Kosmos 936 Explained

Kosmos 936
Names List:Bion 4
Biocosmos 4
Mission Type:Bioscience
Operator:Institute of Biomedical Problems
Cospar Id:1977-074A
Satcat:10172
Spacecraft Type:Bion
Spacecraft Bus:Zenit 12KS
Manufacturer:TsSKB
Launch Date:3 August 1977, 14:01:00 UTC
Launch Rocket:Soyuz-U
Launch Site:Plesetsk 43/3
Launch Contractor:TsSKB
Recovery By:Soviet Space Forces
Landing Date:22 August 1977, 01:05 UTC
Landing Site:
near Kustanay, Kazakhstan, USSR[1]
Orbit Reference:Geocentric[2]
Orbit Regime:Low Earth orbit
Orbit Inclination:62.80°
Orbit Period:90.70 min
Apsis:gee
Insignia Size:200px
Programme:Bion programme
Previous Mission:Bion 3
Next Mission:Bion 5
Programme2:Kosmos (satellites)
Previous Mission2:Kosmos 935
Next Mission2:Kosmos 937

Kosmos 936 or Bion 4 (Бион 4, Космос 936) was a Bion satellite.[3] The mission involved nine countries in a series of biomedical research experiments. The experiments were primarily follow-ups to the Bion 3 (Kosmos 782) flight. Scientists from the Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, France, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the United States and the Soviet Union conducted experiments in physics and biology on the mission.[4]

Spacecraft

The spacecraft was based on the Zenit reconnaissance satellite and launches began in 1973 with primary emphasis on the problems of radiation effects on human beings. Launches in the program included Kosmos 110, 605, 670, 782, plus Nauka modules flown on Zenit-2M reconnaissance satellites. 90 kg of equipment could be contained in the external Nauka module.[4]

Launch

Kosmos 936 was launched on 3 August 1977, at 14:01:00 UTC by a Soyuz-U launch vehicle from Plesetsk Cosmodrome. The mission ended after 19.5 days.[4]

Mission

The mission was to conduct various biological studies, continuing the Bion 3 mission experiments. He had two centrifuges on board to put some specimens in an artificial gravity environment. An attempt was made to differentiate, using rats, between the effects caused by space flight itself from those caused by stress. The effects of flight on muscle and bone, on red cell survival, and on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were also studied, and an experiment with rats on the effects of space radiation on the retina was conducted.

One of the instruments (without a biological part) studied the physical parameters of the components of space radiation. Fruit flies were used in genetics and aging studies. A group of rats of the Rattus norvegicus species were sent, with an average weight of at launch and 62 days of age. Twenty of the rats experienced microgravity and the other ten were subjected to the artificial gravity of the centrifuge.

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Bion . 28 May 2016 . 20 August 2002 . https://web.archive.org/web/20020820011402/http://astronautix.com/craft/bion.htm . bot: unknown . Encyclopedia Astronautica Retrieved 16 January 2021
  2. Web site: Trajectory: BION-4 1977-074A . NASA. 14 May 2020. 16 January 2021.
  3. Web site: Cosmos 936. NASA ARC. 1977-08-03. 16 January 2021. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130215143253/http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/Cosmos/Cosmos_936/Cosmos_936.html . 15 February 2013.
  4. Web site: Display: BION-4 1977-074A. NASA. 14 May 2020. 16 January 2021.