Kurdish grammar explained
Kurdish grammar has many inflections, with prefixes and suffixes added to roots to express grammatical relations and to form words.
Split-ergative system
Among all modern Iranian languages, only Yaghnobi and Kurdish are ergative, with respect to both case-marking and verb-agreement.[1] There are general descriptions of ergativity in Kurdish,[2] [3] as well as in specific forms of Kurdish, such as Sorani [4] and Kurmanji.[5]
Kurmanji and Sorani Kurdish have a split-ergative system. Transitive verbs show nominative/accusative marking in the present tense, and ergative marking in the past tense.[6]
Nouns
Possession
Ezafe is used with nouns to indicate possession. Ezafe (-y) joins the possessive noun with its possessed noun
jēgā-y pāsā = the king's place (Lit: place of king)
Ezafe is also used alongside pronouns to show possession. Ezafe (-y) joins the possessor pronoun with its possessed noun.[6]
jēgā-y min = my place (Lit: place of me)
Pronouns in various Kurdish languages and other languages for comparison
| Central Kurdish[7] | Southern Kurdish[8] | Kurmanji[9] | Gorani[10] | Zazaki[11] | Talysh[12] [13] | Avestan[14] | Parthian[15] | Middle Persian |
---|
| no distinction of nominative and oblique
| nominative
|
1st person | singular | min | min | ez | min | ez | az | azəm | az | an |
---|
plural | ême | îme | em | ême | ma | əmə | ahma- (accusative) | amāh | amāh |
---|
2nd person | singular | to | ti | tu, ti | to | ti | tı | tvəm | tu | to |
---|
plural | êwe | îwe | hûn | şime | şima | şımə | yūšma- (accusative) | aşmāh | aşmāh |
---|
3rd person | singular | ew | ew | ew | ad (masculine) ade (feminine) | o (masculine) a (feminine) | əv | hva- (masculine) hā (feminine) | ho | oy |
---|
plural | ewane | ewane | ew / ewana | adê | ê | əvon | ? | hawin | oy | |
---|
Talysh[16] Oblique
| accusative
|
min | mi(n) | man | man | mıni |
te | to | to | to | tıni |
wî | ey | ho | oy | əvi |
wê | ay | ho | – | |
me | ma | amāh | amāh | əməni |
we | şıma | aşmāh | aşmāh | şıməni |
wan | inan | hawin | awêşān | əvoni | |
Verbs
Because the stress is distinctive in Kurdish, the acute diacritics (á) are used to denote the stressed syllables (normally not used in Kurdish) .
General description
Kurdish verbs agree with their subjects in person and number. They have the following major characteristics:
- Verbs have two stems: present and past.
- Present stems can be simple or secondary.
- Simple tenses are formed by the addition of personal endings wo stems.
- Secondary stems consist of a root + suffixes that indicate transitivity, intransitivity, and causativity.
- There are 3 tenses: present, past, and future.
- There are 2 voices: active and passive.
- There are 2 aspects: imperfective and perfective. Aspect is as important as tense.
- There are 4 moods: indicative, conditional, imperative, and potential.
- Past tense transitive sentences are formed as ergative constructions, i.e., transitive verbs in the past tense agree with the object rather than the subject of the sentence.
Non-finite endings
Infinitive | Ends in -ín (consonant stems), -î́n (î-stems), -án (a-stems), or -û́n (û-stems). |
---|
Past participle | - Ends in -î when the stem ends in consonants or -î (hatin → hatî "come").
- Ends in -yî when the stem ends in -a or -û (mán → máyî "remained").
| |
---|
See also
Notes
- Web site: Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Web site: Archived copy . 2013-07-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130129135720/http://kurdishacademy.org/sites/default/files/KurdAlignment_0.pdf . 2013-01-29 . dead .
- Theodora Bynon. 1979. The Ergative Construction in Kurdish. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 211–224.
- John Haiman. Ergativity in Sorani Kurdish. Essais de typologie et de linguistique générale : mélanges offerts à Denis Creissels. Ed. Franck Florici et al. Lyon: ENS Editions, 2010. 243–250
- http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/uhlcs/LENCA/LENCA-2/information/datei/14-haig.pdf Abstract on origins of ergativity
- Friend, Robyn C. 1985. Some Syntactic and Morphological Features of Suleimaniye Kurdish. Ann Arbor: UMI. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles; 240pp.)
- Thackston, W. M.: http://fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/ – Sorani Kurdish. Iranian Studies at Harvard University. 2006. (Page 27)
- Celîliyan, ʻEbasî: Ferhengî başûr: Kurdî-Kurdî-Farisî. 2004. (Page 26, 80, 85, 86, 706)
- Windfuhr, Gernot: The Iranian languages. Routledge Language Family Series. 2009. Ernest N. McCarus'un makalesi. (Page 629)
- http://www.royalacademy.dk/Publications/High/737_MacKenzie,%20D.pdf
- Windfuhr, Gernot: The Iranian languages. Routledge Language Family Series. 2009. Ludwig Paul. (page 551)
- Aboszodə, Müəllifi-Fəxrəddin: Talıçca-Türkçe Luğət. 55 min kelimə. Bakı. 2011. Yeniden neşri. Bakü. 2015. (page 24, 210, 211, 214, 441, 501)
- Wolfgang, Schulze: Northern Talysh. Lincom Europa. 2000. (Sayfa 35)
- Bartholomae, Christian: Altiranisches Wörterbuch, Strassburg. K. J. Trübner. 1904. (page 225, 295, 660, 1303, 1718, 1844)
- Book: The Iranian Languages. 9781135797034. Windfuhr. Gernot. 13 May 2013.
- Aboszodə, Müəllifi-Fəxrəddin: Talıçca-Türkçe Luğət. 55 min kelimə. Bakı. 2011. Yeniden neşri. Bakü. 2015.
References
External links