Komi Republic Explained

En Name:Komi Republic
Ru Name:Республика Коми
Loc Name1:Коми Республика
Loc Lang1:Komi
Coordinates:64.2833°N 82°W
Image Coa:Coat of Arms of the Komi Republic.svg
Coa Caption:Coat of arms
Flag Link:Flag of the Komi Republic
Flag Caption:Flag
Anthem:State Anthem of the Komi Republic
Anthem Ref:[1]
Political Status:Republic
Political Status Link:Republics of Russia
Federal District:Northwestern
Economic Region:Northern
Adm Ctr Type:Capital
Adm Ctr Name:Syktyvkar
Adm Ctr Ref:[2]
Official Lang List:Komi
Official Lang Ref:[3]
Pop 2021Census:737853
Pop 2021Census Rank:61st
Urban Pop 2021Census:77.5%
Rural Pop 2021Census:22.5%
Pop 2021Census Ref:[4]
Pop Latest:880639
Pop Latest Date:January 2013
Pop Latest Ref:[5]
Area Km2:416774
Area Km2 Rank:13th
Established Date:December 5, 1936
Established Date Ref:[6]
License Plates:11
Iso:RU-KO
Gov As Of:April 2015
Leader Title:Head
Leader Title Ref:[7]
Leader Name Ref:[8]
Legislature:State Council
Website:http://www.rkomi.ru
Date:January 2014

The Komi Republic (Russian: Республика Коми; Komi: Коми Республика), sometimes simply referred to as Komi,[9] is a republic of Russia situated in the northeast of European Russia. Its capital is the city of Syktyvkar. The population of the republic at the 2021 census was 737,853,[10] down from 901,189 at the 2010 census.

History

The Komi people first feature in the records of the Novgorod Republic in the 11th century, when traders from Novgorod traveled to the Perm region in search of furs and animal hides. The Novgorodians called these lands Zavolochye ("beyond the portage"), from the Russian word volok ("portage"), and the Komi were referred to as "the Chud beyond the portage".[11] The Novgorodians penetrated deep into these lands, and the methods used were typical of those used by later Russians in subsequent campaigns.[11]

The Moscow principality also played an increasing role in the expansion into Komi territories, accompanied by a great increase in monastic activity in the 14th and 15th centuries under the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church.[11] The missionary Stephen of Perm, a native of Ustyug, created the first alphabet for the Komi, known by contemporary Russians as Zyrians (zyriane).[11] He settled in Ust-Vym and became the first bishop of Perm.[11] After Novgorod was annexed by Moscow, the Komi territories came under the influence of Moscow in the late 15th and early 16th century. The site of Syktyvkar, settled from the 16th century, was known as Sysolskoye (Сысольскoe). In 1780, under Catherine the Great, it was renamed to Ust-Sysolsk (Усть-Сысольск) and used as a penal colony.

Russians explored the Komi territory most extensively in the 19th and early 20th centuries, starting with the expedition led by Alexander von Keyserling in 1843. They found ample reservoirs of various minerals, as well as timber, to exploit. After the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast was established on August 22, 1921,[12] and on December 5, 1936, it was reorganized into the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with its administrative center located at the town of Syktyvkar.

Many of the "settlers" who arrived in the early 20th century were prisoners of the Gulag – sent by the hundreds of thousands to perform forced labor in the Arctic regions of the USSR. Towns sprang up around labor-camp sites, which gangs of prisoners initially carved out of the untouched tundra and taiga. The first mine, "Rudnik No. 1", became the city of Vorkuta, and other towns of the region have similar origins: "Prisoners planned and built all of the republic's major cities, not just Ukhta but also Syktyvkar, Pechora, Vorkuta, and Inta. Prisoners built Komi's railways and roads, as well as its original industrial infrastructure."[13] On 21 March 1996, the Komi Republic signed a power-sharing agreement with the government of Russia, granting it autonomy.[14] The agreement was abolished on 20 May 2002.[15]

Geography

The republic is situated to the west of the Ural Mountains, in the north-east of the East European Plain. The Polar Urals rise in the northeastern part.[16] Forests cover over 70% of the territory, and swamps cover approximately 15%. The Komi Republic is the second-largest federal region by area in European Russia after Arkhangelsk Oblast.

Rivers

Major rivers include:

Lakes

There are many lakes in the republic. Major lakes include:

Natural resources

The republic's natural resources include coal, oil, natural gas, gold, diamonds, and timber.[17] [18] Native reindeer are in abundance and have been intentionally bred for human usage by the indigenous population.

Around 32,800 km2 of mostly boreal forest (as well as some alpine tundra and meadows) in the Republic's Northern Ural Mountains have been recognized in 1995 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Virgin Komi Forests. It is the first natural UNESCO World Heritage Site in Russia and the largest expanse of virgin forests in Europe. The site includes two pre-existing protected areas: Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve (created in 1930) and Yugyd Va National Park (created in 1994).

Climate

Winters in the republic are long and cold, and the summers, while short, are quite warm.

Manpupuner and the 7 Strong Men rock formations

See main article: Manpupuner rock formations.

Deemed one of the Seven Wonders of Russia, the Komi Republic is home to Manpupuner (Man-Pupu-Nyer), a mysterious site in the northern Ural mountains, in the Troitsko-Pechorsky District, made out of seven rock towers bursting out of the flat plateau known as the "7 Strong Men". Manpupuner is a very popular attraction in Russia, but not on an international level. Information regarding its origin is scarce. However, it is known that their height and abnormal shapes make the top of these rock giants inaccessible even to experienced rock-climbers.

Administrative divisions

See main article: Administrative divisions of the Komi Republic.

Demographics

Population:

17-12-192617-01-193917-01-195915-01-197017-01-197917-01-198909-10-200214-10-2010
Total population207,314318,996806,199964,8021,110,3611,250,8471,018,674901,189
Average annual population growth+1.7%+1.6%+1.3%-1.6%-1.5%
Males46%49%52%50%51%50%48%
Females54%51%48%50%49%50%52%
Females per 1000 males
Proportion urban4.4%9.1%59.4%61.9%70.8%75.5%75.3%
Territory (km2)434,150415,900415,900415,900415,900415,900415,900415,900
Population density/km20.50.81.92.32.73.02.42.2

Vital statistics

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service

Average population (x 1000)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Total fertility rate
19204 7604 353407
193010 2566 5743 682
194014 97612 1342 842
19456 4326 185247
195053420 0876 00214 08537.611.226.4
196083625 5785 01020 56830.66.024.6
196593818 9565 24113 71520.25.614.6
197097016 4626 27610 18617.06.510.5
19751 04418 8997 28411 61518.17.011.1
19801 13720 6859 16911 51618.28.110.1
19811 15321 2449 10312 14118.47.910.5
19821 16923 4208 75814 66220.07.512.5
19831 18523 8069 25014 55620.17.812.3
19841 19924 2179 48614 73120.27.912.3
19851 21323 3039 33413 96919.27.711.5
19861 22824 1768 11216 06419.76.613.1
19871 24223 6168 54415 07219.06.912.1
19881 25620 9168 93011 98616.77.19.5
19891 25618 4818 8579 62414.77.17.7
19901 24416 9309 3217 60913.67.56.11.873
19911 23115 5899 6655 92412.77.94.8
19921 21413 88011 4262 45411.49.42.0
19931 19912 15814 642align="right" style="color: red"- 2 48410.112.2align="right" style="color: red"- 2.1
19941 17411 83516 074align="right" style="color: red"- 4 23910.113.7align="right" style="color: red"- 3.6
19951 14511 10515 057align="right" style="color: red"- 3 9529.713.2align="right" style="color: red"- 3.51.317
19961 12410 90013 674align="right" style="color: red"- 2 7749.712.2align="right" style="color: red"- 2.5
19971 10610 38812 244align="right" style="color: red"- 1 8569.411.1align="right" style="color: red"- 1.7
19981 08710 79311 545align="right" style="color: red"- 7529.910.6align="right" style="color: red"- 0.7
19991 0689 68012 253align="right" style="color: red"- 2 5739.111.5align="right" style="color: red"- 2.4
20001 0509 90613 594align="right" style="color: red"- 3 6889.412.9align="right" style="color: red"- 3.51.219
20011 03610 32513 968align="right" style="color: red"- 3 64310.013.5align="right" style="color: red"- 3.51.272
20021 02111 17715 265align="right" style="color: red"- 4 08810.915.0align="right" style="color: red"- 4.01.374
20031 00411 46215 810align="right" style="color: red"- 4 34811.415.8align="right" style="color: red"- 4.31.401
200498711 48915 210align="right" style="color: red"- 3 72111.615.4align="right" style="color: red"- 3.81.397
200597110 97515 074align="right" style="color: red"- 4 09911.315.5align="right" style="color: red"- 4.21.332
200695510 87213 519align="right" style="color: red"- 2 64711.414.1align="right" style="color: red"- 2.81.318
200794111 52312 304align="right" style="color: red"- 78112.213.1align="right" style="color: red"- 0.81.406
200892811 71912 270align="right" style="color: red"- 55112.613.2align="right" style="color: red"- 0.61.452
200991611 86812 182align="right" style="color: red"- 31413.013.3align="right" style="color: red"- 0.31.62
201090311 64811 819align="right" style="color: red"- 17112.913.1align="right" style="color: red"- 0.21.63
201111 71511 097+ 44313.012.4+ 0.61.71
201289012 41810 830+ 1 58814.012.2+ 1.81.88
201387612 43610 484+ 1 95214.212.0+ 2.21.96
201486812 29110 621+ 1 67014.212.2+ 2.02.01
201586111 79710 666+ 1 13113.612.3+ 1.32.00
201685411 23910 523+ 71613.112.3+ 0.81.97
20178459 7669 958align="right" style="color: red"- 19211.511.8align="right" style="color: red"- 0.31.78

Regional vital statistics for 2011

Source:[19]

DistrictBirth RateDeath RateNatural Growth RateRussians as % of PopNative Komi and Nenets as % of Pop
Komi Republic13.012.40.06%96.05%3.95%
Syktyvkar12.510.20.23%97.61%2.39%
Vorkuta11.89.70.21%92.33%7.67%
Vuktyl11.212.6-0.14%95.27%4.73%
Inta11.112.6-0.15%95.40%4.60%
Pechora13.013.6-0.06%96.89%3.11%
Sosnogorsk12.614.4-0.18%97.02%2.98%
Usinsk14.79.00.57%86.04%13.96%
Ukhta11.010.70.03%96.20%3.80%
Izhemsky19.118.80.03%99.62%0.38%
Knyazhpogostsky11.615.9-0.43%95.50%4.50%
Koygorodsky16.218.3-0.21%97.89%2.11%
Kortkerossky16.918.6-0.17%98.86%1.14%
Priluzsky15.618.4-0.28%98.98%1.02%
Syktyvdinsky17.313.30.40%98.11%1.89%
Sysolsky16.417.6-0.12%98.37%1.63%
Troitsko-Pechorsky14.017.9-0.39%97.80%2.20%
Udorsky15.613.10.25%95.33%4.67%
Ust-Vymsky12.015.8-0.38%96.48%3.52%
Ust-Kulomsky19.218.90.03%98.96%1.04%
Ust-Tsilemsky16.115.40.07%99.62%0.38%

Ethnic groups

According to the 2010 Census, ethnic Russians make up 65.1% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Komi make up 23.7%. Other groups include Ukrainians (4.2%), Tatars (1.3%), Belarusians (1%), Ethnic Germans (0.6%), Chuvash (0.6%), Azeris (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic
group
1926 census
(1926 territory)1
1926 census
(present territory)
1939 census1959 census1970 census1979 census1989 census2002 census2010 census22021 census
Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%Number%
Komi191,245 92.2%195,400 86.9%231,301 72.5%245,074 30.4%276,178 28.6%280,798 25.3%291,542 23.3%256,464 25.2%202,348 23.7%127,350 22.3%
Russians13,731 6.6%28,30012.6%70,226 22.0%389,995 48.4%512,203 53.1%629,523 56.7%721,780 57.7%607,021 59.6%555,963 65.1%398,547 69.7%
Ukrainians34 0.0%2000.1%6,010 1.9%80,132 9.9%82,955 8.6%94,154 8.5%104,170 8.3%62,115 6.1%36,082 4.2%11,041 1.9%
Nenets2,0801.0%1,0000.4%5080.2%3740.0%3690.0%3660.0%3760.0%7080.1%2150.0%
Tatars330.0%7090.2%8,4591.0%11,9061.2%17,8361.6%25,9802.1%15,6801.5%10,7791.3%4,0830.7%
Belarusians110.0%3,3231.0%22,3392.8%24,7062.6%24,7632.2%26,7302.1%15,2121.5%8,8591.0%2,6390.5%
Others1800.1%6,9192.2%59,8267.4%56,4855.9%62,9215.7%80,2696.4%61,4746.0%40,2724.7%39,5644.6%28,0084.9%
1 The territory of the Komi AO was different from the Komi Republic.

2 Excluding 46,886 people who were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[20]

Religion

According to a 2012 survey, 30.2% of the population of Komi adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 1% are Rodnovers or Komi native religious believers, 1% are Muslims, 1% are Orthodox Christians not belonging to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 1% are Old Believers, and 0.4% are members of the Catholic Church. In addition, 41% of the population declared to be "spiritual but not religious", 14% is atheist, and 6.4% follows other religions or failed to answer the question.

Education

There are over 450 secondary schools in the republic (with ~180,000 students). The most important higher education facilities include Komi Republican Academy of State Service and Administration, Syktyvkar State University and Ukhta State Technical University.

Politics

The head of government in the Komi Republic is the Head of the Republic. As of 2021, the current Head is Vladimir Uyba who took office after his predecessor Sergey Gaplikov resigned.

The State Council is the legislature.

Economy

The Komi Republic's major industries include oil processing, timber, woodworking, paper, natural gas and electric power industries. Major industrial centers are Syktyvkar, Inta, Pechora, Sosnogorsk, Ukhta, and Vorkuta.

Komigaz conducts natural gas transportation and distribution. Further information: Yaregskoye oil field[21]

The petroleum, wood and paper industries made up 94.5% of the Republic’s exports in 2021.

Transportation

Railroad transportation is very well developed. The most important railroad line is KotlasVorkutaSalekhard, which is used to ship most goods in and out of the republic. The rivers Vychegda and Pechora are navigable. There are airports in Syktyvkar, Ukhta, and Vorkuta.

In 1997, total railroad trackage was 1,708 km, automobile roads 4,677 km.

Sports

Stroitel plays again in the Russian Bandy Super League in the 2017–18 season, after several years in Russian Bandy Supreme League, the second highest division. In 2015 a bandy federation for the republic was founded.[22] In 2016 the authorities presented a five-year plan to develop bandy in the republic.[23] There was an application in place to host the 2021 Bandy World Championship,[24] but it was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and then cancelled after many participants pulled out after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine.[25]

See also

References

Sources

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Lw #XII-20/5
  2. Constitution of the Komi Republic, Article 69
  3. Constitution of the Komi Republic, Article 67
  4. Web site: Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации. Federal State Statistics Service. 1 September 2022.
  5. Komi Republic Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Оценка численности населения по городам, районам, городским населённым пунктам Республики Коми на 1 января 2012 г., 2013 г. и в среднем за 2012 год
  6. Komi ASSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure, p. 5
  7. Constitution, Article 8
  8. Official website of the Komi Republic. Sergey Gaplikov
  9. https://www.britannica.com/place/Komi-republic-Russia Komi
  10. Web site: Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации. Federal State Statistics Service. 1 September 2022.
  11. Book: Forsyth . James . A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990 . 8 September 1994 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-47771-0 . 2–5 . en.
  12. Book: Коми Автономная Советская Социалистическая Республика. Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 22 June 2020.
  13. Anne Applebaum, Gulag: A History (Random House, Inc., 2004:), pp. 78, 82.
  14. News: Russia Signs Power-Sharing Treaty with Komi Republic. 1996-03-21. Jamestown. en-US. 2019-05-02.
  15. Chuman. Mizuki. The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia. Demokratizatsiya. 146.
  16. [Google Earth]
  17. Walker, T. R., Crittenden, P. D., Dauvalter, V. A., Jones, V., Kuhry, P., Loskutova, O., ... & Pystina, T. (2009). Multiple indicators of human impacts on the environment in the Pechora Basin, north-eastern European Russia. Ecological Indicators, 9(4), 765-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.09.008
  18. Walker, T. R., Habeck, J. O., Karjalainen, T. P., Virtanen, T., Solovieva, N., Jones, V., ... & Patova, E. (2006). Perceived and measured levels of environmental pollution: interdisciplinary research in the subarctic lowlands of northeast European Russia. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 35(5), 220-228. https://doi.org/10.1579/06-A-127R.1
  19. Web site: База данных показателей муниципальных образований. www.gks.ru. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20130409023956/http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/munst/munst87/DBInet.cgi. April 9, 2013. mdy-all.
  20. Web site: Перепись-2010: русских становится больше . 2012-01-15 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120118103330/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 . January 18, 2012 . mdy-all .
  21. Web site: Geology and field development - Financial economics of the Arman oil field in Kazakhstan. 2011. Lukoil. 2013-05-25.
  22. Web site: Ренессанс в Коми. Renaissance in the Komi Republic. rusbandy.ru. 28 November 2017.
  23. News: В Коми разработана Стратегия развития хоккея с мячом на "пятилетку". usurped. Komi has developed a five-year plan for bandy development. sportrk.ru. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20170415052458/http://www.sportrk.ru/news/6535/. 15 April 2017.
  24. Web site: Республика Коми подала заявку на проведение ЧМ-2021 по хоккею с мячом. Komi Republic bids to host the 2021 Bandy World Championship. sport.ru. 4 February 2017 .
  25. Web site: Herrarnas bandy-VM i Ryssland ställs in - ryssarna stängs av från mästerskap i Sverige . March 2022 .