| Group: | Kumaonis |
| Region1: |  India (Kumaon) |
| Pop1: | 2.2 million* (2011 census) |
| Region2: |  Nepal (Doti) |
| Pop2: | 273,000 |
| Langs: | Kumaoni |
| Religions: | Majority Hinduism Minority [1] |
| Related: | other Indo-Aryans, Khas people, Garhwali people |
| Native Name: | कुमाऊंनी, कुमयी |
| Native Name Lang: | Kumaoni |
| Footnotes: |
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Kumaonis, also known as Kumaiye and Kumain (in Nepal), are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group who speak Kumaoni as their first-language and live mostly in Kumaon division in the state of Uttarakhand in India .
Kumaoni is also used as a term for people who have their origin in Kumaon. The word Kumain is a direct derivative of Kumaoni.[2]
Worshipping Vishnu and Shiva is predominant in this region. According to Skanda Purana. Kumaon is believed to be the birth place of Kurma avtar of Hindu god Vishnu.[3]
The Kurmanchal kingdom was a medieval kingdom of Kumaon. it was established by Vasudeo Katyuri. Its capital was Baijnath. It was one of the oldest Himalayan kingdoms, unified most of the Himalayas, and extended from Sikkim in the east to Kabul in the west at its peak. After the fall of the kingdom, it was divided into eight princely states. The next ruling clan of Kumaon were the Manrals. The dynasty at its peak controlled the Tons to the Karnail river. Kumaon was one of the few countries of South Asia that were never ruled or conquered by any Muslim dynasties.[4]
There was widespread opposition to British rule in various parts of Kumaon. The Kumaoni people, especially from the Champawat District, rose in rebellion against the British during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Under the leadership of Kalu Singh Mahara, many Kumaonis also joined the Indian National Army led by Subash Chandra Bose during the Second World War.[5]
In Nepal there are castes of Brahmins who migrated from Kumaon to Nepal during the medieval period. They are now characterized as 'Kumain Bahun' or 'Kumai Bahuns'.[6]
See main article: Kumaoni language. UNESCO designated Kumaoni as language in the endangered and unsafe category which requires consistent conservation efforts.[7]
Various attires are worn in Kumaon.Pichhaura is a traditional attire of Kumaoni women, generally worn for religious occasions, marriage, and other rituals. Traditionally handmade using vegetable dyes, pichhauras are available in red and saffron. Local designs made in Almora, Haldwani and other parts of Kumaon use silk and accessories made of pearl. It is now made using machines.[8]
Kumaoni men wear the black Kumaoni cap. White Kumaoni caps are worn during festivals, especially, during Kumaoni Holi.
After harvesting season people mostly relax, rejoice, dance and sing, and thus a festival is generated. At the transition of the sun from one constellation to another Sankranti is observed. Each Sankranti has a fair or festival connected to it somewhere in Kumaon. Fooldeyi, Bikhauti, Harela, Ghee Sankranti, Khatarua, Ghughutiya are the most-observed Sankranties throughout the region. Other festivals have the bearings in the moon and thus the dates change frequently in the Gregorian Calendar. Basant Panchami, Shiv Ratri, Saton–Athon, Kumauni Holi, Uttarayani,[9] Samvatsar Parwa, Ram Navami, Dashra, Batsavitri, Rakshabandhan, Janmastmi, Nandastmi, and Deepawali are some of the auspicious occasions.[10]
See main article: Dashain. Dasshera festival starts in Kumaon with the performance of Ramlila, which is itself unique as it is based on the musical rendering of the katha or story of Rama based on the theatrical traditions set by Uday Shankar while on his stay in Almora. These traditions were further enriched by Mohan Upreti and Brijendra Lal Sah. Known as the Almora or Kumaon style, Ramlila has been recognised by UNESCO as one of the representative styles of Ramlila in India.[11] The 150-year-old Kumaoni Ramlila was declared as the longest running opera in the world by UNESCO.[12]
Chholiya is popular dance in Kumaon region. It is the oldest folk-dance of Uttarakhand.[13] Jhoda and Chanchari are other folk dances of Kumaon.
Kumaoni theatre, which developed through its 'Ramleela' plays,[14] later evolved into a modern theatre form through the efforts of theatre stalwarts like Mohan Upreti and Dinesh Pandey and groups like 'Parvatiya Kala Kendra' (started by Mohan Upreti) and 'Parvatiya Lok Kala Manch'. Besides this the famous Hindi poet, Sumitranandan Pant also hailed from Kausani, district Bageshwar.
See main article: Kumaoni cuisine. Kumaoni food is simple and comprises largely of vegetables and pulses. Vegetables like potato (aaloo), radish (mooli), colocacia leaves (arbi ke patte, papad), pumpkin (kaddoo), spinach (palak) and many others are grown locally by the largely agrarian populace and consumed in various forms.
In 2011, the census reported a total of 2,081,057 Kumaoni speaker in India, constituting 0.17% of the country's population.
As per 2011 Indian census, there were 1,981,062 (95.19%) Kumaoni speakers in the Kumaon division.
There is a large Kumaoni diaspora in other states as well as outside India. However, due to the usage and acceptance of Hindi as their mother tongue, many Kumaonis do not list the Kumaoni language as their mother tongue. Hence there is an absence of data number of ethnic Kumaonis living outside Kumaon.
Source:[16]
| State | Kumaoni speakers(2011) | Percentage of Kumaoni Population | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 32674 | 1.57% | ||
| 30224 | 1.4% | ||
| 11059 | 0.53% | ||
| 4427 | 0.21% | ||
| 3582 | 0.17% | ||
| 3223 | 0.15% | ||
| 2560 | 0.09% | ||
| 2096 | 0.1% | ||
| 1746 | 0.08% | ||
| 1284 | 0.061% | ||
| 1133 | 0.054% | ||
| 1127 | 0.0541% | ||
| 1076 | 0.0517% |
There is a large Kumaoni diaspora in neighbouring Nepal, because of Katyuri and Kumaon Kingdom. The actual speakers of Kumaoni in other countries, however, are not known. Though there is a presence of Kumaoni speakers outside India and Nepal, especially in Western countries. The Kumaoni NRIs are again returning to their culture with more awareness and concern about its importance and survival.[17]
See main article: List of Kumaonis.