Rade language explained

Rade language should not be confused with Kru’ng language.

Rade
Also Known As:	Klei Êđê
States:	Vietnam
Ethnicity:	Rade
Speakers:	in Vietnam
Date:	2007
Ref:	e18
Familycolor:	Austronesian
Fam3:	Malayo-Sumbawan (?)
Fam4:	Chamic
Fam5:	Highlands
Lc1:	rad
Ld1:	Rade
Lc2:	ibh
Ld2:	Bih
Glotto:	rade1240
Glottoname:	Rade
Glotto2:	biha1246
Glottoname2:	Bih
Elp:	1468
Elpname:	Bih
Script:	Latin

Rade (Rhade; Rade: ; or) is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.^[1]

Dialects

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)^[2] lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

• Kpă: spoken throughout Buôn Ma Thuột
• Krung: spoken in Ea H'leo and Krông Năng; some Krung also live among the Jarai in Gia Lai Province
• Adham: spoken in Krông Buk, Krông Năng, and Ea H'leo
• Ktul: spoken in Krông Bông and the southern part of Krông Pắk
• Drao (Kơdrao): spoken in M'Đrăk (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang)
• Blô: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
• Êpan: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
• Mdhur: spoken in Ea Kar and M'Đrăk; also in Gia Lai Province and Phu Yen Province
• Bih: spoken in Krông Ana and in the southern part of Buôn Ma Thuột

Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.^[3] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.^[4]

A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).^[5]

Classification

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23) provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.

• Area 1
  • Area 1.1: Krung, Kpă, Adham
  • Area 1.2: Drao. Êpan, Ktul
  • Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
• Area 2
  • Mdhur
  • Bih

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23) assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.

• Kpă – Krung: 85.5%
• Kpă – Adham: 82%
• Kpă – Ktul: 82%
• Kpă – Mdhur: 80%
• Kpă – Blô: 82%
• Kpă – Êpan: 85%
• Kpă – Drao: 81%
• Kpă – Bih: 73%

Vocabulary

• – the most senior in age and authority
• – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)
• – you
• – husband
• – her/him
• – they
• – we
• – love
• – hate
• – younger sibling
• – mom/mother
• – grandma/grandmother
• – grandma/grandfather
• – father, dad daddy
• – ugly, bad
• – pretty
• – beautiful girl
• – good
• – love
• – give
• – true
• – go
• – I/me
• – name
• – country
• – want/like
• – God
• – speak
• – language
• – rice porridge
• – fat
• – skinny
• – black
• – to be from
• – from
• ,,,, – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
• ,,,, : 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
• – America
• – Cambodia
• – person
• – learn
• – sound of displeasure/pain
• –
• – type/write
• – English
• – Rade/Ede
• – A lot
• – French
• -crazy

Phonology

The spelling is shown in italics.

Vowels

!colspan=2

Front	Central		Back
High	ĭ pronounced as /link/	i pronounced as //iː//	ư̆ pronounced as /link/	ư pronounced as //ɨː//	ŭ pronounced as /link/	u pronounced as //uː//
Mid	ê̆ pronounced as /link/	ê pronounced as //eː//	ơ̆ pronounced as /link/	ơ pronounced as //əː//	ô̆ pronounced as /link/	ô pronounced as //oː//
Low	ĕ pronounced as /link/	e pronounced as //ɛː//	ă pronounced as /link/	a pronounced as //aː//	ŏ pronounced as /link/	o pronounced as //ɔː//

• Vowels pronounced as //ɨ ɨː, ə əː// can also be heard as more centralized-back pronounced as /[ɯ̈ ɯ̈ː, ɤ̈ ɤ̈ː]/.

Consonants

Rade consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m pronounced as /link/	n pronounced as /link/	ñ pronounced as /link/	ng pronounced as /link/
Stop		p pronounced as /link/	t pronounced as /link/	č pronounced as /link/	k pronounced as /link/	pronounced as /link/
		ph pronounced as /link/	th pronounced as /link/	čh pronounced as /link/	kh pronounced as /link/
		b pronounced as /link/	d pronounced as /link/	j pronounced as /link/	g pronounced as /link/
		ƀ pronounced as /link/	đ pronounced as /link/	dj pronounced as /link/
Fricative			s pronounced as /link/			h pronounced as /link/
Approximant		w pronounced as /link/	l pronounced as /link/	y pronounced as /link/
Rhotic			r pronounced as /link/

• pronounced as //w// can also be heard as a more bilabial pronounced as /[β̞]/.
• Glottalized final consonant sounds pronounced as //wʔ, jʔ, jh// are heard only in final position.

Further reading

• Book: Đoàn, Văn Phúc . Ngữ âm tiếng Êđê . Hà Nội . 1993 . vi . Ede language phonetics.
• Book: Sở giáo dục và đào tạo tỉnh Đắk Lắk – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam . 2012 . Ngữ pháp tiếng Êđê . Ede Grammar . Hà Nội . Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam . vi.
• Book: Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đăk Lăk – Sở giáo dục – Đào tạo – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam . 1993 . Từ điển Việt – Êđê . Vietnamese – Rade Dictionary . Đăk Lăk . Nhà xuất bản giáo dục . vi.
• Book: Linh, Nga Niê Kdam . Nghệ thuật diễn xướng dân gian Ê Đê, Bih ở Dăk Lăk . Rade and Bih Folk Performing Arts in Dak Lak . 2013 . Nhà xuất bản Thời Đại . 978-604-930-599-3 . Hà Nội . vi.
• Book: Tharp, James A. . A Rhade–English Dictionary with English-Rhade Finderlist . Buon-ya . Y.-Bham . 1980 . The Australian National University . 978-0-85883-217-6 . Pacific Linguistics Series C – No. 58 . Canberra . en . 10.15144/PL-C58 . 1885/144435 . free . free.

External links

• Alphabet and pronunciation
• ELAR archive of Documenting Bih
• Web site: Indigenous Peoples of the World – The Ede. Waddington. Ray. www.peoplesoftheworld.org. 2019-11-21.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Rade (klei Êđê) . Omniglot . en.
2. Book: Đoàn, Văn Phúc . Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê . 1998 . Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội and École française d'Extrême-Orient . Hanoi . vi . Vocabulary of Rade Dialects.
3. Nguyen . Tam . A Grammar of Bih . 2013 . PhD . University of Oregon . 1794/12996 . free.
4. Nguyen . Tam . 2015 . Language Endangerment Factors: A Case Study with Bih . Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University . en.
5. Book: Phâm, Côn Sơn . Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ . Phương Đông Publishers . 2005 . Hanoi . vi.