686942 . live .
  7. Kuitems . Margot . Wallace . Birgitta L. . Lindsay . Charles . Scifo . Andrea . Doeve . Petra . Jenkins . Kevin . Lindauer . Susanne . Erdil . Pınar . Ledger . Paul M. . Forbes . Véronique . Vermeeren . Caroline . Friedrich . Ronny . Dee . Michael W. . Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021 . Nature . January 2022 . 601 . 7893 . 388–391 . 10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8 . 34671168 . 8770119 . 2022Natur.601..388K . en . 1476-4687.
  8. Book: Sarolta Anna Takacs . Eric H. Cline . 17 July 2015 . The Ancient World, Volumes 1–5 . Routledge . 272– . 978-1-317-45839-5 . 6 July 2022 . 25 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150125/https://books.google.com/books?id=SPcvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272 . live .
  9. Book: Kirsten Wolf . 2004 . Daily Life of the Vikings . Greenwood Publishing Group . 139– . 978-0-313-32269-3 . 253909682 .
  10. Web site: L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site. . UNESCO World Heritage Center. L'Anse aux Meadows is the first and only known site established by Vikings in North America and the earliest evidence of European settlement in the New World. As such, it is a unique milestone in the history of human migration and discovery.. 23 December 2018. 16 June 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20060616164041/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/4. live.
  11. Web site: ENVIRONMENT. www.ourcommons.ca. 29 October 2021. 9 October 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221009031758/https://www.ourcommons.ca/Content/house/403/reports/envi-e.htm. live.
  12. Book: Hamilton, William Baillie. Place Names of Atlantic Canada. 1996. University of Toronto Press. 978-0-8020-7570-3. 226. The name [L'Anse aux Meadows] is a French-English descriptive which can be translated as 'the bay with the grasslands'.. 23 December 2017. 25 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150138/https://books.google.com/books?id=UAvyE0pN5akC&pg=PA226. live.
  13. William B. Hamilton, The Macmillan book of Canadian place names, 2e édition (1978), Philip 118.
  14. Mentionné également par Lawrence Millman dans Coins perdus : un parcours dans l'Atlantique nord (titre original : Last Places), Terres d'aventure, 1995 .
  15. Book: Horwitz . Tony . A Voyage Long and Strange: Rediscovering the New World . 2008 . Henry Holt and Company . New York . 978-0-8050-7603-5 . 18 . 1st .
  16. Book: Gagnon, Marie-julie. Cartes postales du Canada. 27 April 2017. Michel Lafon. 9782749932941. Google Books. 17 November 2021. 3 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230403222714/https://books.google.com/books?id=RX6rDgAAQBAJ&dq=baie+de+M%C3%A9d%C3%A9e&pg=PT69. live.
  17. Book: Wahlgren, Erik. The Vikings and America. 2000. Thames & Hudson. 978-0-500-28199-4. 124. 23 December 2017. 25 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150129/https://books.google.com/books?id=4hxvQgAACAAJ&pg=PA124. live.
  18. Encyclopedia: Linda S. . Cordell . Kent . Lightfoot . Francis . McManamon . George . Milner . L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site . Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia . 2009 . ABC-CLIO . 978-0-313-02189-3 . 82 . 22 September 2016 . 25 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150120/https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82 . live .
  19. Web site: Handwerk. Brian. New Dating Method Shows Vikings Occupied Newfoundland in 1021 C.E.. 20 October 2021. Smithsonian Magazine. en. 7 April 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220407134244/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/new-dating-method-shows-vikings-occupied-newfoundland-in-1021-ce-180978903/. live.
  20. Web site: Eleanor Rosamund Barraclough . The Guardian . February 2017 . 31 October 2017 . 28 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201228124958/https://www.theguardian.com/profile/eleanor-rosamund-barraclough . live .
  21. Web site: L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site. Parks Canada. 30 March 2017. 8 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190109062153/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/visit/cartes-maps . 9 January 2019. Smelting hut—this small isolated building contained a furnace for producing iron from bog ore. A simple smelter stood in the middle of the floor. A charcoal kiln was nearby. The amount and type of slag found suggests that a single smelt took place. Very little iron was manufactured, only enough for making about 100 to 200 nails..
  22. Book: Barraclough, Eleanor Rosamund. Beyond the Northlands: Viking Voyages and the Old Norse Sagas. 2016. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-100448-3. 129. 23 December 2017. 25 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150132/https://books.google.com/books?id=AMJLDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA129. live.
  23. Forbes. Véronique. Girdland-Flink. Linus. Ledger. Paul M.. 10 July 2019. New horizons at L'Anse aux Meadows. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116. 31. en. 15341–15343. 10.1073/pnas.1907986116. 0027-8424. 31308231. 6681721. 2019PNAS..11615341L . free.
  24. Book: Kolodny, Annette . In Search of First Contact: The Vikings of Vinland, the Peoples of the Dawnland, and the Anglo-American Anxiety of Discovery . 2012 . Duke University Press . 978-0-8223-5286-0 . 95 . 22 September 2016 . 25 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150136/https://books.google.com/books?id=B2qpdOb8o4cC&pg=PA95 . live .
  25. Book: Richards, J. D. . The Vikings: A Very Short Introduction . 2005 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-280607-9 . 10.1093/actrade/9780192806079.003.0011 . 112.
  26. Book: Ingstad. Helge. Helge Ingstad. Ingstad. Anne Stine. Anne Stine Ingstad. The Viking Discovery of America: The Excavation of a Norse Settlement in L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland. 2000. Breakwater Books. 978-1-55081-158-2. 1991. 23 December 2017. 2 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230202165305/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj-I5hdpzGoC&pg=PP1. live.
  27. Encyclopedia: Birgitta. Wallace. L'Anse aux Meadows. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. 27 October 2021. 28 May 2020. 27 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210227064113/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lanse-aux-meadows. live.
  28. Web site: History – Is L'Anse aux Meadows Vinland? . L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada . . 2 February 2014 . ...Vinland was a country, not a place... . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070522105216/http://www.pc.gc.ca/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/natcul/vinland_e.asp . 22 May 2007.
  29. News: Lorraine . Boissoneault . L'Anse Aux Meadows & the Viking Discovery of North America . 23 July 2015 . JSTOR Daily . 10 October 2016 . 14 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210414031054/https://daily.jstor.org/anse-aux-meadows-and-the-viking-discovery-of-north-america/ . live .
  30. Wallace, Birgitta Linderoth (2006). The Saga of L'Anse aux Meadows. Historic Sites Association of Newfoundland and Labrador. pp. 98–99.
  31. Web site: History – Discovery of the Site and Initial Excavations (1960–1968). L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada. Parks Canada. 4 April 2019. 28 October 2009. 29 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160929232322/http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/lhn-nhs/nl/meadows/natcul/decouverte_discovery.aspx. live.
  32. News: Archeological quest for Codroy Valley Vikings comes up short – Report filed with province states no Norse activity found at dig site. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Lindsay. Bird. 30 May 2018. 19 June 2018. 3 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180603023906/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/codroy-valley-vikings-report-1.4684066. live.
  33. The Norse: An Arctic Mystery . . 28 February 2015 . .
    (Episode available within Canada only)
    . 23 December 2017 . 27 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161027120040/http://www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/episodes/the-norse-an-arctic-mystery . live .
  34. News: Weber. Bob. Ancient Arctic people may have known how to spin yarn long before Vikings arrived. CBC. 22 July 2018. 2 January 2019. … Michele Hayeur Smith of Brown University in Rhode Island, lead author of a recent paper in the Journal of Archaeological Science. Hayeur Smith and her colleagues were looking at scraps of yarn, perhaps used to hang amulets or decorate clothing, from ancient sites on Baffin Island and the Ungava Peninsula. 'The idea that you would have to learn to spin something from another culture was a bit ludicrous,' she said. 'It's a pretty intuitive thing to do.' ... Co-author Gørill Nilsen at Tromsø University in Norway came up with a way to 'shampoo' the oil out of the fibres without damaging them. Some fibres from a site on Baffin's southern coast were then subjected to the latest carbon-dating methods. The results were jaw-dropping, said Nilsen's co-author Kevin Smith of Brown University. 'They clustered into a period from about 100 AD to about 600–800 AD—roughly 1,000 years to 500 years before the Vikings ever showed up.'. 24 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180724220418/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/vikings-yarn-inuit-research-1.4757237. live.
  35. News: Evidence of Viking Outpost Found in Canada . Pringle . Heather . 19 October 2012 . National Geographic News . . 28 January 2013 . 17 May 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160517220110/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/10/121019-viking-outpost-second-new-canada-science-sutherland/ . dead .
  36. Vikings and Native Americans . National Geographic . November 2012 . Heather . Pringle . 221 . 11 . 28 January 2013 . 19 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180119110451/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2012/11/vikings-and-indians/pringle-text . dead .
  37. News: On the trail of Vikings: Latest search for Norse in North America . CBC . Lindsay . Bird . 12 September 2016 . 9 June 2018 . 31 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180531181120/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/viking-dig-point-rosee-newfoundland-2016-1.3751129 . live .
  38. News: Point Rosee, Codroy Valley, NL (ClBu-07) 2016 Test Excavations under Archaeological Investigation Permit #16.26. geraldpennyassociates.com, 42 pages. Sarah. Parcak. Gregory. Mumford. 8 November 2017. 19 June 2018. [The 2015 and 2016 excavations] found no evidence whatsoever for either a Norse presence or human activity at Point Rosee prior to the historic period. … None of the team members, including the Norse specialists, deemed this area as having any traces of human activity.. https://web.archive.org/web/20180620074156/http://vocm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/PENNEY-2017-Point-Rosee-Codroy-Valley-NL-Test-Excavation-Report.pdf. 20 June 2018. dead.
  39. Book: Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, Compact . John M. . Murrin . Paul E. . Johnson . James M. . McPherson . Alice . Fahs . Gary . Gerstle . 6 . Thomson Wadsworth . 5th . 2008 . 978-0-495-41101-7 . 4 June 2020 . 25 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230425150118/https://books.google.com/books?id=4aNIeXqWz9YC&pg=PA6 . live .
  40. Wallace . Birgitta . Sollbach . Gerhard E. . 18 May 2010 . Vinland-Rätsel gelöst . Vinland Riddle Solved . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170627095248/http://www.damals.de/de/8/Vinland-Raetsel-geloest.html?aid=189751&cp=5&action=showDetails . 27 June 2017 . 23 December 2017 . . 47–48 . de . 42 . 5.
  41. Birgitta. Wallace. The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland. Newfoundland and Labrador Studies. 19. 1. 2003. 27 January 2016. 15 February 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160215210052/https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/NFLDS/article/view/140. live.

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