Krefft's glider explained

Krefft's glider (Petaurus notatus) is a species of arboreal nocturnal gliding possum, a type of small marsupial. It is native to most of eastern mainland Australia and has been introduced to Tasmania.[1] [2] Populations of Petaurus from New Guinea and Indonesia previously classified under P. breviceps are also tentatively classified under P. notatus by the American Society of Mammalogists, but likely represent a complex of distinct species.[3] As most captive gliders referred to as "sugar gliders" in at least the United States are thought to originate from West Papua, this likely makes them Krefft's gliders, at least tentatively.[4]

Taxonomy

It is closely allied with the sugar glider (P. breviceps), with which it was long taxonomically confused. A 2020 study partially clarified the taxonomy of the sugar glider and split it into three species: the savanna glider (P. ariel), the sugar glider (P. breviceps sensu stricto) and Krefft's glider (P. notatus). The large range throughout eastern Australia once attributed to the sugar glider is now known to actually be that of Krefft's glider; under the new taxonomy, the sugar glider only has a small, threatened range in the coastal forests of Queensland and New South Wales.[5]

The species was named after German-Australian zoologist and paleontologist Gerard Krefft.

Names

It is known as aymows or kajben in the Kalam language of Papua New Guinea, or yegang in the Asai Valley dialect of Kalam.[6]

Description

The species can be distinguished from P. breviceps by its more clearly defined mid-dorsal stripe and a more attenuated tail, with longer fur at the base which shortens towards the tip. P. notatus also has a white tip to its tail.

Distribution

It is widely distributed throughout eastern Australia, and may be the most widespread of all Australian Petaurus species. It ranges from coastal northern Queensland (albeit not the Cape York Peninsula, which is thought to be occupied by an unknown Petaurus species that may represent P. gracilis or another species) throughout most of inland Queensland and New South Wales south to Victoria and the southeastern corner of South Australia. In southern Queensland and most of New South Wales, the Great Dividing Range serves as a barrier from the coastal areas which are occupied by the sugar glider, although their ranges may overlap in some places. The species is also sympatric with the mahogany glider and yellow-bellied glider in parts of its range. The earliest Krefft's glider (originally identified as sugar glider) fossils were found in a cave in Victoria and are dated to 15,000 years ago, at the time of the Pleistocene epoch.[7]

Populations of Petaurus in New Guinea likely represent a distinct species complex, but have been tentatively classified within P. notatus until they can be further studied. These gliders are also found in the Bismarck Archipelago, Louisiade Archipelago, and certain isles of Indonesia, Halmahera Islands of the North Moluccas.[8]

Introduction to Tasmania

According to naturalist Ronald Campbell Gunn, no Petaurus species is indigenous to Tasmania. He concluded that Krefft's glider (then thought to have been sugar gliders) had been brought to Launceston, Tasmania as pets from Port Phillip, Australia (now Melbourne), soon after the founding of the port in 1834. Some Krefft's gliders had escaped and quickly became established in the area.[9] [10] The facilitated introduction of the sugar glider to Tasmania in 1835[11] is supported by the absence of skeletal remains in subfossil bone deposits and the lack of an Aboriginal Tasmanian name for the animal.[12]

The species has been identified as a threat to the survival of the swift parrot, which breeds only in Tasmania. Reduction in mature forest cover has left swift parrot nests highly vulnerable to predation by Krefft's gliders, and it is estimated that the parrot could be extinct by 2031.[13]

Habitat

They have a broad habitat niche, inhabiting rainforests and coconut plantations in New Guinea; and rainforests, wet or dry sclerophyll forest and acacia scrub in Australia; preferring habitats with Eucalypt and Acacia species. The main structural habitat requirements are a large number of stems within the canopy, and dense mid and upper canopy cover, likely to enable efficient movement through the canopy.[14]

In captivity

It has been suggested that the expanding overseas trade in Petaurus was initiated from illegally sourced sugar gliders from Australia, which were bred for resale in Indonesia.[15] [16] DNA analysis, however, indicates that "the USA (sugar) glider population originates from West Papua, Indonesia with no illegal harvesting from other native areas such as Papua New Guinea or Australia". Furthermore, this study (which preceded the break-up of P. breviceps into P. notatus, P. ariel and P. breviceps) indicated that West Papuan Petaurus gliders and their US pet trade derivatives belong to a sister group to the Australian Petaurus gliders.[4]

There have been media and internet articles which evidence a history of cruelty,[17] [18] and reporting on why Krefft's gliders should not be kept as pets.[19] [20] There are glider rescue organisations that cope with surrendered and abandoned Krefft's gliders.[21] [22]

Krefft's gliders are popular as pets in the United States, where they are bred in large numbers. Most states and cities allow Krefft's gliders as pets, but they are prohibited in California,[23] Hawaii,[24] Alaska, and New York City.[25] In 2014, Massachusetts changed its law, allowing Krefft's gliders to be kept as pets.[26] Some other states require permits or licensing.[27] Breeders of Krefft's gliders are regulated and licensed by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) through the Animal Welfare Act.[28]

Notes and References

  1. Gunn. R.C.. 1846. In Minutes of the Tasmanian Society, July 2, 1845. Tasmania Journal. 2. 458–459. 11.
  2. Gunn. R.C.. 1851. On the introduction and naturalization of Petaurus sciureus in Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of van Dieman's Land. 1. 253–255.
  3. Web site: Explore the Database. 2021-06-20. www.mammaldiversity.org.
  4. Campbell. Catriona D.. Pecon-Slattery. Jill. Pollak. Rebecca. Joseph. Leo. Holleley. Clare E.. 2019-01-08. The origin of exotic pet sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) kept in the United States of America. PeerJ. en. 7. e6180. 10.7717/peerj.6180. 2167-8359. 6329365. 30643698 . free .
  5. Cremona. Teigan. Baker. Andrew M. Cooper. Steven J B. Montague-Drake. Rebecca. Stobo-Wilson. Alyson M. Carthew. Susan M. 2020-07-13. Integrative taxonomic investigation of Petaurus breviceps (Marsupialia: Petauridae) reveals three distinct species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 . 2 . 503–527 . 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa060. 0024-4082. free.
  6. Pawley, Andrew and Ralph Bulmer (2011). A Dictionary of Kalam with Ethnographic Notes. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
  7. Smith. Meredith J.. 13 June 1973. Petaurus breviceps. Mammalian Species. 30. 1–5. 10.2307/3503785. 3503785. 254011903 .
  8. Book: Dickman, Ronald M. Nowak. Walker's marsupials of the world. introduction by Christopher R.. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005. 0801882222. Baltimore. 190.
  9. Gunn. R.C.. 1846. In Minutes of the Tasmanian Society, July 2, 1845. Tasmania Journal. 2. 458–459. 11.
  10. Gunn. R.C.. 1851. On the introduction and naturalization of Petaurus sciureus in Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of van Dieman's Land. 1. 253–255.
  11. Web site: Wildlife – Sugar Glider. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140223183947/http://www.wildlife.org.au/wildlife/speciesprofile/mammals/gliders/sugar_glider.html. 23 February 2014. 16 February 2014. Wildlife Queensland.
  12. Web site: 28 August 2012. DPIW - Sugar Glider. https://web.archive.org/web/20120828032345/http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/BHAN-53J8XS?open. 28 August 2012.
  13. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-26/research-shows-swift-parrot-in-danger-of-extinction/6350564 "Tasmania's swift parrot in danger of extinction, calls to list the bird as critically endangered"
  14. Jackson. Stephen M.. 2000. Habitat relationships of the mahogany glider, Petaurus gracilis, and the sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps. Wildlife Research. 27. 1. 39. 10.1071/WR98045.
  15. Book: Committee., Australia. Parliament. Senate. Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport References. Commercial utilisation of Australian native wildlife : report of the Senate Rural and Regional Affairs and Transport References Committee.. 1998. The Committee. Woodley, John, 1938-. 0642267812. Canberra. Chapter 17. 39840227.
  16. Web site: 2012-06-17. Aussie wildlife in black markets for pets. 2019-03-15. www.couriermail.com.au. en.
  17. Web site: Sugar gliders at the mercy of Americans. 2019-03-15. www.news.com.au. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20190403215833/https://www.news.com.au/world/australias-sugar-gliders-at-the-mercy-of-americans/news-story/4854b9addbe741c77d9bcf98fb96e6a5. 2019-04-03.
  18. Web site: 22 March 2016. Here's Why You Should Never Buy Sugar Gliders as Pets. 2019-03-15. PETA. en-US.
  19. News: Wright. Julia. 10 March 2018. Weird, cute big-eyed sugar gliders: the new pet craze. en. CBC. 2019-03-15.
  20. Web site: Nosowitz. Dan. 2013-11-23. Sugar Gliders Are Not Pets. 2019-03-15. The Dodo.
  21. Web site: Lucky Glider Rescue & Sanctuary Clifton Animal Rescue. 2019-03-15. www.luckyglider.org. en.
  22. Web site: Akron Sugar Glider Rescue. 2019-03-15. Akron Sugar Glider Rescue.
  23. Web site: Illegal pets in California. 18 June 2019.
  24. Web site: Illegal pets in Hawaii. 2 January 2013.
  25. https://www1.nyc.gov/assets/doh/downloads/pdf/about/healthcode/health-code-article161.pdf New York City Health Code
  26. Web site: MacCallum. Wayne F., Director. Notice of Changes in the Law Relative to Wildlife that May be Sold By Licensed Pet Shops or Kept as Pets in Massachusetts. 10 February 2014. Division of Fisheries & Wildlife. Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
  27. Web site: Summary of State Laws Relating to Private Possession of Exotic Animals. 24 October 2012. Born Free USA.
  28. Web site: Sugarglider.com – Gliderpedia – Laws. 20 July 2016. www.sugarglider.com.