Kurdish grammar explained

Kurdish grammar has many inflections, with prefixes and suffixes added to roots to express grammatical relations and to form words.

Split-ergative system

Among all modern Iranian languages, only Yaghnobi and Kurdish are ergative, with respect to both case-marking and verb-agreement.[1] There are general descriptions of ergativity in Kurdish,[2] [3] as well as in specific forms of Kurdish, such as Sorani [4] and Kurmanji.[5]

Kurmanji and Sorani Kurdish have a split-ergative system. Transitive verbs show nominative/accusative marking in the present tense, and ergative marking in the past tense.[6]

Nouns

Possession

Ezafe is used with nouns to indicate possession. Ezafe (-y) joins the possessive noun with its possessed noun

jēgā-y pāsā = the king's place (Lit: place of king)

Ezafe is also used alongside pronouns to show possession. Ezafe (-y) joins the possessor pronoun with its possessed noun.[6]

jēgā-y min = my place (Lit: place of me)

Pronouns in various Kurdish languages and other languages for comparison

Central Kurdish[7] Southern Kurdish[8] Kurmanji[9] Gorani[10] Zazaki[11] Talysh[12] [13] Avestan[14] Parthian[15] Middle Persian

no distinction of nominative and oblique

nominative

1st
person
singularminminezminezazazəmazan
pluralêmeîmeemêmemaəməahma- (accusative)amāhamāh
2nd
person
singulartotitu, titotitvəmtuto
pluralêweîwehûnşimeşimaşıməyūšma- (accusative)aşmāhaşmāh
3rd
person
singularewewewad (masculine)
ade (feminine)
o (masculine)
a (feminine)
əvhva- (masculine)
hā (feminine)
hooy
pluralewaneewaneew / ewanaadêêəvon?hawinoy
Talysh[16]

Oblique

accusative

minmi(n)manmanmıni
tetotototıni
eyhooyəvi
ayho
memaamāhamāhəməni
weşımaaşmāhaşmāhşıməni
waninanhawinawêşānəvoni

Verbs

Because the stress is distinctive in Kurdish, the acute diacritics (á) are used to denote the stressed syllables (normally not used in Kurdish) .

General description

Kurdish verbs agree with their subjects in person and number. They have the following major characteristics:

Non-finite endings

InfinitiveEnds in -ín (consonant stems), -î́n (î-stems), -án (a-stems), or -û́n (û-stems).
Past participle
  • Ends in when the stem ends in consonants or (hatinhatî "come").
  • Ends in -yî when the stem ends in -a or (mán "remained").

See also

Notes

  1. Web site: Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica.
  2. Web site: Archived copy . 2013-07-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130129135720/http://kurdishacademy.org/sites/default/files/KurdAlignment_0.pdf . 2013-01-29 . dead .
  3. Theodora Bynon. 1979. The Ergative Construction in Kurdish. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 211–224.
  4. John Haiman. Ergativity in Sorani Kurdish. Essais de typologie et de linguistique générale : mélanges offerts à Denis Creissels. Ed. Franck Florici et al. Lyon: ENS Editions, 2010. 243–250
  5. http://www.ling.helsinki.fi/uhlcs/LENCA/LENCA-2/information/datei/14-haig.pdf Abstract on origins of ergativity
  6. Friend, Robyn C. 1985. Some Syntactic and Morphological Features of Suleimaniye Kurdish. Ann Arbor: UMI. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles; 240pp.)
  7. Thackston, W. M.: http://fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/ – Sorani Kurdish. Iranian Studies at Harvard University. 2006. (Page 27)
  8. Celîliyan, ʻEbasî: Ferhengî başûr: Kurdî-Kurdî-Farisî. 2004. (Page 26, 80, 85, 86, 706)
  9. Windfuhr, Gernot: The Iranian languages. Routledge Language Family Series. 2009. Ernest N. McCarus'un makalesi. (Page 629)
  10. http://www.royalacademy.dk/Publications/High/737_MacKenzie,%20D.pdf
  11. Windfuhr, Gernot: The Iranian languages. Routledge Language Family Series. 2009. Ludwig Paul. (page 551)
  12. Aboszodə, Müəllifi-Fəxrəddin: Talıçca-Türkçe Luğət. 55 min kelimə. Bakı. 2011. Yeniden neşri. Bakü. 2015. (page 24, 210, 211, 214, 441, 501)
  13. Wolfgang, Schulze: Northern Talysh. Lincom Europa. 2000. (Sayfa 35)
  14. Bartholomae, Christian: Altiranisches Wörterbuch, Strassburg. K. J. Trübner. 1904. (page 225, 295, 660, 1303, 1718, 1844)
  15. Book: The Iranian Languages. 9781135797034. Windfuhr. Gernot. 13 May 2013.
  16. Aboszodə, Müəllifi-Fəxrəddin: Talıçca-Türkçe Luğət. 55 min kelimə. Bakı. 2011. Yeniden neşri. Bakü. 2015.

References

External links