Kurdish Society for Cooperation and Progress explained

The Kurdish Society for Cooperation and Progress "Kürt Teavün ve Terakki Cemiyeti"[1] (KTTC) was founded September 1908 in Constantinople .[2] [3] Also known as the Kurdish Society for Progress and Mutual Aid,[4] [5] Kurdish Society for Mutual Aid and Progress,[6] Kurdish Society for Support and Progress,[7] Kurdish Society for Assistance and Progress,[8] Kurdish Society for Solidarity and Progress,[9] Kurdish Progressive League,[10] Kurdish League,[11] Kurdish Club[12] and Kurdish Society.[13] The society published a Gazette,[14] which was the first legal Kurdish publication, it debated issues surrounding history, language, national unity and many other topics effecting Kurds.[15] It was the first ever political Kurdish organization and was influenced by European ideas.[16] [17] It called for a political, economic and social awakening of Kurdistan.[18] The announcement of its establishment[19] was made in September 1908 and backed by 500 leading Kurdish intellectuals and statesmen.[20] The membership of the society grew very fast in cities and towns with large Kurdish populations.[21] The society had a cultural branch, which established a Kurdish language school for children[22] in Çemberlitas, Constantinople, led by Abdurrahman Bedir Khan.[23] It was closed down in 1909 and reestablished and renamed in 1917 as the Society for the Elevation of Kurdistan.[24] [25]

The founding members were;

Emin Ali Bedir Khan.

Notes and References

  1. Book: Bocheńska, Joanna. Rediscovering Kurdistan’s Cultures and Identities: The Call of the Cricket. Springer. 2018. 3319930885. 109.
  2. Book: Klein, Janet. The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone. Stanford University Press. 2011. 0804775702. California. 113.
  3. Book: Maisel, Sebastian. The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society. ABC-CLIO. 2018. 1440842574. 167.
  4. Book: Heper, Metin. The state and Kurds in Turkey: the question of assimilation. Palgrave Macmillan. 2007. 0333646282. 54.
  5. Book: Olson, Robert W.. Imperial Meanderings and Republican By-Ways: Essays on Eighteenth Century Ottoman and Twentieth Century History of Turkey. University of Michigan. 2008. 9754280975. 136.
  6. Book: Bruinessen, Martin van. Agha, shaikh, and state: the social and political structures of Kurdistan. University of Michigan. 1992. 1856490181. 275.
  7. Book: Zürcher, Erik J.. Turkey: A Modern History. Bloomsbury Academic. 1997. 1860642225. 177.
  8. Book: Üngör, Uǧur Ümit. Young Turk Social Engineering: Mass Violence and the Nation State in Eastern Turkey, 1913-1950. University of Amsterdam. 2009. 91.
  9. Book: Kaya, Zeynep N.. Mapping Kurdistan: Territory, Self-Determination and Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. 2020. 1108601685. 68.
  10. Book: Bedr Kahn, Sureya. The Case of Kurdistan Against Turkey. Sara. 1995. 19.
  11. Book: Lacy Rush & Priestland, Alan & Jane. Records of Iraq, 1914-1966: 1921-1924, Volume 3 of Records of Iraq, 1914-1966. Archive Editions. 2001. 1852078200. 537.
  12. Book: O'Ballance, E.. The Kurdish Struggle, 1920-94. Springer. 1995. 0230377424. 9.
  13. Book: Manafy, A.. The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis. University Press of America. 2005. 0761830030. 53.
  14. Book: Chaliand & Ghassemlou, Gérard & Abdul Rahman. A People without a country: the Kurds and Kurdistan. University of Michigan. 1993. 1856491935. Michigan. 27.
  15. Book: Chaliand, Gérard. A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. Zed Books. 1993. 1856491943. 27.
  16. Book: Boris & Gorgas, Boris & Jordi Tejel. Les Kurdes en 100 questions. Tallandier. 9791021033818. 11.
  17. Book: Soheil, Adel. Territory, State and Nationalism: Anglo-Iraqi Policy Toward the Kurdish National Movement, 1918-1932. BoD - Books on Demand. 2018. 9177855132. 83.
  18. Book: Oriente moderno, Volume 25. Istituto per l'oriente. 2006. 464.
  19. Book: Garabato, M. Carmen Alén. L'éveil des nationalités et les revendications linguistiques en Europe (1830-1930). L'Harmattan. 2005. 2296000525. 257.
  20. Book: Bilgin & Sarihan, Fevzi & Ali. Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question. Lexington Books. 2013. 0739184032. 20.
  21. Book: Ahmed & Gunter, Mohammed M. A. & Michael M.. The Evolution of Kurdish Nationalism. Mazda Publishers. 2007. 1568591942. 40.
  22. Book: White, Paul J.. Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernisers?: The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in Turkey. Zed Books. 2000. 1856498212. 65, 66.
  23. Book: Behrendt, Günter. Nationalismus in Kurdistan: Vorgeschichte, Entstehungsbedingungen und erste Manifestationen bis 1925. 1993. Deutsches Orient-Institut. 3-89173-029-2. 270. de.
  24. Book: Hassanpour, Amir. Nationalism and language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985. Mellen Research University Press. 1992. 0773498168. 61.
  25. Book: Rostami, Mari R.. Kurdish Nationalism on Stage: Performance, Politics and Resistance in Iraq. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2019. 1788318706. 53.

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