| Kölsch | |
| Origin: | Cologne, Germany |
| Yeast: | Top-fermenting |
| Alcohol: | 4.4%–5.2% |
| Colour: | 3.5–5 |
| Bitterness: | 20–30 |
| Originalgravity: | 1.044–1.050 |
| Finalgravity: | 1.007–1.011 |
| Maltpercentage: | usually 100% |
German: Kölsch (pronounced as /de/) is a style of beer originating in Cologne (Köln), Germany. It has an original gravity between 11 and 14 degrees Plato (specific gravity of 1.044 to 1.056). In appearance, it is bright and clear with a straw-yellow hue.
Since 1997, the term "Kölsch" has had a protected geographical indication (PGI) within the European Union, indicating a beer that is made within 50km (31mi) of the city of Cologne and brewed according to the Kölsch Konvention as defined by the members of the Cologne Brewery Association (Kölner Brauerei-Verband). Kölsch is one of the most strictly defined beer styles in Germany: according to the Konvention, it is a pale, highly attenuated, hoppy, bright (i.e. filtered and not cloudy) top-fermenting beer, and must be brewed according to the German: [[Reinheitsgebot]].[1]
Kölsch is warm fermented with top-fermenting yeast, then conditioned at cold temperatures like a lager.[2] This brewing process is similar to that used for Düsseldorf's German: [[altbier]].
Bottom-fermented beer started to appear in the Cologne region in the early 17th century and its popularity threatened the business interest of the brewers of Cologne, who only produced top-fermented beers. In response, the town council of Cologne in 1603 forced young brewers to swear an oath "that you prepare your beer, as of old, from good malt, good cereals, and good hops, well-boiled, and that you pitch it with top-yeast, and by no means with bottom yeast."[3] In 1676 and again in 1698, the council again tried to legislate against bottom-fermented beer by forbidding its sale within the city walls. However, by 1750, Cologne brewers were competing against bottom-fermented beers by using a hybridized brewing process, first brewing their beer using top-fermenting yeast but then aging the beer in cold cellars like bottom-fermented beer.
This type of beer was first called German: Kölsch in 1918 to describe the beer that had been brewed by the Sünner brewery since 1906, developed from the similar but cloudier variant German: [[#Wieß|Wieß]] (for "white" in the Kölsch dialect). By the start of World War II Cologne had more than forty breweries; only two were left by the end of the war.
In 1946, many of the breweries managed to re-establish themselves. In the 1940s and 1950s, German: Kölsch still could not match the sales of bottom-fermented beer, but in the 1960s the style began to rise in popularity in the Cologne beer market. From a production of only 500000hl in 1960, Cologne's beer production peaked at 3.7e6hl in 1980. In the 21st century, price increases and changing drinking habits caused economic hardship for many of the traditional corner bars (German: [[Kölschkneipe]]n) and smaller breweries, and by 2005 output had declined to 2.4e6hl.
In 1986, 24 brewers of Cologne and vicinity agreed upon the Kölsch Konvention, which set out the brewing process that had to be used, and restricted the use of Kölsch to breweries in Cologne, and outside the city, which had already acquired a valuable asset in the designation Kölsch before the Convention came into force. [4]
| Altstadt-Bräu Johann Sion | Cologne | Sion | |
| Bergische-Löwen-Brauerei | Cologne | Gilden | |
| Brauerei Gebr. Päffgen | Cologne | Päffgen | |
| Brauerei Gebr. Sünner | Cologne | Sünner | |
| Brauerei Peter Schopen | Bedburg | Severins | |
| Brauerei Robert Metzmacher | Frechen | Rats | |
| Brauerei Zur Malzmühle | Cologne | Mühlen | |
| Brauhaus zur Garde | Dormagen | Garde | |
| Cölner Hofbräu P. Jos. Früh | Cologne | Früh | |
| Dom-Brauerei | Cologne | Dom | |
| Erzquell Brauerei Bielstein Haas & Co. | Bielstein | Zunft | |
| Friedrich Giesler'sche Brauerei | Brühl | Giesler | |
| Ganser Brauerei | Leverkusen | Ganser | |
| Hubertus-Brauerei | Cologne | Gereons | |
| Küppers-Kölsch | Cologne | Küppers | |
| Kurfürsten-Bräu | Bonn | Kurfürsten | |
| Monheimer Brauerei Peters & Bambeck | Monheim | Peters | |
| Privatbrauerei Gaffel Becker & Co. | Cologne | Gaffel | |
| Privat-Brauerei Heinrich Reißdorf | Cologne | Reissdorf | |
| Privat-Brauerei Sester | Cologne | Sester | |
| Rheinische Bürger-Brauerei | Cologne | Bürger | |
| Richmodis-Bräu | Cologne | Richmodis | |
| Römer-Brauerei J. Roleff | Thorr | Römer | |
| Sieg-Rheinische Germania Brauerei | Hersel | Germania |
Only two breweries later produce beer according to the Kölsch Konvention, Hellers from Cologne (opened 1991) and the Bischoff-Brauerei from Brühl (opened 1961, reopened 2001). Most of the brand on the list are still available, because another brewery took over the brand.[5]
Many breweries closed in the years that followed. Only six of the breweries listed are still active, Früh, Gaffel, Reissdorf (the big three), Erzquell, Päffgen and Malzmühle – after Malzmühle announced it will take over Sünner in 2022. Once-famous brands such as Dom, Küppers and Sion are now owned by the Radeberger Gruppe, which no longer has a brewery in Cologne. They are contract brewed at Früh so that the beer can still be called Kölsch.
In 1997, German: Kölsch became a product with protected geographical indication (PGI), expanding this protection to the entire EU.[6]
Exports of German: Kölsch to the United States, Russia, Korea, China and Brazil are increasing.[7] Exported German: Kölsch does not need to strictly comply with the Provisional German Beer Law, the current implementation of the Reinheitsgebot.
| Brewery | valign=bottom | Established | valign=bottom | Annual output in hectolitres |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| German: [[Heinrich Reissdorf]] | 1894 | 650,000 | ||
| German: [[Gaffel Becker & Co]] | 1908 | 500,000 | ||
| German: [[Cölner Hofbräu Früh]] | 1904 | 440,000 |
In Cologne, Kölsch is traditionally served in a tall, thin, cylindrical 200ml glass called a German: Stange ("pole" or "rod"). The server, called a German: Köbes, carries eleven or twelve Stangen in a Kranz ("wreath"), a circular tray resembling a crown or wreath.[8] Instead of waiting for the drinker to order a refill, the Köbes immediately replaces an empty Stange with a full one, marking a tick on the coaster under the Stange. If the drinker does not want another refill, they place the coaster on top of the empty Stange and pay for the number of beers marked on the coaster.[9]
As noted above, German: Kölsch is a product which has a protected geographical indication (PGI) in the EU. This protection is not recognized outside the jurisdiction of the EU, and many breweries outside the EU produce and market beer as "kolsch" or "kölsch" with varying degrees of authenticity.