| Kostel dialect | |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /sl/ |
| Nativename: | kȯsˈteːu̯skȯ naˈrėːčje |
| States: | Slovenia, Croatia |
| Region: | Kupa Valley near Kostel and Brod na Kupi |
| Ethnicity: | Slovenes, Croats |
| Familycolor: | Indo-European |
| Fam2: | Balto-Slavic |
| Fam3: | Slavic |
| Fam4: | South Slavic |
| Fam5: | Western South Slavic |
| Fam6: | Slovene |
| Fam7: | Lower Carniolan |
| Map: | Lower Carniolan dialect group.svg |
| Mapcaption: | Kostel dialect |
The Kostel dialect (sl|kostelsko narečje pronounced as /sl/,[1],[2] ;[3]), in Croatian literature also eastern microdialects of Western Goran subdialect, is a dialect spoken along the Kupa Valley in Slovenia and Croatia, around Banja Loka and Brod na Kupi.[4] The dialect originates from Alpine Slavic, a predecessor of modern Slovene, but speakers living in Croatia self-identify as speaking Croatian.[5] The dialect borders the Mixed Kočevje subdialects to the north, the Southern White Carniolan and Eastern Goran dialect to the east, the Čabranka dialect to the west, and the Goran dialects to the south and east, as well Shtokavian, which is spoken in Moravice and neighboring villages. The dialect belongs to the Lower Carniolan dialect group, and it evolved from the Lower Carniolan dialect base.[6] Until recently, the neighboring Čabranka dialect was considered part of the Kostel dialect, but it was later discovered that both dialects had evolved separately but are in process of becoming more similar to each other.
The Kostel dialect is spoken in Croatia, but the northernmost part extends into southern Slovenia. It extends from Kuželj and Gornji Turni in the west, south to Ravna Gora, as far east as Razdrto, and north to Banja Loka and Kostel. It is the southernmost Slovene dialect. Notable settlements include Kuželj, Guče Selo, Brod na Kupi, Krivac, Gornji Turni, Kupjak, Ravna Gora, Skrad, Brod Moravice, Lokvica, and Šimatovo in Croatia, and Vas, Fara, Kuželj, and Potok in Slovenia.[7]
The border between the Kostel dialect, South White Carniolan dialect, and Mixed Kočevje subdialects is somewhat unclear, and the Kostel dialect may also extend down the Kupa River on the Slovene side.
The Kostel dialect lost the difference between high- and low-pitched accent on both long and short vowels, which are still differentiated. It also underwent three accent shifts: the →, →, / → /, →, and → accent shift.
Almost all vowels have monophthongized, which sets this dialect apart from all other Lower Carniolan dialects.
Akanye is not particularly common, but ukanye is, turning word-final Slovenian: o into Slovenian: ȯ or Slovenian: u. Unstressed Slovenian: *u is reduced into Slovenian: e̥, Slovenian: ė, Slovenian: ü, or Slovenian: i. Unstressed Slovenian: *ə evolved into Slovenian: a. The Banja Loka and Delač microdialects also have unstressed long vowels, which became unstressed after accent shifts.
Word-final Slovenian: *m mostly turned into Slovenian: *n. Palatal Slovenian: *ĺ and Slovenian: *ń have not depalatalized. If a word started with Slovenian: u then Slovenian: v appeared before it, and if a word started with Slovenian: a then Slovenian: j appeared before it. However, the dialect lost Slovenian: j before Slovenian: i at the beginning of words. Alpine Slovene Slovenian: *w evolved into non-sonorant Slovenian: v, which devoices if at the end of a word or before a non-voiced consonant. The clusters Slovenian: ṷm- and Slovenian: ṷb- simplified into Slovenian: xm- and Slovenian: xb-, respectively. Other consonant simplifications also occurred, such as Slovenian: tl- → Slovenian: kl-.
Dual forms were fully replaced by plural forms. The future and preterit tenses are formed using the l-participle.[8]
The priest and Slavic specialist Jože Gregorič collected almost 17,000 words spoken in the Slovene part of the Kostel dialect, from Srobotnik to Grgelj, which is currently still listed as belonging to the Mixed Kočevje subdialects, and he published a dictionary of the Kostel dialect.[9]
