Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Explained

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport
Iata:CCU
Icao:VECC
Pushpin Map:India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India#Asia
Pushpin Label:CCU
Type:Public
Owner:Airports Authority of India
City-Served:Kolkata Metropolitan Area
Location:Dum Dum, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Hub:
Focus City:
Elevation-F:16
Elevation-M:5
Coordinates:22.6547°N 88.4467°W
Metric-Elev:Y
Metric-Rwy:Y
R1-Number:01L/19R
R1-Length-F:10,470
R1-Length-M:3,190
R1-Surface:Asphalt
R2-Number:01R/19L
R2-Length-F:11,900
R2-Length-M:3,627
R2-Surface:Asphalt
Stat-Year:April 2023 - March 2024
Stat1-Header:Passengers
Stat1-Data:19,784,417 (11.3%)
Stat2-Header:Aircraft movements
Stat2-Data:140,879 (2.6%)
Stat3-Header:Cargo tonnage
Stat3-Data:151,626 (11.5%)
Footnotes:Source: AAI[1] [2] [3]
Owner-Oper:Airports Authority of India
Built:Early 1900s as the Calcutta Aerodrome
Image2-Width:300px

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport is an international airport serving Kolkata and the Kolkata Metropolitan Region. It is the primary aviation hub for eastern and northeastern India. It is located approximately 15km (09miles) from the city centre. The airport is locally known as Kolkata Airport and Dum Dum Airport before being renamed in 1995 after Subhas Chandra Bose, one of the most prominent leaders of the Indian independence movement. The airport's IATA code CCU is associated with "Calcutta", the former legal name of the city. Opened in 1924, Kolkata Airport is one of the oldest airports in India.

Spread over an area of 6.64sqkm, Kolkata Airport is the largest hub for air traffic in the eastern part of the country and one of three international airports operating in West Bengal, the other being Bagdogra in Siliguri and Durgapur. The airport handled around 20 million passengers in the financial year 2023–24, making it the sixth-busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic, after Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Chennai airports.[1] The airport is a major centre for flights to Northeast India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Southeast Asia and the Middle Eastern cities of Dubai, Doha and Abu Dhabi. It is situated across Jessore Road in Dum Dum area.

History

Early history

Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport was founded in the early 1900s as the Calcutta Aerodrome.[4] The airport traditionally served as a strategic stopover on the air route from North America and Europe to Indochina and Australia. Dakota 3 was the first aircraft to land in the airport. In 1924, KLM began scheduled stops at Calcutta, as part of their Amsterdam to Batavia (Jakarta) route.[5] [6] [7] The same year, a Royal Air Force aircraft landed in Calcutta as part of the first round-the-world expedition by any air force.[8] [9] [10]

The airport began as an open ground next to the Royal Artillery Armoury in Dum Dum.[11] [12] [13] Sir Stanley Jackson, Governor of Bengal, opened the Bengal Flying Club at Dum Dum/Calcutta aerodrome in February 1929.[14] In 1930, the airfield was made fit for use throughout the year,[15] and other airlines began to utilise the airport. Air Orient began scheduled stops as part of a Paris to Saigon route[16] and Imperial Airways began flights from London to Australia via Calcutta in 1933, thus drew many airlines to Calcutta Airport.[17] [18] Many pioneering flights passed through the airport, including Amelia Earhart's in 1937.[19] [20] [21]

Calcutta played an important role in the Second World War. In 1942, the United States Army Air Forces 7th Bombardment Group flew B-24 Liberator bombers from the airport on combat missions over Burma. The airfield was used as a cargo aerial port for the Air Transport Command and was also used as a communication centre for the Tenth Air Force.[22]

Post-independence

Passenger services grew after the Second World War. Calcutta became a destination for the world's first jet-powered passenger aircraft, the de Havilland Comet, on a British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) route to London.[23] [24] Furthermore, in 1964 Indian Airlines introduced the first Indian domestic jet service, using Caravelle jets on the Calcutta–Delhi route.[25] Between the 1940s and 1960s, the airport was served by several major airlines including Aeroflot,[26] Air France,[27] Alitalia,[28] Cathay Pacific,[29] Japan Airlines,[30] Philippine Airlines,[31] KLM,[32] Lufthansa,[33] Pan Am,[34] Qantas,[35] Swissair,[32] and SAS.[36]

Due to the introduction of longer-haul aircraft and the poor political climate of Calcutta during the 1960s, several airlines discontinued their service to the airport. The 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War saw a large increase of both refugees and disease in Calcutta, causing more airlines to cease services to the city. In 1975, the airport opened the first dedicated cargo terminal in India.[37]

The 1990s saw new growth for Calcutta Airport, as the Indian aviation industry saw the arrival of new airlines such as Jet Airways and Air Sahara. A new domestic terminal named Terminal 2 was opened in 1995 making the international one Terminal 1, and the airport was renamed in honour of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. In 2000, a new international arrival hall was opened.[38] [39]

Modernisation

2005 saw the growth of low-cost carriers in the Indian aviation sector, with new airlines including SpiceJet, IndiGo, and Kingfisher Airlines. This led to a dramatic rise in passenger numbers at the airport. Overcrowding in both terminals led to the implementation of a comprehensive modernisation plan for the airport.[40] [41] [42] Work included an expansion of runway 01L/19R, rapid-exit taxiways and parking bays. The runway was extended by 400m (1,300feet) (2790 metres to 3190 metres) on the northern side and 1000feet on the southern side and was fitted with CAT-I facilities for night use. A 119-year-old mosque that lies 30 metres from the runway' northern end prohibits further expansion in this direction.[43] The longer runway, 01R/19L, was upgraded from CAT-I to CAT-II ILS status to allow landings in poor visibility. In August 2014, it was announced that the instrument landing system of the primary runway would be upgraded to CAT-IIIb. This allows flights to operate till visibility drops below 50 metres. The secondary runway would be upgraded to CAT-II. The upgrading work started in February 2015[44] [45] and was completed in January 2018.[46]

The modernisation plan included some improvements of the airport's existing terminals, including the addition of extra ticketing counters, check-in kiosks, and cafes to the domestic terminal in 2009. However, the need to replace the airport's terminals entirely led to plans for a new integrated terminal, known as T2 to differentiate it from the older domestic block, to serve both international and domestic destinations. A Thai-based company, the Italian-Thai Development (ITD) Corporation (ITD-ITDCem JV, a consortium of ITD and ITD Cementation) and the 125-year-old iconic Project Management Consultant–Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB) was hired with Delhi-based designer Sikka Associates Architects to construct the building. Construction commenced in November 2008, and T2 was inaugurated on 20 January 2013 after overshooting the previous deadlines of July 2011 and August 2012.[47] [48] The former airport hotel 'Ashok' was demolished to give way for two new five-star luxury hotels and a shopping mall in its place.[49]

Commercial operations were intended to start on 23 January 2013, the 116th birth anniversary of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.[50] However, the shift to the new terminal was only completed on 16 March 2013.[51] Airports Council International named it the best improved airport in the Asia-Pacific region in 2014 and 2015.[52] [53] [54] [55]

Infrastructure

Runways

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport has two parallel runways, the primary runway 01R/19L has a capacity of approximately 35 flights per hour and the secondary runway 01L/19R has a capacity of 15 flights per hour. The secondary runway is usually used as a taxiway when the main runway is used. When the primary runway is shut down for maintenance purposes, the secondary runway is used.[56] [57]

Runways at NSCBI Airport!Runway Number!Length!Width!Approach Lights/ILS
01L/19R3190m (10,470feet)46m (151feet)CAT I / CAT II
01R/19L3627m (11,900feet)46m (151feet)CAT III-B / CAT II

Hangars and ground services

Air India operates hangars at the airport, while Bharat Petroleum and Indian Oil act as fuellers. Catering facilities are owned by Taj-Sats and Oberoi Flight Services.[58] [59]

Terminals

The airport's new integrated terminal T2 is spread over 233000m2 and can handle 25 million passengers annually, compared to the previous terminal T1's capacity of five million. The terminal is an L-shaped structure, containing six levels. It contains 128 check-in counters that utilise CUTE (Common User Terminal Equipment) technology and has 78 immigration counters and twelve customs counters.[60] Passenger lounges are provided by Air India. The terminal is equipped with 18 aerobridges and a further 57 remote parking bays. There are plans to construct an 18-foot bronze statue of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose in the integrated terminal complex.[61] [62]

Kolkata's old international and domestic terminals closed permanently when the integrated terminal opened. However, there were plans to renovate the old international terminal to be used for future hajj services, while the domestic terminal could be used by regional airlines. An earlier proposal of continuing low-cost carrier operations from the existing domestic terminal has been shelved due to the need to fully utilise the new integrated terminal's capacity, making it the first airport in India to shift even its low-cost domestic airlines to the new integrated building upon completion.[63] [64] However, the old terminal will be replaced by a new terminal T3 to increase the overall capacity.[65]

In the financial year from April 2011 to March 2012, Kolkata Airport served 10.3 million passengers, 85% which were travelling domestically.[66] The withdrawal of Lufthansa's service to Frankfurt in March 2012 left Kolkata with no direct connections beyond Asia.[67] However, other international operations increased in 2012.[66] The new terminal has attracted some airlines to expand their route networks to include Kolkata.[68] [69]

In September 2012, the Airports Authority of India upgraded the airport's cargo-handling capacity, enabling it to cater for the demand until 2015–16. There has been a 25 per cent growth in international cargo movement to and from Kolkata Airport and a 15 per cent increase in outward transit. Automobile parts accounted for the bulk of the growth in the movement of cargo from the city to other countries. In November 2008 the first Centre for Perishable Cargo (CPC) in West Bengal was opened at the airport. The CPC has an area of 742.5m2 and an annual storage capacity of 12,000 million tonnes. The CPC had been undergoing trials that started in June 2008 and were built with a grant-in-aid from the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) part of the Commerce Ministry.[70] The volume of export was 21,683 tonnes in 2008–09, during the current fiscal more than 23,042 tonnes of cargo were handled by the airport. Similarly, the volume of import cargo increased from 16,863 tonnes to 18,733 tonnes, increasing over ten per cent during the same period. However, in 2008–09 the total volume of cargo handled by the airport declined by 4.8% from the previous year.

On 3 June 2019, Singapore Airlines operated the Airport's first Airbus A350 service from Singapore to Kolkata, enhancing the weekly seat capacity.[71]

Expansion

The construction of terminal T2, as well as runway expansion, marked the end of Phase 1 of the project. AAI officials have announced that they are prepared to execute Phase 2 of the Kolkata Airport expansion plan. This involves the construction of a new ATC Tower to provide controllers with a better view of the planes at the new terminal. The building will be accompanied by a 4-storey office complex.[72] [73] Initially, a 112-meter tower was proposed, but the height has been revised multiple times and in 2017 it was decreased to 51.4 meter.[74] The under-construction tower is expected to be complete by late 2023 and will replace the older one constructed in 1972.[75] By July 2024, the construction of the ATC was completed but the installation of all necessary equipment was due.

New expansion plan

The new terminal T2 inaugurated in 2013 is on the verge of reaching its annual capacity of 26 million passengers four years ahead of the initial projections. To tackle this, AAI has planned to upgrade and expand the airport and increase its passenger capacity by construction of another terminal T1 to handle up to 33 million passengers annually. The new terminal will come up north of the current integrated terminal T2. The new ₹5,000 crore expansion plan will be carried out in 2 phases over a span of six years. The number of parking bays will be increased to 105 by 2024. Additionally the existing terminal is undergoing an interim expansion of ₹130 crore which will see the terminal handle an additional 2 million passengers annually, bringing the total handling capacity of the existing terminal to 28 million passengers annually. [76] [77] [78]

Phase 1

Airport officials said as per the first phase of the expansion plan, the old domestic terminal T1 will be demolished and a 7000 sq. m. new building will be constructed in the area. The building will be linked with the existing terminal of the airport with the help of walkalators and would also have walk-in gates on the ground floor. This building will be used only for boarding and de-boarding of passengers. Passengers arriving in the boarding building would take the connecting bridge to the terminal and then leave the airport. This would reduce peak-hour congestion when several flights do not get enough apron space. This would immediately increase the passenger capacity by a few million and would solve the space crunch for the time being. The new building will be U-shaped where the rectangular section (the location of parking lot of old terminal) will host the check-in counters, security check portals and baggage handling facilities. The two arms (one each at the northern and southern end) will function as concourse and will host operational area, house boarding gates and aerobridges. The rectangular section and southern arm will be built as part of the phase 1. The phase 1 expansion plan has been sanctioned by AAI.

Phase 2

The phase 2 of the is yet to receive approval from the aviation ministry. In this phase, the old Air Traffic Navigation Building will be demolished to make way for the northern concourse of the new terminal as mentioned above. The construction of new hangars and bays is also part of the current expansion plan.[79]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Annexure III – Passenger Data. aai.aero. 19 April 2024.
  2. Web site: Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data. aai.aero. 19 April 2024.
  3. Web site: Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data. aai.aero. 19 April 2024.
  4. Web site: History. 9 July 2020. Netaji Subash Chandra Bose International Airport. 9 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200209131705/http://nscbikolkata.weebly.com/history.html. live.
  5. News: Amsterdam- Batavia Flight . https://web.archive.org/web/20090511203746/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200735.html . dead . 11 May 2009 . . 20 November 1924 . 18 September 2011 .
  6. Web site: Blue World. 14 July 2020. iFly KLM Magazine. en. 14 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200714222302/https://www.iflymagazine.com/en/magazines/usa/blueworld-1sthollandindie. live.
  7. Web site: 5 November 1935. KNILM Time Table. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20181217005103/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/knilm35e/kni35e-1.jpg. 17 December 2018. 14 July 2020. timetableimages.com.
  8. News: Amsterdam- Round-The-World Flights . . 22 May 1924 . 18 September 2011 . 6 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120306100929/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200288.html . dead .
  9. Web site: 21 November 2018. 5 Facts Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport. 14 July 2020. AirportsIndia Magazine. 14 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200714221231/http://www.airportsindia.online/5-facts-netaji-subhas-chandra-bose-international-airport/. dead.
  10. Web site: PacificWrecks.com. Pacific Wrecks. 14 July 2020. pacificwrecks.com. en. 29 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200629123105/https://pacificwrecks.com/. live.
  11. Web site: Dum Dum – Cathedral Relief Service. 14 July 2020. en-GB. 14 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200714192723/http://www.cathedralreliefservice.net/locations/dumdum/. live.
  12. Web site: NORTH 24 PARGANAS - WEST BENGAL TOURISM. 7 December 2019. www.wbtourismgov.in. 8 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190608011413/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas. dead.
  13. Web site: 30 December 2013. esq air ministry flying officer 1920 0415 Flight Archive. 14 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20131230142754/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1920/1920%20-%200415.html. 30 December 2013.
  14. Web site: 6 March 2012. aero club aeroplane club flying club 1929 0480 Flight Archive. 9 July 2020. Flight Archive. https://web.archive.org/web/20120306112810/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929%20-%200480.html. 6 March 2012.
  15. News: State of Air Transport in the British Empire . . 29 August 1930 . 18 September 2011 . 6 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120306100256/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%201033.html . dead .
  16. News: 1930 Histoire d'Air Orient. . 18 September 2011 . 17 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110817010029/http://gap.air.orient.pagesperso-orange.fr/Air%20Orient%20historique.htm . live .
  17. Web site: Birth of Aviation and Its Arrival in India. 14 July 2020. shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in. 14 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200714180402/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/97607/6/06_chapter2.pdf. live.
  18. 126716007. 2007. 2134/4666. GaWC Research Bulletin. Global networks before globalisation: imperial airways and the development of long-haul air routes. Loughborough University . Budd . Lucy .
  19. News: Amelia Earhart's Circumnavigation Attempt . Tripline.net . 18 September 2011 . 26 October 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111026060604/http://tripline.net/trip/Amelia_Earhart%27s_Circumnavigation_Attempt-6410741502631003B225FC83C9742523 . live .
  20. Web site: Alikhan. Anvar. The Indian adventures of Amelia Earhart before she disappeared into oblivion. 14 July 2020. Scroll.in. 8 July 2017 . en-US. 26 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200926010330/https://scroll.in/magazine/842977/the-indian-adventures-of-amelia-earhart-before-she-disappeared-into-oblivion. live.
  21. Web site: 17 June 1937. Amelia in Calcutta. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161229175805/http://www.ameliaearhartmuseum.org/AmeliaEarhart/NewsClips/clip370615.htm. 29 December 2016. 14 July 2020. www.ameliaearhartmuseum.org.
  22. Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. .
  23. Web site: 7 June 2016. India as seen through vintage airline posters. 9 July 2020. Condé Nast Traveller India. en-IN. 21 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200721120525/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/india-as-seen-through-vintage-airline-posters/. live.
  24. Web site: 2 May 1953. Civil Aircraft Accident Report of the Court Investigation on the Accident to Comet G-ALYV on 2nd May, 1953. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150415121817/http://lessonslearned.faa.gov/Comet1/G-ALYV_Report.pdf. 15 April 2015. 9 July 2020. Ministry of Civil Aviation. Federal Aviation Administration.
  25. Web site: 1965 - 1969. 9 July 2020. Indian Airmails. en. 21 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200721135912/https://www.indianairmails.com/1965---1969.html. live.
  26. Web site: Image: su57-04.jpg, (2391 × 1449 px). timetableimages.com. 4 October 2015. 18 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074022/http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/su/su57/su57-04.jpg. live.
  27. Web site: Air France. timetableimages.com. 9 May 2015. 6 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151006223347/http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/af5005i.htm. live.
  28. Web site: Image: az61-11.jpg, (2304 × 1325 px). timetableimages.com. 4 October 2015. 3 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200547/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/az61/az61-11.jpg. live.
  29. Web site: Image: cathay19.jpg, (570 × 720 px). timetableimages.com. 4 October 2015. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051212/http://timetableimages.com/i-bc/cathay19.jpg. live.
  30. Web site: JAL - Japan Air Lines. timetableimages.com. 9 May 2015. 6 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151006205552/http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/jl6909.htm. live.
  31. Web site: Philippine 1949 Timetable. timetableimages.com. 4 October 2015. 3 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171749/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/pr49/pr49-3.jpg. live.
  32. Web site: Image: sr51-06.jpg, (2420 × 1222 px). timetableimages.com. 4 October 2015. 18 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073634/http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/sr51/sr51-06.jpg. live.
  33. Web site: Lufthansa timetable May 1, 1960 . timetableimages.com . 4 October 2015 . 3 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200547/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/complete/az61/az61-11.jpg . live .
  34. Web site: PanAm Schedule. timetableimages.com. 4 October 2015. 18 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150518073640/http://timetableimages.com/ttimages/pa/pa4508/pa45-07.jpg. live.
  35. Web site: Did You Know About The Old Kangaroo Route?. 14 July 2020. www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/. en. 15 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200715122725/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/70033/7-spots-on-the-original-kangaroo-route-followed-by-qantas-airlines. live.
  36. Web site: SAS – Scandinavian Airlines System . Timetableimages.com . 11 February 2013 . 2 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102213832/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/sk55-06.htm . live .
  37. Web site: 気になる薄毛の事. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150519095723/http://www.nscbiairport.org/. 19 May 2015. 9 May 2015. nscbiairport.org.
  38. Web site: History of Kolkata Airport. https://web.archive.org/web/20111012212642/http://www.nscbiairport.org/history.htm. dead. 12 October 2011. 14 July 2020. nscbiairport.org.
  39. Web site: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose (Kolkata) International Airport. 14 July 2020. Airport Technology. en-GB. 15 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200715210638/https://www.airport-technology.com/projects/kolkuttaairport/. live.
  40. Web site: Overview of the Airline Industry in India. 14 July 2020. 17 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200717072148/https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/203989/10/08_chapter%201.pdf. live.
  41. Web site: Kolkata Airport modernisation project commences. 14 July 2020. CAPA - Centre for Aviation. en. 14 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200714183019/https://centreforaviation.com/analysis/reports/kolkata-airport---kolkata-modernisation-project-commences-4847. live.
  42. Web site: Law. Abhishek. Kolkata airport to turn swanky with modernisation. 14 July 2020. @businessline. 3 June 2012 . en. 14 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200714194545/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/Kolkata-airport-to-turn-swanky-with-modernisation/article20441365.ece. live.
  43. Web site: Mouparna Bandyopadhyay . An expressindia article regarding the mosque built within the airport complex . . 1 June 2008 . 11 February 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121009225230/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Kolkata-airport-Map-redrawn-land-to-be-acquired-highrises-trimmed-to-save-mosque/317195/ . 9 October 2012 .
  44. News: Sanjay. Mandal. Airport lands big CAT to fight fog. The Telegraph. 14 August 2014. 16 August 2014. 19 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085257/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140814/jsp/calcutta/story_18720367.jsp. dead.
  45. News: Fog, rain won't hold up flights any more. 16 August 2014. TNN. 14 August 2014. 16 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140816073829/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Fog-rain-wont-hold-up-flights-any-more/articleshow/40205901.cms. live.
  46. News: Kolkata airport becomes CAT-III-B-complaint. 12 November 2022.
  47. News: New terminal to boost tourism. Financial Express. 1 May 2012. 17 May 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230459/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/new-terminal-to-boost-jobs-and-tourism/943883/0. 23 May 2014.
  48. News: New airport terminal to be delayed. https://archive.today/20120701122832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-15/kolkata/30520186_1_aai-kolkata-airport-airports-authority. dead. 1 July 2012. 15 December 2011. The Times of India. 17 May 2012.
  49. Web site: Airports Authority of India . Aai.aero . 11 February 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130117021459/http://www.aai.aero/misc/Articles.jsp . 17 January 2013 .
  50. News: Kolkata airport's new terminal inaugurated. 21 January 2013. Business Standard. 21 January 2013. 27 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210127084413/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kolkata-airport-s-new-terminal-inaugurated-113012100091_1.html. live.
  51. Web site: 10 December 2019. Shift complete, old terminals shut down. 14 July 2020. Times of India. https://web.archive.org/web/20191210132523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Shift-complete-old-terminals-shut-down/articleshow/18998653.cms?referral=PM. 10 December 2019.
  52. Web site: 17 February 2015. Which airports offer the world's best customer service?. 1 March 2015. CNN. 26 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150226084851/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/17/travel/airports-best-customer-service/. live.
  53. Web site: Desk. India TV News. 21 February 2014. Kolkata wins most improved airport award in Asia-Pacific. 14 July 2020. www.indiatvnews.com. en. 15 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200715095018/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/kolkata-wins-most-improved-airport-award-in-asia-pacific-33797.html. live.
  54. News: Press Trust of India. 10 June 2014. Kolkata Airport wins best improved airport award. Business Standard India. 14 July 2020. 14 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200714132008/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/kolkata-airport-wins-best-improved-airport-award-114061001246_1.html. live.
  55. News: Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport - a clean and green facility in Kolkata - The Economic Times. The Economic Times. 14 July 2020. 27 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210127084415/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/productline/building-materials/netaji-subhash-chandra-bose-international-airport-a-clean-and-green-facility-in-kolkata/articleshow/74208115.cms. live.
  56. Web site: VECC - Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Airport SkyVector. 9 July 2020. skyvector.com. 2 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200302140726/https://skyvector.com/airport/VECC/Netaji-Subhash-Chandra-Bose-Airport. live.
  57. Web site: 25 May 2017. VECC AD 2.1 Aerodrome Location Indicator and Name. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20200712173254/https://aim-india.aai.aero/eaip-v2//25-05-2017/eAIP/EC-AD-2.1VECC-en-GB.pdf. 12 July 2020. 10 July 2020. aim-india.aai.aero.
  58. Web site: About us Tajsats. 9 July 2020. www.tajsats.com. 12 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200712114314/https://www.tajsats.com/company/about-us. live.
  59. Web site: 21 June 2020. Oberoi Aviation Oberoi Hotels & Resorts. 9 July 2020. Oeroi Aviation. https://web.archive.org/web/20200621123607/https://www.oberoihotels.com/aviation/. 21 June 2020.
  60. News: World class, but global takers slip away. Probal. Basak. 28 April 2012. 7 December 2019. Business Standard. Business Standard India. 29 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200129072731/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/world-class-but-global-takers-slip-away-112042800037_1.html. live.
  61. News: Kolkata airport finds place for 'forgotten' hero . https://archive.today/20130103085027/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-18/kolkata/34554351_1_netaji-statue-gandhi-sagar-dam . dead . 3 January 2013 . 18 October 2010. . 11 February 2013.
  62. News: Second lot of aerobridges for Chennai International Airport arrive at Kolkata port . 26 October 2010 . 11 February 2013 . Chennai, India . The Hindu . P. . Oppili . Sunitha . Sekar . 29 December 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121229190645/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/second-lot-of-aerobridges-for-chennai-airport-arrive-at-kolkata-port/article4032004.ece . live .
  63. Web site: 4 May 2013. All flights from new terminal by March. 14 July 2020. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130504113102/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-29/kolkata/33475094_1_terminal-1d-operations-shift-regional-airlines. The Times of India. 4 May 2013.
  64. Web site: 5 March 2013. Jayanta . Gupta. From March 15, all flights from new terminal in Kolkata . 14 July 2020. The Times of India. en. 28 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201028211447/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/From-March-15-all-flights-from-new-terminal-in-Kolkata/articleshow/18803799.cms. live.
  65. News: Banerjee . Tamaghna . Niyogi . Subhro . 5 July 2024 . City airport’s new terminal to handle 1.1 crore flyers a year . The Times of India . 0971-8257 . 5 July 2024.
  66. News: Kolkata Airport: New terminal opens this week; Domestic capacity shrinks. 13 March 2013. 16 March 2013. 17 March 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130317103622/http://www.anna.aero/2013/03/13/kolkata-airport-new-terminal-opens-this-week/. live.
  67. News: Lufthansa flies out of Kolkata skies. 26 March 2012. 16 March 2013. 29 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131229043004/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-26/kolkata/31239842_1_lufthansa-kolkata-london-german-carrier. The Times of India. dead.
  68. News: Four international airlines seek flight to new Kolkata airport. 28 September 2012. 27 September 2012. 7 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121007060957/http://www.ttgasia.com/article.php?article_id=4490. dead.
  69. News: Three international airlines show interest in Kolkata. 28 September 2012. 12 December 2012. 21 December 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121221164952/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/three-international-airlines-show-interest-in-kolkata/199222/on. live.
  70. http://www.freshnews.in/west-bengal-gets-first-centre-for-perishable-cargo-77103 A Freshnews article about the Perishable Cargo centre
  71. News: Himatsingka . Anuradha . Singapore Airlines to introduce Airbus A350 aircraft in Kolkata . 17 June 2019 . . 25 April 2019 . 31 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200131023404/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/singapore-airlines-to-introduce-airbus-a350-aircraft-in-kolkata/articleshow/69043988.cms . live .
  72. Web site: 14 May 2013 . Decks cleared for new ATC at airport . dead . https://archive.today/20130708151433/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-14/kolkata/39255272_1_new-terminal-new-tower-airport-director-bp-sharma . 8 July 2013 . 26 February 2017 . The Times of India.
  73. Web site: 10 December 2019. Iconic tower project back on board. 9 July 2020. Times of India. https://web.archive.org/web/20191210132525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Iconic-tower-project-back-on-board/articleshow/17975999.cms?referral=PM. 10 December 2019.
  74. Web site: Niyogi. Subhro. 18 February 2017. Tamaghna. Banerjee. Controllers furious over decision to slash ATC tower height by half . 9 July 2020. The Times of India. en. 20 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170220230124/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/controllers-furious-over-decision-to-slash-atc-tower-height-by-half/articleshow/57212647.cms. live.
  75. News: New Kolkata airport ATC tower to be equipped with latest gadgets. . 23 June 2022 . 12 November 2022.
  76. Web site: Niyogi. Subhro. 5 April 2019. Tamaghna. Banerjee . Rs 1K crore expansion plan for Kolkata airport. 13 July 2020. The Times of India. en. 27 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210127084420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rs-1kcr-expansion-plan-for-kolkata-airport/articleshow/68730409.cms. live.
  77. Web site: Seal on Calcutta airport expansion plan. 13 July 2020. www.telegraphindia.com. 14 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200714165148/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/seal-on-calcutta-airport-expansion-plan/cid/1748046. live.
  78. Web site: 8 December 2019. 105 parking bays, extended runway at Kolkata airport by 2024. 13 July 2020. The Times of India. en. 1 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200901161403/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/105-parking-bays-extended-runway-at-airport-/articleshow/72421001.cms. live.
  79. Web site: Kolkata eyes 40 million flyers annually in next 4 years . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . 14 June 2017 . 8 April 2018 . 28 September 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170928143954/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-eyes-40-million-flyers-annually-in-next-4-years/articleshow/59135075.cms . live .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.