Kosovo Serbs Explained

Group:Kosovo Serbs
Native Name:

Region1:

22,530

18,000

16,000

13,900

7,209

3,692

3,148

3,112

Pop1:ca. 95,000
Ref1:[1] [2]
Region2: Serbia
Pop2:68,514
Langs:Serbian
Rels:Serbian Orthodox Church
Related:Other South Slavs, especially other Serbs.

Kosovo Serbs are one of the ethnic groups of Kosovo and they form the largest ethnic minority community in Kosovo (5–6%).[3] [4] [5] The precise number of Kosovo Serbs is difficult to determine as they have boycotted national censuses. However, it is estimated that there are about 95,000 of them, nearly half of whom live in North Kosovo. Other Kosovo Serb communities live in the Southern municipalities of Kosovo.[6] [7]

The medieval Kingdom of Serbia (1217–1346) and the Serbian Empire (1346–1371) included parts of the territory of Kosovo until its annexation by the Ottomans following the Battle of Kosovo (1389), considered one of the most notable events of Serbian history. Afterwards, it was a part of the Serbian Despotate. Modern Serbian historiography considers Kosovo in this period to be the political, religious and cultural core of the medieval Serbian State.

In the Ottoman period (1455–1913), the situation of the Serb population in Kosovo went through different phases. In the 16th century, the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć was re-established and its status strengthened even more. At the end of 18th century, the support of the Patriarchate to the Habsburgs during the Great Turkish War of 1683–1699 triggered a wave of Serb migrations to locations under the control of the Habsburg monarchy. After the independence of the Principality of Serbia to its north, Kosovo came increasingly to be seen by the mid-19th century as the "cradle of Serb civilization" and called the "Serbian Jerusalem". Kosovo was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912, following the First Balkan War.

As a region of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Kosovo was divided in several banovinas. In the pre-World War II period, the Yugoslav colonisation of Kosovo took place which aimed to increase the number of Serbs in Kosovo with colonists from Central Serbia and Montenegro. After World War II, Kosovo's districts were reunited. They were referred to as the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo. Serbs were one of the people of the province within the Socialist Republic of Serbia (1944–1992). As a result of the Kosovo War and following by its declaration of independence, in 2008 it is partially recognized by the international community. Serbs are the second largest community in Kosovo.[6] [7]

More than half of Kosovo's pre-1999 Serb population (226,000),[8] including 37,000 Romani, 15,000 Balkan Muslims (including Ashkali, Bosniaks, and Gorani), and 7,000 other non-Albanian civilians were expelled to central Serbia and Montenegro, following the Kosovo War.[9] According to the 2013 Brussels Agreement the establishment of a Community of Serb Municipalities, a self-governing association of municipalities with a majority Serb population in Kosovo is proposed.

Terminology

The formal names for the Serb community in Kosovo is "Serbs of Kosovo and Metohija" (Srbi na Kosovu i Metohiji) or "Serbs of Kosmet" (Kosmetski Srbi), in use by the community itself and the Serbian government. They are also referred to as Serbs of Kosovo (Serbian: Косовски Срби/Kosovski Srbi) or Serbs in Kosovo (Serbian: Срби на Косову/Srbi na Kosovu, Albanian: Serbët në Kosovë). The term "Kosovo Serbs" is predominantly used in English. They are known by the demonym Kosovari,[10] though this is properly used for inhabitants of the region of Kosovo (in the narrow sense – centred around the Kosovo Field), along with Metohijci (of Metohija).[11]

History

Medieval period

Sclaveni raided and settled the western Balkans in the 6th and 7th century. The White Serbs are mentioned in De Administrando Imperio as having settled the Balkans during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641), however, research does not support that the White Serbian tribe was part of this later migration (as held by historiography) rather than migrating with the rest of Early Slavs. Serbian linguistical studies concluded that the Early South Slavs were made up of a western and eastern branch, of parallel streams, roughly divided in the Timok–Osogovo–Šar line. However, per Ivo Banac in the early Middle Ages Eastern Herzegovinian dialects were Eastern South Slavic, but since the 12th century, the Shtokavian dialects, including Eastern Herzegovinian, began to separate themselves from the rest of the Eastern South Slavic dialects.[12] The Bulgarian Khan Presian (836–852) took over the territory of Kosovo from the Byzantines in the mid-9th century and Kosovo remained under the influence of the first Bulgarian Empire until the Byzantine restoration of the early 11th century.[13] In 1040–41 a massive Bulgarian rebellion broke out, which included Kosovo. Another rebellion broke out in 1072, in which Serbian prince Constantine Bodin was crowned Emperor of Bulgaria at Prizren,[14] however, despite some initial success, Bodin was eventually captured in southern Kosovo and the rebellion was suppressed.[15] Vukan I, the new independent Serbian Grand Prince, began raiding Byzantine territories, first in Kosovo, advancing into Macedonia (1091–95). He broke several peace treaties which he personally negotiated with the Byzantine Emperor at Zvečan and Lipljan, until finally submitting in 1106. In 1166, a Serbian prince, Stefan Nemanja, the founder of the Nemanjić dynasty, asserted independence after an uprising against the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus.[16] Nemanja defeated his brother, Tihomir, at Pantino near Pauni, and drowned him in the Sitnica river. Nemanja was eventually defeated and had to return some of his conquests, and vouched to the Emperor that he would not raise his hand against him. In 1183, Stefan Nemanja embarked on a new offensive allied with the Kingdom of Hungary after the death of Manuel I Komnenos in 1180, which marked the end of Byzantine domination over the region of Kosovo. Nemanja's son, Stefan, ruled a realm reaching the river of Lab in the south. Stefan conquered all of Kosovo by 1208, by which time he had conquered Prizren and Lipljan, and moved the border of his realm to the Šar mountain. In 1217, Stefan was crowned King of Serbs, due to which he is known in historiography as Stefan "the First-Crowned".[17]

In 1219, the Serbian Church was given autocephaly, with Hvosno, Prizren and Lipljan being the Orthodox Christian eparchies with territory in modern-day Kosovo. By the end of the 13th century, the centre of the Serbian Church was moved to Peć from Žiča.

Prizren serving as the capital of Serbia during the 14th century, and was a centre of trade.[18] King Stefan Dušan founded the great Monastery of the Holy Archangel near Prizren in 1342–1352. During those periods, several major monasteries were endowed with vast possessions in the regions of Kosovo and Metohija. The Serbian Kingdom was elevated into an Empire in 1345–46. Stefan Dušan received John VI Kantakuzenos in 1342 at Pauni to discuss an alliance against the Byzantine Emperor. In 1346, the Serbian Archbishopric at Peć was upgraded into a Patriarchate, but it was not recognized before 1375. After the death of Dušan in 1355, the fall of the Serbian Empire began, with feudal disintegration during the reign of his successor, Stefan Uroš V (r. 1355–1371).

Parts of Kosovo became domains of Vukašin Mrnjavčević, but Vojislav Vojinović expanded his demesne further onto Kosovo. The armies of Vukašin from Pristina and his allies defeated Vojislav's forces in 1369, putting a halt to his advances. After the Battle of Maritsa on 26 September 1371 in which the Mrnjavčević brothers lost their lives, Đurađ I Balšić of Zeta took Prizren and Peć in 1372. A part of Kosovo became the demesne of the Lazar of Serbia.

The Ottoman Empire invaded the realm of Prince Lazar on 28 June 1389, at the Battle of Kosovo near Pristina, at Gazimestan. The Serbian army was led by Prince Lazar who led 12,000–30,000 men against the Ottoman army of 27,000–40,000 men. Lazar was killed in battle, while Sultan Murad also lost his life, believed to have been assassinated by Serbian knight Miloš Obilić. The outcome of the battle is deemed inconclusive, with the new Sultan Bayezid having to retreat to consolidate his power. Vuk Branković came to prominence as the local lord of Kosovo, though he was an Ottoman vassal at times, between 1392 and 1395.

Another battle occurred in Kosovo 1448 between the Hungarian troops supported by the Albanian ruler Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg on one side, and Ottoman troops supported by the Branković dynasty in 1448. Skanderbeg's troops en route to help John Hunyadi were stopped by the Branković's troops, who was more or less an Ottoman vassal. Hungarian regent John Hunyadi lost the battle after a 2-day fight, but essentially stopped the Ottoman advance northwards. In 1455, southern regions of the Serbian Despotate were invaded again, and the region of Kosovo was finally conquered by the Ottoman Empire and incorporated it into the Ottoman administrative system.

In 1455, new castles rose to prominence in Pristina and Vushtrri, centres of Branković District.

Early Modern period

The Ottomans brought Islamization with them, particularly in towns, and later also created the Kosovo Vilayet as one of the Ottoman territorial entities. During the Islamisation many Churches and Holy Orthodox Christian places were razed to the ground or turned into mosques. The big Monastery of Saint Archangels near Prizren was torn down at the end of the 16th century and the material used to build the Mosque of Sinan-pasha, an Islamized Albanian, in Prizren. Although the Serbian Orthodox Church was officially abolished in 1532, an Islamized Serb from Bosnia, Grand Vizier Mehmed-pasha Sokolović influenced the restoration of the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć in 1557. Special privileges were provided, which helped the survival of Serbs and other Christians on Kosovo.[19] Kosovo was taken by the Austrian forces during the War of the Holy League (1683–1698). In 1690, the Serbian Patriarch of Peć Arsenije III, who previously escaped a certain death, led 37,000 families from Kosovo, to evade Ottoman wrath since Kosovo had just been retaken by the Ottomans.[20] The people that followed him were mostly Serbs, but there were numerous Orthodox Albanians and others too. 20,000 Serbs abandoned Prizren alone. Due to the oppression from the Ottomans, other migrations of Orthodox people from the Kosovo area continued throughout the 18th century. By contrast, some Serbs adopted Islam and gradually fused with the predominant Albanians, and adopting their culture and even language. By the end of the 19th century, Albanians replaced the Serbs as the dominating nation of Kosovo.[21]

In 1766 the Ottomans abolished the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć and the position of Christians on Kosovo was greatly reduced. All previous privileges were lost and the Christian population had to suffer the full weight of the Empire's extensive and losing wars, even to take the blame for the losses.

During the First Serbian Uprising, Serbs from northern parts of Kosovo prepared to join the uprising and an Ottoman-Albanian coalition arrived to suppress their efforts, before they could partake in the uprising. Ottoman violence resulted in a number of Serbs migrating to central Serbia in order to join rebels led by Karađorđe.[22] [23] Kelmendi were the only Albanian tribe to fully support Serb rebels.[24] [25] After the independence of the Principality of Serbia to its north, Kosovo came increasingly to be seen by the mid-19th century as the “cradle of Serb civilization” and called the "Serbian Jerusalem".[26] [27] [28] [29] [30]

The term Arnauti or Arnautaši was coined by 19th and early 20th century Serbian ethnographers to refer to the Albanians in Kosovo, which they perceived as Albanised Serbs; Serbs who had converted to Islam and went through a process of Albanisation.[31] [32] In modern anthropology, the historical validity of the term has been criticized as well as use as a tool of nation-building and homogenization policies of the Serbian state.[33] [34] [35] [36]

Atrocities against Serbs took place in 1878, during and after the Serbian–Ottoman War. In 1901, massacres against Serbs were carried out by Albanians in North Kosovo and Pristina.[37] Jovan Cvijić claimed that the Albanians were responsible for forcing an estimated 150,000 Serbs out of Kosovo from 1876 until 1912.[38] [39] [40] Albanians were also accused of conducting a campaign of terror against the Serbian population who remained.[41]

Modern period

The arising Kingdom of Serbia planned a restoration of its rule in Kosovo as Ottoman might crumbled on the Balkan peninsula. The period witnessed a rise of Serbian nationalism. During the First Balkan War, the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Montenegro fought alongside the Kingdoms of Greece and Bulgaria as part of the Balkan League to drive the Ottoman forces out of Europe and to incorporate the spoils into their respective states. Serbia, Montenegro and Greece had occupied the entire Western Balkan (Albanian-inhabited territories) with the exception of Vlora in the hope of achieving recognition with their new borders. Resistance from the Albanians across their entire region in favour of their own proposed independent nation state led to fighting between the Balkan League armies (less geographically uninvolved Bulgaria) and Albanian forces. To end the conflict, the Treaty of London decreed an independent Principality of Albania (close to its present borders), with most of the Vilayet of Kosovo awarded to Serbia and the Metohija region awarded to Montenegro.[42] [43]

World War I and First Yugoslavia

During the First World War, in the winter of 1915–1916, the Serbian army withdrew through Kosovo in a bid to evade the forces of the Central Powers. Thousands died of starvation and exposure. In 1918, the Serbian army pushed the Central Powers out of Kosovo, and the region was unified as Montenegro subsequently joined the Kingdom of Serbia. The monarchy was then transformed into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

The 1918–1929 period of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes witnessed a decrease in the Serbian population of the region and an increase in the number of Albanians. In 1929, the state was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The territories of Kosovo were split among the Zeta Banovina, the Banate of Morava and the Banate of Vardar. The state lasted until the World War II invasion and Axis occupation of Yugoslavia (1941).

World War II

See also: World War II in Yugoslavia and World War II persecution of Serbs.

After the invasion of Yugoslavia (6–18 April 1941), the Axis powers divided territory among themselves. Kosovo and Metohija was divided between Italian, German and Bulgarian occupation. The largest part of what is today Kosovo was under Italian occupation and was annexed into a axis Greater Albania, the Albanian Kingdom through a decree on 12 August 1941, while northern parts were included in German-occupied Serbia, and southeastern parts into the Bulgarian occupational zone. Parts of eastern Montenegro and western Macedonia were also annexed to Albania.

During the occupation, the population was subject to expulsion, internment, forced labour, torture, destruction of private property, confiscation of land and livestock, destruction and damaging of monasteries, churches, cultural-historical monuments and graveyards. There were waves of violence against Serbs in some periods, such as April 1941, June 1942, September 1943, and continuous pressure in various ways. Civilians were sent to camps and prisons established by the Italian, German and Bulgarian occupation, and the Albanian community. The expulsion of Serbs proved problematic, as they had performed important functions in the region, and been running most of the businesses, mills, tanneries, and public utilities, and been responsible for most of the useful agricultural production. Most of the war crimes were perpetrated by the Vulnetari ("volunteers"), Balli Kombëtar and the SS Skanderbeg Division. The Skanderbeg Division was better known for murdering, raping, and looting in predominantly Serbian areas than for participating in combat operations on behalf of the German war effort. The most harsh position of Serbs was in the Italian (Albanian) zone. A large part of the Serb population was expelled or forced to flee in order to survive. Serbian estimations put the number of expelled at around 100,000; an estimated 40,000 from the Italian-occupation zone, 30,000 from the German zone, and 25,000 from the Bulgarian zone. It is estimated that 10,000 Serbs and Montenegrins were killed in Kosovo during WWII.[44]

Second Yugoslavia

The Province of Kosovo was formed in 1946 as an autonomous region to protect its regional Albanian majority within the People's Republic of Serbia as a member of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia under the leadership of the former Partisan leader, Josip Broz Tito, but with no factual autonomy. After Yugoslavia's name changed to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Serbia's to the Socialist Republic of Serbia in 1953, the Autonomous Region of Kosovo gained some autonomy in the 1960s. In the 1974 constitution, the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo's government received higher powers, including the highest governmental titles – President and Premier and a seat in the Federal Presidency which made it a de facto Socialist Republic within the Federation, but remaining as a Socialist Autonomous Region within the Socialist Republic of Serbia. In 1981, Albanian students organized protests seeking that Kosovo become a Republic within Yugoslavia. Those protests were inSerbian and Albanian were defined official on the Provincial level marking the two largest linguistic Kosovan groups: Serbs and Albanians. In the 1970s, an Albanian nationalist movement pursued full recognition of the Province of Kosovo as another republic within the federation, while the most extreme elements aimed for full-scale independence. Tito's government dealt with the situation swiftly, but only gave it a temporary solution. The ethnic balance of Kosovo witnessed unproportional increase as the number of Albanians rose dramatically due to higher birth rates.[45] Serbs barely increased and dropped in the full share of the total population down to 10% due to higher demographic raise of the Albanian population.

In 1981, Albanian students organized protests seeking that Kosovo become a Republic within Yugoslavia. Those protests were harshly contained by the centralist Yugoslav government. In 1986, the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU) was working on a document, which later would be known as the SANU Memorandum. An unfinished edition was filtered to the press. In the essay, SANU explained the Serbian peoples history as victims of a 500-year and more genocide from Kosovo, and therefore called for the revival of Serb nationalism. During this time, Slobodan Milošević's rise to power started in the League of the Socialists of Serbia. Milošević used the discontent reflected in the SANU memorandum for his political goals.

One of the events that contributed to Milošević's rise of power was the Gazimestan Speech, delivered in front of 1,000,000 Serbs at the central celebration marking the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo, held at Gazimestan on 28 June 1989.

Soon afterwards, as approved by the Assembly in 1990, the autonomy of Kosovo was revoked back to the old status (1971). He had said "Strong Serbia, Weak Yugoslavia – Weak Serbia, Strong Yugoslavia" Milošević, however, did not remove Kosovo's seat from the Federal Presidency. After Slovenia's secession from Yugoslavia in 1991, Milošević used the seat to attain dominance over the Federal government, outvoting his opponents.

Breakup of Yugoslavia and Kosovo War

After the Dayton Agreement of 1995, the Kosovo Liberation Army, ethnic-Albanian paramilitary organisation that sought the separation of Kosovo and the eventual creation of a Greater Albania,[46] [47] [48] [49] [50] began attacking Serbian civilians and Yugoslav army and police, bombing police stations and government buildings, killing Yugoslav police and innocent people of all nationalities, even Albanians who were not on their side.[51], mass graves of Kosovar Albanian victims are still being found.[52] There have been many reports of abuses and war crimes committed by the KLA during and after the conflict, such as massacres of civilians (Lake Radonjić massacre, Gnjilane, Staro Gracko, Klečka etc.), prison camps (Lapušnik), organ theft and destruction of medieval churches and monuments.

According to the 1991 Yugoslavia census, there were 194,190 Serbs in Kosovo[53] after the Kosovo War, a large number of Serbs fled or were expelled and many of the remaining civilians were subjected to abuse.[54] [55] [56] [57] [58] During the unrest in Kosovo, 35 churches and monasteries were destroyed or seriously damaged. After Kosovo and other Yugoslav Wars, Serbia became home to highest number of refugees and IDPs (including Kosovo Serbs) in Europe.[59] [60] [61]

In total, 156 Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries have been destroyed since June 1999, after the end of the Kosovo War and including the 2004 unrest in Kosovo. Many of the churches and monasteries dated back to the 12th, 13th and 14th centuries.[62] KLA fighters are accused of vandalizing Devič monastery and terrorizing the staff. The KFOR troops said KLA rebels vandalized centuries-old murals and paintings in the chapel and stole two cars and all the monastery's food.[63]

21st century

The interim Kosovo government unilaterally declared independence from Serbia on Sunday, 17 February 2008.[64] Serbia refuses to recognise this declaration of independence. Kosovo's self-proclaimed independence has been recognised by 98 UN countries, and one non-UN country, the Republic of China (Taiwan). The remaining Kosovo Serbs (mostly in North Kosovo) want to remain part of Serbia, but Serbian majority towns are now rare in Kosovo.

Some officials in the Serbian government have proposed a partition of Kosovo, with North Kosovo and Štrpce becoming part of Serbia or given autonomy. The United States opposes the partition of Kosovo, stressing that the "great majority of countries around the world are not going to stand for that."[65] In response to the seizure of railways in Northern Kosovo and formation of Serbian offices to serve as part of a parallel government, Kosovo's Prime Minister stated that they would "not tolerate any parallel institution on Kosovo's territory" and would assert their authority over all of Kosovo.[66] The UN's Special Representative in Kosovo said the "international community has made it very clear that no partition of Kosovo will be acceptable."[67] Ivan Eland, a Senior Fellow at the Independent Institute, suggested such "a partition within a partition" would prevent a "Serbia-Kosovo War" and provides the "best chance" of Kosovo having a long-term stable relationship with Serbia.[68] Chairman of the Serb Municipalities of Kosovo Alliance Marko Jakšić dismissed the talk of partition and said the action of Serbs in Kosovo is to protest the Kosovo declaration. Oliver Ivanović, a Kosovo Serb political leader, said he was against Kosovo's partition because "most Serbs live south of the Ibar and their position would become unsustainable".[69] A Reuters analysis suggested that Kosovo may be divided along ethnic lines similar to Bosnia-Herzegovina. James Lyon of the International Crisis Group thinktank was quoted as saying, "the Republika Srpska style is acceptable for Serbia, but within the confines that it (Kosovo) is still part of Serbia."[70] Pieter Feith, the European Union's special representative in Kosovo, and the International Civilian Representative for Kosovo said no plans are under discussion to carve out a canton or grant any other autonomy to Serbs living in the north of Kosovo. He told the Pristina, Kosovo, daily Koha Ditore, "It is quite clear that the privileged relations between the Serbs here (in Kosovo) and Belgrade are in the spheres of education, health care, and religious objects," adding that "the government in Pristina has to be respected."[71]

On 30 September 2008, Serbian President Boris Tadić stated that he would consider partitioning Kosovo if all other options were exhausted. The former Foreign Minister for Serbia and Montenegro, Goran Svilanović, applauded the suggestion saying "finally this is a realistic approach coming from Serbia. Finally, after several years, there is a room to discuss."[72] After his comments aroused controversy in the media, Tadić reiterated that he was suggesting this as a possibility only if all other options were exhausted.[73]

In the Brussels Agreement of 2013, Serbia agreed to grant the government in Pristina authority over Kosovo, while Pristina made an agreement to form Community of Serb Municipalities, which has not been fulfilled. Kosovo Serbs have accepted many aspects of Kosovo's rule and Kosovo Serbs now vote on Kosovo central election commission ballots in local elections.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Kosovo Serbs found themselves in a limbo, stuck between different orders issued by Serbia and Kosovo.[74] In November 2020, during the COVID pandemics, Kosovo policemen and inspectors stormed and temporarily closed several Serb-owned pharmacies in North Kosovo, attempting to confiscate medicine supplies, because the items were allegedly not registered within the central system in Pristina. The act was met with citizen protest which were on the verge of escalation.[75] [76] In December 2020, the vaccines for COVID-19 were sent to North Kosovo by Serbia without any consultation with Kosovan authorities. Kosovo opposed the arrival of those vaccines, claiming that they were illegally distributed by Serbia.[77] [78] Only few people were vaccinated and the remaining vaccines were sent back after an investigation was launched.[79] In 2021 health workers from North Kosovo protested against arrests of their colleagues who are employed in the hospitals which take care of patients with COVID-19. They described the actions as "inhumane" and sent protesting letters to various international institutions and organisations.[80]

Kosovo’s Serb minority is often the target of demonstrations of hostility and attacks.[81] In addition to that, members of the Kosovo Serbs community face mistreatment and prejudice in Serbia too.[82]

Demographics

See main article: Demographic history of Kosovo and Serbian enclaves in Kosovo.

+ Ethnic groups in Kosovo
YearAlbaniansSerbsOthers
192165 %26 %9 %
193160 %33 %7 %
1948[83] 68 %24 %8 %
195365 %23 %11 %
196167 %23 %9 %
197173 %18 %8 %
198177 %13 %9 %
199182 %10 %8 %
2000[84] 88 %7 %5 %
200792 %5 %3 %

During the 20th century, the Serb population of Kosovo constantly decreased. Today, Serbs mostly populate the enclaves across Kosovo, as well as North Kosovo, which comprises 11% of Kosovo's territory and where they comprise 95% of population. 12000NaN0. Diplomats from the United Nations have voiced concern over slow progress on minority rights.[85] Human Rights Watch pointed out discrimination against Serbs and Roma in Kosovo immediately after the war.[86]

ECMI calculated, based on 2010 and 2013 estimations, that ca. 146,128 Serbs resided in Kosovo, that is, ca. 7.8% of the total population.[5] In 2012, the Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia estimated that the number was 90–120,000.[87] The Republic of Kosovo-organized 2011 census did not take place in North Kosovo, and was boycotted by a considerable number of Serbs in southern Kosovo.[5] The ECMI did call "for caution when referring to the 2011 Census in Kosovo".[88] There are ten municipalities constituted by a Serb numerical majority.[5] These are the four northern municipalities of North Mitrovica, Leposavić, Zvečan, Zubin Potok, and the six southern (enclave) municipalities of Gračanica, Štrpce, Novo Brdo, Ranilug, Parteš and Klokot.[5] As of 2014, the OSCE estimates that around 96,000 Serbs live in Kosovo.

The UNHCR estimated in 2019 that the total number of IDPs (Serbs and non-Serbs) from Kosovo in Serbia are 68,514.[89] Serbia has claimed (2018) that a total 199,584 IDPs from Kosovo (Serbs and non-Serbs) origin have settled and live in Serbia after the war based on the original data it gathered in 2000. The UNHCR reported in 2009, based on the official figures by the government of Serbia, that around 205,835 IDPs who fled from Kosovo lived in Serbia.[90] These included Serbs, Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians.[91] The registration data in 2000 are the only official data which have been generated and there has been no re-registration of IDPs in Serbia since 2000. The same figure has been used in all official reports since then with some statistical reconfigurations. As such, the reliability of the registration of IDPs living in Serbia has been questioned.[92] [93] [94]

In 2003, the number of Kosovo Serb IDPs in Montenegro was 12,000.[95] The numbers do not include those that have received Montenegrin citizenship. As of 2015, there were at least 6,600 Kosovo Serb refugees in Montenegro.[96] By 2019, there were 135 IDPs in total in Montenegro from Kosovo.[89]

In 2017, per the Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić, there were 94,998 Serbs in Kosovo. In the north, there were 47.1 percent of them and south of the Ibar lived 52.8 percent of the Serbs.[97] The think-tank European Stability Initiative estimated that there were around 95,000 Serbs in Kosovo in 2023, based on primary school pupil data.

+ Serb community in Kosovo (ECMI 2013)
by municipality
MunicipalityPercentageNumber
76.48% 22,530
96% 18,000
96.1% 16,000
93.29% 13,900
70.58% 9,100
82.15% 7,209
61.46% 5,802
97.15% 5,718
99.96% 5,300
5.29% 5,000
71.23% 3,500
Vushtrri4.79% 3,500
8.01% 3,019
Obiliq12.37% 3,000
Lipjan3.37% 2,000
1% 2,000
Istog4.16% 1,700
Rahovec1.76% 1,000
1.03% 1,000
2.51% 900
1.53% 600
0.59% 300
Viti, Kosovo0.59% 280
0.13% 237
0.06% 60
Shtime0.18% 49
0.11% 46
0.02% 17
0.02% 14
0.01% 12
Dragash0.02% 7
<0.01% 2
<0.01% 1

Culture

The Battle of Kosovo is particularly important to Serbian history, tradition, and national identity.[98]

Eparchy of Raška and Prizren of Serbian orthodox church take care of Serbian people and Orthodox heritage in Kosovo. Numerous Serbian Orthodox monasteries and churches are spread around Kosovo. Some of them include: Banjska monastery, Devič monastery, Gračanica monastery, Patriarchal Monastery of Peć, Visoki Dečani monastery and Our Lady of Ljeviš. The last four make up the Medieval Monuments in Kosovo, founded by the Nemanjić dynasty, is a combined World Heritage Site.[99]

Medieval fortifications built by Serbian rulers and lords present important cultural heritage.

In connection with social gatherings among the Serbs around the churches and monasteries called Sabori during the Slava and Hram (Patron of the monastery) there was a belief that everyone must dance (to instrumental accompaniments) in order to gain and secure good health.[100] In upper Prizren the Sabor was held on 21 November by the ruins of the monastery of the Holy archangel founded by the Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan the Mighty in the 14th century. There were also great social gatherings at the Kaljaja fortress.[101]

Serbian folk music is rich in a large number of songs from Kosovo, which were especially preserved in the performances of Jordan Nikolić and Mara Đorđević.[102]

The Serbs in Kosovo speak the dialects of Zeta-South Raška, Kosovo-Resava, and Prizren-South Morava.[103]

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

Prominent people

Monarchs

Politicians

Religious people

Military people

Writers

Science and education

Art

Visual art

Cinema and theatre

Music

Sport

Other

See also

Sources

Further reading

Books
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External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Judah . Tim . Kosovo's demographic destiny looks eerily familiar . 7 November 2019 . Balkan Insight.
  2. Web site: Statistics, lies and confusion in Kosovo . esiweb.org . European Stability Initiative . 19 February 2024.
  3. Web site: 2019-07-28 . Kosovo Population 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190728020418/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/kosovo-population/ . 28 July 2019 . 2021-07-11.
  4. Web site: 28 December 2021 . Kosovo Demographics . CIA Factbook.
  5. Web site: 2013 . Community Profile: Serb Community . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170116165216/http://www.ecmikosovo.org/uploads/Serbcommunity1.pdf . 16 January 2017 . 29 January 2017 . ECMI Kosovo.
  6. Khakee . Anna . Florquin . Nicolas . 1 June 2003 . Kosovo: Difficult Past, Unclear Future . Kosovo and the Gun: A Baseline Assessment of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Kosovo . . . 10 . 4–6 . resrep10739.9 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220630150030/https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/resources/SAS-SR03-Kosovo.pdf . 30 June 2022 . 3 March 2023 . Kosovo—while still formally part of the so-called State Union of Serbia and Montenegro dominated by Serbia—has, since the war, been a United Nations protectorate under the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). [...] However, members of the Kosovo Serb minority of the territory (circa 6–7 per cent in 2000) have, for the most part, not been able to return to their homes. For security reasons, the remaining Serb enclaves are, in part, isolated from the rest of Kosovo and protected by the multinational NATO-led Kosovo Force (KFOR)..
  7. Keil . Soeren . December 2017 . The Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Kosovo . European Review of International Studies . . . 4 . 2–3 . 39–58 . 10.3224/eris.v4i2-3.03 . 2196-7415 . 26593793.
  8. Web site: Интерно расељена и прогнана лица са Косова и Метохије.
  9. Book: Vladisavljević . Nebojša . 2012 . Kosovo and Two Dimensions of the Contemporary Serb-Albanian Conflict . https://books.google.com/books?id=wkQ3I6GyClEC&pg=PA29 . Hudson . Robert . Bowman . Glenn . After Yugoslavia: Identities and Politics Within the Successor States . Cham, Switzerland . . 29–30 . 10.1057/9780230305137_3 . 9780230201316 . 12 December 2022.
    Book: Wills . Siobhán . 2009 . Protecting Civilians: The Obligations of Peacekeepers . Oxford and New York . . 219 . 978-0-19-953387-9 . 12 December 2022.
    Web site: Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the new Kosovo . August 1999 . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20221113211702/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kosov2/ . 13 November 2022 . 12 December 2022.
    Web site: The Violence: Ethnic Albanian Attacks on Serbs and Roma . July 2004 . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20220712101508/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/kosovo0704/7.htm . 12 July 2022 . 12 December 2022.
    Web site: Kosovo Crisis Update . August 4, 1999 . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20220702170303/https://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html . 2 July 2022 . 12 December 2022.
    Web site: Forced Expulsion of Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians from OSCE Participated state to Kosovo . October 6, 2006 . live . . https://web.archive.org/web/20220528105950/https://www.osce.org/odihr/21342 . 28 May 2022 . 12 December 2022.
  10. Book: Petar Vlahović. Serbia: the country, people, life, customs. 2004. Ethnographic Museum. 978-86-7891-031-9. 392.
  11. Book: Pižurica. Mato. Pešikan. Mitar. Jerković. Jovan. Pravopis srpskoga jezika. 2010. Matica Srpska. Novi Sad. 978-86-7946-105-6. 4th.
  12. Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics, Cornell University Press, 1988,, p. 47.
  13. Historical Dictionary of Kosovo. Volume 79 of Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. 54, .
  14. Златарски, II: 141-142; Литаврин, 403-404
  15. Scylitzes Continuatus: 163–165
  16. Book: Yuri Stoyanov. The hidden tradition in Europe. 1994. Arkana1.
  17. Book: Stephanos Efthymiadis. The Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography: Volume II: Genres and Contexts. 1 April 2016. Routledge. 375. 9781317043966.
  18. Web site: Prizren History, Geography, & Points of Interest . Encyclopedia Britannica . 4 August 2021 . en.
  19. Book: Mario Katic . Tomislav Klarin . Mike McDonald . Pilgrimage and Sacred Places in Southeast Europe: History, Religious Tourism and Contemporary Trends . 2014. LIT Verlag Münster. 204 . 9783643905048.
  20. Book: Plamen Mitev. Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe Between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829. 2010. LIT Verlag Münster. 172. 9783643106117.
  21. Book: Robert Elsie. Historical Dictionary of Kosovo. 15 November 2015. Scarecrow Press. 256. 9780810874831.
  22. Tričković. Radmila. February 1965. Pismo travničkog vezira iz 1806.. Politika. Belgrade.
  23. Hrabak. Bogumil. 1996. Kosovo i Metohija prema Prvom srpskom ustanku. Baština. 6.
  24. Dj. Mikic drustveno politicki razvoj kosovskih Srba u XIX veku, Glasnik muzeja Kosova XIII-XIV, Pristina 1984
  25. I. Dermaku, Neki aspekti saradnje Srbije i Arbanasa u borbi protiv turskog feudalizma 1804-1868. godine, Glasnik Muzeja Kosova XI, Pristina, 1972, page 238
  26. Book: Omer . Atalia . Springs . Jason . Religious Nationalism:A Reference Handbook . 2013 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1598844405 . 1999 . 25 April 2020.
  27. Stavrianakis. Anna. A Tale of Two Ethnicities? An Analysis of Approaches to 'Ethnic Conflict': The Case of Kosovo . Global Politics Network . October 2002. 16. 4. 13.
  28. News: Dobbs. Michael. Serbian Nationalism Lifts Milosevic . . March 1999.
  29. Web site: Kuljanin. Vedran. Why Kosovo Matters: What the West Doesn't Understand About the Balkans- Part III . . May 2016.
  30. News: Kosovo: The Jerusalem of Serbia. The Washington Post. July 1999.
  31. Dietmar Müller, Staatsbürger aus Widerruf: Juden und Muslime als Alteritätspartner im rumänischen und serbischen Nationscode: ethnonationale Staatsbürgerschaftskonzepte 1878–1941, p. 183-208.,
  32. Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo, p. 73: see footnotes
  33. Book: Roudometof . Victor . Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans . 2001 . Greenwood Publishing Group . 0313319499 . 198 . 25 April 2020.
  34. Book: Anna Di Lellio. The Case for Kosova: Passage to Independence. 2006. Anthem Press. 20. What is most problematic about the arnautas thesis, though, is not its historical claims, which can be tested against the evidence, but its political or ideological implications..
  35. Book: Ivo Banac. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. 295.
  36. Book: Steven Béla Várdy. Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-century Europe. 2003. Social Science Monographs. 226. Simultaneously, they developed the thesis many of them were initially Serbs who had been converted to Islam. They spoke of arnautasi (Albanized Serbs) in order to " reclassify " the Albanians as Serbs..
  37. Book: Skendi . Stavro . The Albanian National Awakening . 2015 . Cornell University Press . 978-1-4008-4776-1 . 201, 293 . 28 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210728220204/https://books.google.com/books?id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201 . 28 July 2021 . live.
  38. Book: Lampe . J.R. . Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country . Lampe . P.J.R. . Cambridge University Press . 2000 . 978-0-521-77401-7 . 97 . The Albanians were accused of having forced some 150,000 Serbs out of Kosovo since the mid-1870s and of conducting a campaign of local terror against the Serbs who remained..
  39. Book: Dragnich . A.N. . The Saga of Kosovo: Focus on Serbian-Albanian Relations . Todorovich . S. . East European Monographs . 1984 . 978-0-88033-062-6 . 95.
  40. Book: Bogdanović, Dimitrije . Knjiga o Kosovu . 1986b . 132 . Serbian.
  41. Book: Dragnich . A.N. . The Saga of Kosovo: Focus on Serbian-Albanian Relations . Todorovich . S. . East European Monographs . 1984 . 978-0-88033-062-6 . East European monographs . 121.
  42. Book: Anderson, Frank Marby. Amos Shartle Hershey . Handbook for the Diplomatic History of Europe, Asia, and Africa 1870–1914. National Board for Historical Service, Government Printing Office. Washington, DC. 1918. The Treaty of London, 1913 . https://archive.org/stream/handbookfordipl01hersgoog#page/n432/mode/2up.
  43. Book: Malcolm. Noel. Kosovo. Pan. 0-330-41224-8. 253 . 2002.
  44. Book: Ramet . Sabrina P. . The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005 . 2006 . Indiana University Press . 9780253346568 . 141 .
  45. Book: IBP USA. Kosovo Country Study Guide Strategic Information and Developments9 . 3 March 2012. Lulu.com. 28. 9783643106117.
  46. Book: State-building in Kosovo. A plural policing perspective. 5 February 2015. Maklu. 9789046607497 . 53.
  47. Book: Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U. S. Intervention . Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. 2012. 69 . 9780262305129.
  48. Book: Dictionary of Genocide . Greenwood Publishing Group. 2008. 249. 9780313346422.
  49. Encyclopedia: Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) . . 14 September 2014.
  50. Albanian Insurgents Keep NATO Forces Busy . . 6 March 2001.
  51. News: KLA Ran Torture Camps in Albania. 29 April 2009 . 14 September 2016.
  52. News: Remains of Kosovo Albanian war victims found in Serbia. 27 May 2014 . 29 June 2014.
  53. Book: Bugajski, Janusz. Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. 2002. The Center for Strategic and International Studies. New York. 1563246767. 479.
  54. Web site: Abuses against Serbs and Roma in the new Kosovo . Human Rights Watch. August 1999.
  55. Book: After Yugoslavia: Identities and Politics Within the Successor States . 2012. 30. 9780230201316. Hudson. Robert. Bowman. Glenn. Palgrave Macmillan .
  56. Web site: Kosovo Crisis Update. UNHCR. 4 August 1999.
  57. Web site: Forced Expulsion of Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians from OSCE Participated state to Kosovo . OSCE. 6 October 2006.
  58. Book: Siobhán Wills. Protecting Civilians: The Obligations of Peacekeepers. 24 February 2013. 26 February 2009. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-953387-9. 219.
  59. Web site: Serbia home to highest number of refugees and IDPs in Europe . B92. 20 June 2010.
  60. Web site: Serbia: Europe's largest proctracted refugee situation . OSCE. 2008.
  61. Book: S. Cross . S. Kentera . R. Vukadinovic . R. Nation. Shaping South East Europe's Security Community for the Twenty-First Century: Trust, Partnership, Integration. 31 January 2017. 7 May 2013. Springer. 169. 9781137010209.
  62. Christianity Today. Dozens of Churches Destroyed in Kosovo. Ted Olsen. 1 March 2004. 14 March 2013.
  63. Web site: 17 June 1999. KLA rebels accused of vandalizing Serb monastery. CNN. New York.
  64. Web site: Kosovo Declares Independence From Serbia . Geography.about.com . 18 October 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110807052836/http://geography.about.com/b/2008/02/17/kosovo-declares-independence-from-serbia.htm . 7 August 2011 . dead .
  65. News: US 'absolutely' opposed to Kosovo partition. Agence France Presse. 28 February 2008. 9 March 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121005133945/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jdQvXRlU0EMYPC6QmGyS2f7VsQYQ. 5 October 2012.
  66. News: Kosovo PM: End to Parallel Structures. Balkan Insight. 7 March 2008. 9 March 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090414065836/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/8460/. 14 April 2009.
  67. News: UN: Kosovo Partition 'Not An Option' . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001525/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/8390/ . dead . 24 September 2015 . Balkan Insight . 5 March 2008 . 9 March 2008 .
  68. News: Prevent trouble with partition of Kosovo. The Detroit News. Eland. Ivan. Ivan Eland. 20 February 2008. 9 March 2008.
  69. News: K. Serb leader: Partition talk is nonsense. B92. 25 February 2008. 9 March 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080228145930/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2008&mm=02&dd=25&nav_id=47967. 28 February 2008.
  70. News: Serbs bid for Bosnia-style division in Kosovo. Reuters. Robinson. Matt. 29 February 2008. 9 March 2008.
  71. News: EU dismisses Serb autonomy in Kosovo. https://archive.today/20110604191528/http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Top_News/2008/03/03/eu_dismisses_serb_autonomy_in_kosovo/6460/. dead. 4 June 2011. United Press International. 3 March 2008. 9 March 2008.
  72. News: Serbian president says dividing Kosovo an option: report. Agence France-Presse. 30 September 2008. 1 October 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20081003151046/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hkWFbKTxXuU8ha3fYEyAKjGkULlA. 3 October 2008.
  73. News: Tadić "not suggesting Kosovo partition". B92. 1 October 2008. 1 October 2008. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20081004040834/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2008&mm=10&dd=01&nav_id=53880. 4 October 2008.
  74. Web site: 2020-09-30. COVID-19 Exacerbates Ethnic Serb Limbo in Kosovo. 2020-12-06. Balkan Insight. en-US.
  75. Web site: KoSSev. 2020-11-19. Kosovo health officials inspect pharmacy in North Mitrovica amidst the pandemic - assisted by the ECI police unit, citizens protest. 2020-12-06. KoSSev. sr-RS.
  76. Web site: FoNet. Piše. Građani sprečili zaplenu lekova na Kosovu. 2020-12-06. Dnevni list Danas. 19 November 2020. sr-RS.
  77. Web site: 2020-12-28. Kosovo Protests 'Illegal' Arrival of COVID-19 Vaccines in North. 2021-01-05. Balkan Insight. en-US.
  78. News: 'Illegal' Vaccines In Northern Kosovo Provide A Heavy Dose Of Cross-Border Politics. 2021-01-05. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 30 December 2020 . en . Bislimi . Bekim . Heil . Andy .
  79. Web site: 29 December 2020. Serbia Accused of Playing Politics by Sending Vaccines to Kosovo. 2021-01-05. Balkan Insight. en.
  80. Web site: Protest zdravstvenih radnika u Kosovskoj Mitrovici. Serbia. RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of. www.rts.rs. 2021-01-25.
  81. Web site: Are 'Serb' churches Serb? Critique of an unwise choice. Andrea Lorenzo Capussela. 2020-09-28. European Western Balkans. en-US. 2021-07-07.
  82. Web site: 2020-01-14. Return to Kosovo: The Serbs Who Re-Embraced Their Hometown. 2021-07-12. Balkan Insight. en-US.
  83. Web site: Report on the size and ethnic composition of the population of Kosovo . ICTY. 14 August 2002.
  84. Statistics Office of Kosovo, World Bank (2000), OSCE (2007)
  85. Web site: UN rights chief urges broad cooperation to achieve comprehensive settlement in Kosovo . UN News Center . 18 June 2013.
  86. Web site: Human Rights Watch: Abuses Against Serbs And Roma In The New Kosovo (August 1999) . Hrw.org . 18 October 2011.
  87. Web site: Srpska zajednica na Kosovu. 2012. helsinki.org.rs. . sr . Prema ocenama...broj Srba na Kosovu je između 90.000 i 120.000. [According to the estimates, the number of Serbs in Kosovo is between 90.000 to 120.000] . 11 June 2015.
  88. News: ECMI: Minority figures in Kosovo census to be used with reservations. ECMI . 22 June 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20170528122213/http://www.infoecmi.eu/index.php/ecmi-minority-figures-in-kosovo-census-to-be-used-with-reservations/. 28 May 2017. dead.
  89. Web site: UNHCR - Kosovo Fact Sheet 2019 . UNHCR.
  90. News: UNHCR: Returns to Kosovo halted . B92 . 5 April 2010 . 1 August 2009 UNHCR . https://web.archive.org/web/20141231212618/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2010&mm=04&dd=05&nav_id=66264 . 31 December 2014 . dead.
  91. Web site: Cvejic . Slobodan . Babovic . Marija . IDPs FROM AND WITHIN KOSOVO: Vulnerabilities and Resources June 2009 . SeConS – Development Initiative Group and Danish Refugee Council, prepared under the UNHCR and UNDP Joint Programming Framework . 4.
  92. https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/drustvo/u-srbiji-zivi-skoro-200.000-interno-raseljenih-lica-sa-kosova-i-metohije_954478.html U Srbiji živi skoro 200.000 interno raseljenih lica sa Kosova i Metohije
  93. Web site: U Srbiji živi skoro 200.000 interno raseljenih lica sa KiM. 2021-02-18. Politika Online.
  94. Web site: Allen . Richard . Support for IDPs in Serbia Summary Report and Proposals . UNHCR . Officially, there are 203,140 persons displaced from Kosovo and still living in Serbia. This data comes from the registration of IDPs in 2000 and following subsequent movements of people out of Kosovo. There has been no re-registration exercise, but the total number of registered people is adjusted annually to reflect population movements and demographic changes. While the reliability of registration data can be questioned, it remains the sole source of official data..
  95. Radević, Dragana. Izbjeglice i interno raseljene osobe u Crnoj Gori–trajna rješenja. Migracijske I Etničke Teme. 2005. Crna Gora je pružila (ili pruža) utočište za 18.047 interno raseljenih osoba s Kosova od kojih je većina izbjegla 1999., a manji broj njih 2000. (Izvještaj o registracijiraseljenih lica..., 2003). Među interno raseljenima trećina su Romi, a najviše ih je smješteno u romskim naseljima, gdje su izmiješani s lokalnim sunarodnjacima ... Ukupan broj raseljenih u Crnoj Gori je približno 26.500.
  96. News: 12 January 2015. Izbeglice sa Kosova protiv Tačijeve posete. Estimates suggest that over 6,600 Kosovo Serbs still live in Montenegro, over 15 years after the conflict ended. The majority of them still live in temporary refugee settlements without personal identity documents..
  97. Web site: (MAPA) SRBI NA KOSOVU U sastav ZSO ulazi 10 opština sa srpskom većinom: Najviše ih je u Severnoj Mitrovici, a najveća enklava i povratničko mesto su JUŽNO OD IBRA . Blic.rs. 2023-11-19.
  98. Book: Isabelle Dierauer. Disequilibrium, Polarization, and Crisis Model: An International Relations Theory Explaining Conflict. 16 May 2013. University Press of America. 978-0-7618-6106-5. 88.
  99. Web site: Centre . UNESCO World Heritage . World Heritage Committee puts Medieval Monuments in Kosovo on Danger List and extends site in Andorra, ending this year's inscriptions . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . 4 August 2021 . en.
  100. Web site: Kolo . 2024-04-08 . www.crkvenikalendar.com.
  101. https://www.jstor.org/pss/924671 Serbian Folk Dance Tradition in Prizren
  102. Web site: Национална Ревија - National Review . 2024-04-08 . www.nacionalnarevija.com.
  103. Web site: Thaj Enterprises - Foreign Recruitment Agency . 2024-04-08 . thajenterprises.com.
  104. Web site: RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia. Косовo у гласу Јордана Николића . www.rts.rs . 2021-02-08.
  105. http://www.b92.net/eng/news/society.php?yyyy=2008&mm=04&dd=02&nav_id=49032 Đoković to visit northern Kosovo Thursday
  106. Web site: Danijela Rundqvist blog . 14 February 2010.

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