| Native Name: | Костромская губерния |
| Conventional Long Name: | Kostroma Governorate |
| Common Name: | Kostroma |
| Subdivision: | Governorate |
| Nation: | the Russian Empire |
| Year Start: | 1796 |
| Year End: | 1929 |
| Flag S2: | --> |
| Image Map Caption: | Kostroma Governorate within the Russian Empire |
| Capital: | Kostroma |
| P1: | Kostroma Viceroyalty |
| S1: | Kostroma Okrug |
Kostroma Governorate (Russian: Костромская губерния|Kostromskaya guberniya) was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire and the Russian SFSR, which existed from 1796 to 1929. Its administrative center was in the city of Kostroma.
Kostroma Governorate consisted of 12 uyezds (their administrative centres in brackets):