| Settlement Type: | Capital city |
| Official Name: | Tallinn |
| Image Blank Emblem: | Tallinn city logo.svg |
| Blank Emblem Type: | Brandmark |
| Blank Emblem Size: | 120px |
| Blank Emblem Alt: | Logo of Tallinn |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location within Europe##Location within Baltic Sea region##Location within Estonia |
| Pushpin Relief: | 1 |
| Pushpin Map: | Europe#Baltic Sea#Estonia |
| Subdivision Type: | Country |
| Subdivision Name: |  Estonia |
| Subdivision Type1: | County |
| Subdivision Name1: | Harju |
| Leader Party: | Centre Party |
| Leader Title1: | Mayor |
| Leader Name1: | Jevgeni Ossinovski |
| Established Title: | First confirmed written record |
| Established Date: | 1219 |
| Established Title1: | First possible appearance on map |
| Established Date1: | 1154 |
| Established Title2: | City rights |
| Established Date2: | 1248 |
| Area Total Km2: | 159.2 |
| Area Total Sq Mi: | 61.5 |
| Population Footnotes: | [1] |
| Population As Of: | 2023 |
| Population Total: | 453864 |
| Population Urban: | 614,561[2] |
| Population Rank: | 1st in Estonia |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Population Density Sq Mi: | auto |
| Population Demonym: | Tallinner (English) Estonian: tallinlane (Estonian) |
| Demographics Type2: | GDP |
| Demographics2 Footnotes: | [3] |
| Demographics2 Title1: | Capital city |
| Demographics2 Info1: | €17.369 billion (US$18.3 billion) (2022) |
| Demographics2 Title2: | Per capita |
| Demographics2 Info2: | €38,959 (US$41,055) (2022) |
| Timezone: | EET |
| Utc Offset: | +2 |
| Timezone Dst: | EEST |
| Utc Offset Dst: | +3 |
| Blank3 Name: | City budget |
| Blank3 Info: | €1.26 billion[4] |
| Elevation M: | 9 |
| Coordinates: | 59.4372°N 24.7453°W |
| Iso Code: | EE-784 |
Tallinn (in Estonian ˈtɑlʲːinː/)[5] [6] is the capital and most populous[7] city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of about 461,000 (as of 2024) and administratively lies in the Harju maakond (county). Tallinn is the main governmental, financial, industrial, and cultural centre of Estonia. It is located 187km (116miles) northwest of the country's second largest city, Tartu; however, only 80km (50miles) south of Helsinki, Finland, also 320km (200miles) west of Saint Petersburg, Russia, 300km (200miles) north of Riga, Latvia, and 380km (240miles) east of Stockholm, Sweden. From the 13th century until the first half of the 20th century, Tallinn was known in most of the world by variants of its other historical name Reval.
Tallinn received Lübeck city rights in 1248;[8] however, the earliest evidence of human population in the area dates back nearly 5,000 years.[9] The medieval indigenous population of what is now Tallinn and north Estonia was one of the last "pagan" civilisations in Europe to adopt Christianity following the Papal-sanctioned Livonian Crusade in the 13th century.[10] [11] The first recorded claim over the place was laid by Denmark after a successful raid in 1219 led by King Valdemar II, followed by a period of alternating Scandinavian and Teutonic rulers. Due to the strategic location by the sea, its medieval port became a significant trade hub, especially in the 14–16th centuries, when Tallinn grew in importance as the northernmost member city of the Hanseatic League.[11] Tallinn Old Town is one of the best-preserved medieval cities in Europe and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[12]
In 2012, Tallinn had the highest number of startup companies per person among all capitals and larger cities in Europe.[13] Tallinn is the birthplace of many international high-technology companies, including Skype and Wise.[14] [11] The city is home to the headquarters of the European Union's IT agency,[15] and to the NATO Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence.In 2007, Tallinn was listed among the top-10 digital cities in the world,[16] and in 2022, Tallinn was listed among the top-10 "medium-sized European cities of the future".[17]
The name Tallinn(a) is Estonian. It has been widely considered a historical derivation of Taani-linna, meaning "Danish-castle" (Latin: [[Castrum Danorum]]), conceivably because the Danish invaders built the castle in place of the Estonian stronghold after the 1219 battle of Lyndanisse.
The Icelandic Njal's saga—composed after 1270, but describing events between 960 and 1020—mentions an event that occurred somewhere in the area of Tallinn and calls the place Rafala (probably a derivation of Rävala, Revala, or some other variant of the Estonian name of the adjacent medieval Estonian county). Soon after the Danish conquest in 1219, the town became known in the Scandinavian and German languages as Reval (Latin: Revalia). Reval was in official use in Estonia until 1918.
In international use, the English and German-language (; pronounced as /de/) as well as the Russian analog Revel (Russian: Ревель) were all gradually replaced by the Estonian name after the country became independent in 1918. At first, both Estonian forms, Tallinna and Tallinn, were used.[18] Tallinna in Estonian denotes also the genitive case of the name, as in Tallinna Sadam ('the Port of Tallinn').
Henry of Livonia, in his chronicle, called the town with the name that is also known to have been used up to the 13th century by Scandinavians: Lindanisa (or Lyndanisse in Danish,[19] [20] [21] Lindanäs in Swedish and Ledenets in Old East Slavic).
In 1154, a town called Arabic: قلون (Qlwn[22] or Quwri[23]) was recorded in the description of the world on the world map (Tabula Rogeriana) commissioned by the Norman King Roger II of Sicily and compiled by Arab cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, who described it as "a small town like a large castle" among the towns of 'Astlanda'. It has been suggested that one possible transcription, 'Qlwn', may have denoted a predecessor of the modern city[24] [25] and may somehow be related to a toponym Kolyvan, which has been discovered from later East Slavic chronicles.[26] [27] However, a number of historians have considered connecting any of al-Idrisi's placenames with modern Tallinn erroneous, unfounded, or speculative.[28] [8] [29] [30]
See main article: History of Tallinn.
The first archaeological traces of a small hunter-fisherman community's presence[9] in what is now Tallinn's city centre are about 5,000 years old. The comb ceramic pottery found on the site dates to about 3000 BCE and corded ware pottery to around 2500 BCE.[31] Around 1050 AD, a fortress was built in what is now central Tallinn, on the hill of Toompea.[32]
As an important port on a major trade route between Novgorod and western Europe, it became a target for the expansion of the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Denmark during the period of Northern Crusades in the beginning of the 13th century when Christianity was forcibly imposed on the local population. Danish rule of Tallinn and northern Estonia started in 1219.
In 1285, Tallinn, then known more widely as Reval, became the northernmost member of the Hanseatic League – a mercantile and military alliance of German-dominated cities in Northern Europe. The king of Denmark sold Reval along with other land possessions in northern Estonia to the Teutonic Knights in 1346. Reval was arguably the most significant medieval port in the Gulf of Finland.[33] Reval enjoyed a strategic position at the crossroads of trade between the rest of western Europe and Novgorod and Muscovy in the east. The city, with a population of about 8,000, was very well fortified with city walls and 66 defence towers. The city wall has been described as an outstanding example of German Medieval fortification architecture.[34]
A weather vane, the figure of an old warrior called Old Thomas, was put on top of the spire of the Tallinn Town Hall in 1530. Old Thomas later became a popular symbol of the city.In the early years of the Protestant Reformation, the city converted to Lutheranism. In 1561, Reval (Tallinn) became a dominion of Sweden.
During the 1700–1721 Great Northern War, plague-stricken Tallinn along with Swedish Estonia and Livonia capitulated to Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy) in 1710, but the local self-government institutions (Magistracy of Reval and Estonian Knighthood) retained their cultural and economical autonomy within Imperial Russia as the Governorate of Estonia. The Magistracy of Reval was abolished in 1889. The 19th century brought industrialisation of the city and the port kept its importance.
On 24 February 1918, the Estonian Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Tallinn. It was followed by Imperial German occupation until the end of World War I in November 1918, after which Tallinn became the capital of independent Estonia. During World War II, Estonia was first occupied by the Soviet army and annexed into the USSR in the summer of 1940, then occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944. During the German occupation Tallinn suffered from many instances of aerial bombing by the Soviet air force. During the most destructive Soviet bombing raid on 9–10 March 1944, over a thousand incendiary bombs were dropped on the town, causing widespread fires, killing 757 people, and leaving over 20,000 residents of Tallinn without shelter. After the German retreat in September 1944, the city was occupied again by the Soviet Union.
During the 1980 Summer Olympics, the sailing (then known as yachting) events were held at Pirita, north-east of central Tallinn. Many buildings, such as the Tallinn TV Tower, "Olümpia" hotel, the new Main Post Office building, and the Regatta Centre, were built for the Olympics.
In 1991, the independent democratic Estonian nation was restored and a period of quick development as a modern European capital ensued. Tallinn became the capital of a de facto independent country once again on 20 August 1991. The Old Town became a World Heritage Site in 1997,[35] and the city hosted the 2002 Eurovision Song Contest.[36] Tallinn was the 2011 European Capital of Culture, and is the recipient of the 2023 European Green Capital Award.[37] The city has pledged to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2030 and takes pride in its biodiversity and high air quality.[38] [39] But critics say that the award was received on false promises since it won the title with its "15-minute city" concept, according to which key facilities and services should be accessible within a 15-minute walk or bike ride but the concept was left out of the green capital program and other parts of the 12 million euro program amount to a collection of temporary and one-off projects without any structural and lasting changes.[40]
Tallinn is situated on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, in north-western Estonia.
The largest lake in Tallinn is Lake Ülemiste (9.44km²), which serves as the main source of the city's drinking water. Lake Harku is the second-largest lake within the borders of Tallinn and its area is 1.6km². The only significant river in Tallinn nowadays is the Pirita river, in the eponymous Pirita city district. Historically, a smaller river, called Härjapea, flowed from Lake Ülemiste through the town into the sea, but the river was diverted into underground sewerage system in the 1930s and has since completely disappeared from the cityscape. References to it still remain in the street names Jõe (from jõgi, river) and Kivisilla (from kivi sild, stone bridge).
The length of the seaside coast is 46km (29miles), comprising three larger (Kopli, Paljassaare, and Kakumäe) peninsulas. The city has a number of public beaches, including those at Pirita, Stroomi, Kakumäe, Harku, and Pikakari.[41]
The highest point in Tallinn, at 64 m (about 200 ft) above sea level, is situated in Hiiu, Nõmme District, in the south-west of the city. A large limestone cliff runs through the city. It can be seen at Toompea, Lasnamäe, and Astangu. However, the hill at Toompea is not geologically part of the larger limestone cliff.
The rocks and sediments underneath Tallinn are of different composition and age. Youngest are the Quaternary deposits. The materials of these deposits are till, varved clay, sand, gravel, and pebbles that are of glacial, marine and lacustrine origin. Some of the Quaternary deposits are valuable as they constitute aquifers, or as in the case of gravels and sands, are used as construction materials. The Quaternary deposits are the fill of valleys that are now buried. The buried valleys of Tallinn are carved into older rock likely by ancient rivers to be later modified by glaciers. While the valley fill is made up of Quaternary sediments the valleys themselves originated from erosion that took place before the Quaternary. The substrate into which the buried valleys were carved is made up of hard sedimentary rock of Ediacaran, Cambrian and Ordovician age. Only the upper layer of Ordovician rocks protrudes from the cover of younger deposits, cropping out in the Baltic Klint at the coast and at a few places inland. The Ordovician rocks are made up from top to bottom of a thick layer of limestone and marlstone, then a first layer of argillite followed by first layer of sandstone and siltstone and then another layer of argillite also followed by sandstone and siltstone. In other places of the city, hard sedimentary rock is only to be found beneath Quaternary sediments at depths reaching as much as 120 m below sea level. Underlying the sedimentary rock are the rocks of the Fennoscandian Craton including gneisses and other metamorphic rocks with volcanic rock protoliths and rapakivi granites. These rocks are much older than the rest (Paleoproterozoic age) and do not crop out anywhere in Estonia.[42]
Tallinn has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with warm, rainy summers and cold, snowy winters.[43]
Winters are cold, but mild for its latitude, owing to its coastal location. The average temperature in February, the coldest month, is -3.6C. During the winters, temperatures tend to hover close to freezing, but mild spells of weather can push temperatures above 0C, occasionally reaching above while cold air masses can push temperatures below an average of 6 days a year. Snowfall is common during the winters, which are cloudy[44] and characterised by low amounts of sunshine, ranging from only 20.7 hours of sunshine per month in December to 58.8 hours in February. At the winter solstice, daylight lasts for less than 6 hours and 5 minutes.[45]
Spring starts out cool, with freezing temperatures common in March and April, but gradually becomes warmer and sunnier in May, when daytime temperatures average 15.4C, although nighttime temperatures still remain cool, averaging -3.7C5.2C from March to May. In early spring, freezing temperatures are common in March and snowfall can occur in April.[44]
Summers are warm with daytime temperatures hovering around 19.2C22.2C and nighttime temperatures averaging between 9.8C13.1C from June to August. The warmest month is usually July, with an average of 17.6C. During summer, partly cloudy or clear days are common[44] and it is the sunniest season, ranging from 255.6 hours of sunshine in August to 312.1 hours in July although precipitation is higher during these months. At the summer solstice, daylight lasts for more than 18 hours and 40 minutes.[45]
Autumn starts out mild, with a September average daily mean of 12C and increasingly becomes cooler and cloudier in November.[44] In the early parts of autumn, temperatures commonly reach 16.1C and at least one day above 21C in September. In late autumn, snowfall can occur in October and freezing temperatures become more common in November.
Tallinn receives 700mm of precipitation annually, which is evenly distributed throughout the year although March, April and May are the driest months, averaging about 35mm37mm, while July and August are the wettest months with 82mm85mm of precipitation. The average humidity is 81%, ranging from a high of 89% to a low of 69% in May. Tallinn has an average windspeed of 3.3m/s with winters being the windiest (around 3.7m/s in January) and summers being the least windy at around 2.7m/s in August.[44] Extremes range from -32.2C on 31 December 1978 to 34.3C on 30 July 1994.
According to a 2021 study commissioned by the British price comparison site Uswitch.com, Tallinn is the most unpredictable of European capitals in terms of weather conditions, with a total score of 69/100; the high score is mainly due to the high number of rainy or snowy days in the city and the variation in the duration of sunshine as a consequence of its high latitude. Riga and Helsinki took second and third places.[46] [47] [48]
| Colspan=14 | Wind speed for Tallinn | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average wind speed m/s (ft/s) | 3.7 (12.1) | 3.5 (11.5) | 3.4 (11.2) | 3.3 (10.8) | 3.1 (10.2) | 3.0 (9.8) | 2.8 (9.2) | 2.7 (8.9) | 3.0 (9.8) | 3.3 (10.8) | 3.6 (11.8) | 3.8 (12.5) | 3.3 (10.8) |
| Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;" | Source 1: NOAA/NCEI |
| Colspan=14 | Coastal temperature data for Tallinn | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average sea temperature °C (°F) | 1.0 (33.8) | 0.1 (32.2) | 0.1 (32.2) | 1.7 (35.1) | 6.9 (44.4) | 13.4 (56.1) | 18.8 (65.9) | 19.0 (66.2) | 15.8 (60.4) | 10.8 (51.4) | 7.0 (44.6) | 4.1 (39.4) | 8.2 (46.8) |
| Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;" | Source 1: Seatemperature.org[49] |
.
| District | Flag | Arms | Population (2022)[50] | Area | Density | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| align=center | align=center | align=right | align=right | 22.26km² | align=right | 2,157.2/km² (5,587.1/sq mi) | |||||
| Kesklinn (centre) | align=center | align=center | align=right | align=right | 30.56km² | align=right | 2,128.3/km² (5,512.4/sq mi) | ||||
| align=center | align=center | align=right | align=right | 7.84km² | align=right | 4,175.4/km² (10,814.4/sq mi) | |||||
| align=center | align=center | align=right | align=right | 27.47km² | align=right | 4,269.0/km² (11,056.6/sq mi) | |||||
| align=center | align=center | align=right | align=right | 8.09km² | align=right | 8,156.1/km² (21,124.3/sq mi) | |||||
| align=center | align=center | align=right | align=right | 29.17km² | align=right | 1,282.1/km² (3,320.6/sq mi) | |||||
| align=center | align=center | align=right | align=right | 18.73km² | align=right | 1,016.1/km² (2,631.7/sq mi) | |||||
| align=center | align=center | align=right | align=right | 15.9km² | align=right | 3,751.6/km² (9,717.6/sq mi) |
Tallinn is subdivided into eight administrative linnaosa (districts). Each district has a linnaosa valitsus (district government) which is managed by a linnaosavanem (district elder) who is appointed by the city government. The function of the "district governments", however, is not directly governing, but just limited to providing advice to the city government and the city council on issues related to the administration of respective districts.
The districts are administratively further divided into 84 asum (subdistricts or "neighbourhoods" with officially defined borders).[51]
The city is governed by the Tallinn City Council which consists of 79 members elected to four year terms via party list. The mayor is elected by the city council.
The population of Tallinn on 1 January 2024 was 461,346. It is the primate and most populous city in Estonia, the 3rd most populous city in the three Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), as well as the 59th most populous city in the European Union.
According to Eurostat, in 2004, Tallinn had one of the largest number of non-EU nationals of all EU member states' capital cities. Ethnic Russians are a significant minority in Tallinn, as around a third of the city's residents are first and second generation immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former Soviet Union; a majority of the Soviet-era immigrants now hold Estonian citizenship.[52]
Ethnic Estonians made up over 80% of Tallinn's population before World War II. As of 2022, ethnic Estonians made up over 53% of the population. Tallinn was one of the urban areas with industrial and military significance in northern Estonia that during the period of Soviet occupation underwent extensive changes in its ethnic composition due to large influx of immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former USSR. Whole new city districts were built where the main intent of the then Soviet authorities was to accommodate Russian-speaking immigrants: Mustamäe, Väike-Õismäe, Pelguranna, and most notably, Lasnamäe, which in 1980s became, and is to this day, the most populous district of Tallinn.
The official language of Tallinn is Estonian. As of 2011, 50.1% of the city's residents were native speakers of Estonian, whereas 46.7% had Russian as their first language. While English is the most frequently used foreign language by the residents of Tallinn, there are also a significant number of native speakers of Ukrainian and Finnish.[53]
| 1922[54] | 1934[55] | 1941[56] | 1959[57] | 1970 | 1979 | 1989 | 2000[58] | 2011[59] | 2021[60] | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | ||
| Estonians | 102,568 | 83.9 | 117,918 | 85.6 | 132,396 | 94.0 | 169,697 | 60.2 | 201,908 | 55.7 | 222,218 | 51.9 | 227,245 | 47.4 | 215,114 | 53.7 | 217,601 | 55.3 | 233,520 | 53.3 | |
| Russians | 7,513 | 6.14 | 7,888 | 5.72 | 5,689 | 4.04 | 90,594 | 32.2 | 127,103 | 35.0 | 162,714 | 38.0 | 197,187 | 41.2 | 146,208 | 36.5 | 144,721 | 36.8 | 149,883 | 34.2 | |
| Ukrainians | – | – | 35 | 0.03 | – | – | 7,277 | 2.58 | 13,309 | 3.67 | 17,507 | 4.09 | 22,856 | 4.77 | 14,699 | 3.67 | 11,565 | 2.94 | 15,450 | 3.53 | |
| Belarusians | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3,683 | 1.31 | 7,158 | 1.97 | 10,261 | 2.39 | 12,515 | 2.61 | 7,938 | 1.98 | 6,229 | 1.58 | 6,154 | 1.41 | |
| Finns | – | – | 304 | 0.22 | 214 | 0.15 | 1,650 | 0.59 | 2,852 | 0.79 | 2,996 | 0.70 | 3,271 | 0.68 | 2,436 | 0.61 | 2,062 | 0.52 | 3,431 | 0.78 | |
| Jews | 1,929 | 1.58 | 2,203 | 1.60 | 0 | 0.00 | 3,714 | 1.32 | 3,750 | 1.03 | 3,737 | 0.87 | 3,620 | 0.76 | 1,598 | 0.40 | 1,460 | 0.37 | 1,405 | 0.32 | |
| Latvians | – | – | 572 | 0.42 | 340 | 0.24 | 702 | 0.25 | 1,007 | 0.28 | 1,259 | 0.29 | 1,032 | 0.22 | 827 | 0.21 | 628 | 0.16 | 1,500 | 0.34 | |
| Germans | 6,904 | 5.65 | 6,575 | 4.77 | – | – | 125 | 0.04 | 217 | 0.06 | 332 | 0.08 | 516 | 0.11 | 516 | 0.13 | 492 | 0.13 | 1,219 | 0.28 | |
| Tatars | – | – | 75 | 0.05 | – | – | 745 | 0.26 | 1,055 | 0.29 | 1,500 | 0.35 | 1,975 | 0.41 | 1,265 | 0.32 | 1,012 | 0.26 | 1,033 | 0.24 | |
| Poles | – | – | 599 | 0.43 | 502 | 0.36 | 759 | 0.27 | 967 | 0.27 | 1,084 | 0.25 | 1,240 | 0.26 | 936 | 0.23 | 768 | 0.20 | 940 | 0.21 | |
| Lithuanians | – | – | 92 | 0.07 | 97 | 0.07 | 594 | 0.21 | 852 | 0.23 | 905 | 0.21 | 1,052 | 0.22 | 949 | 0.24 | 795 | 0.20 | 1,092 | 0.25 | |
| Unknown/Not stated | 0 | 0.00 | 368 | 0.27 | 150 | 0.11 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.00 | 7 | 0.00 | 3,694 | 0.92 | 709 | 0.18 | 4,317 | 0.99 | |
| Other | 3,354 | 2.74 | 1163 | 0.84 | 1,523 | 1.08 | 2,174 | 0.77 | 2,528 | 0.70 | 4,023 | 0.94 | 6,458 | 1.35 | 4,198 | 1.05 | 5,180 | 1.32 | 17,873 | 4.08 | |
| Total | 122,268 | 100 | 137,792 | 100 | 140,911 | 100 | 281,714 | 100 | 362,706 | 100 | 428,537 | 100 | 478,974 | 100 | 400,378 | 100 | 393,222 | 100 | 437,817 | 100 | |
| Largest ethnic groups[61] | |||
| Ethnic group | Population (2022) | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Estonians | 233,518 | 53.34 | |
| Russians | 149,878 | 34.23 | |
| Ukrainians | 15,449 | 3.53 | |
| Belarusians | 6,153 | 1.40 | |
| Finns | 3,431 | 0.78 | |
| Jews | 1,405 | 0.32 | |
| Latvians | 1,343 | 0.34 | |
| Germans | 1,219 | 0.28 | |
| Lithuanians | 1,092 | 0.25 | |
| Armenians | 1,043 | 0.24 | |
| Tatars | 1,033 | 0.24 | |
| Azerbaijanis | 1,029 | 0.23 | |
| Poles | 940 | 0.21 | |
| Other | 15,960 | 3.64 | |
| Unknown | 4,318 | 0.99 | |
See also: List of companies based in Tallinn. Tallinn has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in information technology, tourism and logistics. More than half of Estonia's GDP is created in Tallinn.[62] In 2008, the GDP per capita of Tallinn stood at 172% of the Estonian average.[63] In addition to longtime functions as seaport and capital city, Tallinn has seen development of an information technology sector; in its 13 December 2005, edition, The New York Times characterised Estonia as "a sort of Silicon Valley on the Baltic Sea".[64] One of Tallinn's sister cities is the Silicon Valley town of Los Gatos, California. Skype is one of the best-known of several Estonian start-ups originating from Tallinn. Many start-ups have originated from the Institute of Cybernetics. In recent years, Tallinn has gradually been becoming one of the main IT centres of Europe, with the Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCD COE) of NATO, eu-LISA, the EU Digital Agency and the IT development centres of large corporations, such as TeliaSonera and Kuehne + Nagel being based in the city. Smaller start-up incubators like Garage48 and Game Founders have helped to provide support to teams from Estonia and around the world looking for support, development and networking opportunities.[65]
Tallinn receives 4.3 million visitors annually,[66] a figure that has grown steadily over the past decade. The Finns are especially a common sight in Tallinn;[67] on average, about 20,000–40,000 Finnish tourists visit the city between June and October.[68] Most of the visitors come from Europe, though Tallinn has also become increasingly visited by tourists from the Asia-Pacific region.[69] Tallinn Passenger Port is one of the busiest cruise destinations on the Baltic Sea, it served more than 520,000 cruise passengers in 2013.[70]
The state-owned energy company Eesti Energia, the nationwide electric power transmission system operator Elering, the natural gas distributor Eesti Gaas, and the country's largest private energy company, Alexela Group, all have their headquarters in Tallinn.
Tallinn is the financial centre of Estonia and also an important economic centre in the Baltoscandian region. Many major banks, such as SEB, Swedbank, and Nordea, have their local offices in Tallinn. LHV Pank, an Estonian investment bank, has its corporate headquarters in Tallinn. Tallinn Stock Exchange, part of NASDAQ OMX Group, is the only regulated exchange in Estonia.
Port of Tallinn is one of the biggest ports in the Baltic sea region, whereas the largest cargo port of Estonia, the Port of Muuga, which is operated by the same business entity, is located in the neighboring town of Maardu.[71] Old City Harbour has been known as a convenient harbour since the medieval times, but nowadays the cargo operations are shifted to Muuga Cargo Port and Paldiski South Harbour. As of 2010, there was still a small fleet of oceangoing trawlers that operated out of Tallinn.[72] Tallinn's industries include shipbuilding, machine building, metal processing, electronics, textile manufacturing. BLRT Grupp has its headquarters and some subsidiaries in Tallinn. Air Maintenance Estonia and AS Panaviatic Maintenance, both based in Tallinn Airport, provide MRO services for aircraft, largely expanding their operations in recent years. Liviko, the maker of the internationally-known Vana Tallinn liqueur, is similarly based in Tallinn. The headquarters of Kalev, a confectionery company and part of the industrial conglomerate Orkla Group, is located in Lehmja, near the city's southeastern boundary.Estonia is ranked third in Europe in terms of shopping centre space per inhabitant, ahead of Sweden and being surpassed only by Norway and Luxembourg.[73]
Among others:
Institutions of higher education and science include:
Tallinn was a European Capital of Culture for 2011, along with Turku, Finland.
See also: List of museums in Estonia.
Tallinn is home to more than 60 museums and galleries.[82] Most of them are located in Kesklinn, the central district of the city, and cover Tallinn's rich history.
One of the most visited historical museums in Tallinn is the Estonian History Museum, located in Great Guild Hall at Vanalinn, the old part of the city.[83] It covers Estonia's history from prehistoric times up until the end of the 20th century.[84] It features film and hands-on displays that show how Estonian dwellers lived and survived.[84]
The Estonian Maritime Museum provides an overview of nation's seafaring past. The museum is located in the Old Town, inside one of Tallinn's former defensive structures – Fat Margaret's Tower.[85] Another historical museum that can be found at city's Old Town, just behind the Town Hall, is Tallinn City Museum. It covers Tallinn's history from pre-history until 1991, when Estonia regained its independence.[86] Tallinn City Museum owns nine more departments and museums around the city,[86] one of which is Tallinn's Museum of Photography, also located just behind the Town Hall. It features permanent exhibition that covers 100 years of photography in Estonia.[87]
Estonia's Vabamu Museum of Occupations and Freedom is located in Kesklinn (the Central district). It covers the 51 years (1940–1991) when Estonia was occupied by the former Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.[88] Not far away is another museum related to the Soviet occupation of Estonia, the KGB Museum, which occupies the 23rd floor of Sokos Hotel Viru. It features equipment, uniforms, and documents of Russian Secret Service agents.[89]
The city is also home to Estonian Museum of Natural History and the Estonian Health Museum, both located in Old Town. The Museum of Natural History features several themed exhibitions that provide an overview of the wildlife of Estonia and the world.[90] The Estonian Health Museum has exhibitions covering human anatomy, health care, and the history of medicine in Estonia on display.[91]
Tallinn is home to several art and design museums. The Estonian Art Museum, the largest art museum in Estonia, consists of four branches – Kumu Art Museum, Kadriorg Art Museum, Mikkel Museum, and Niguliste Museum. Kumu Art Museum features the country's largest collection of contemporary and modern art. It also displays Estonian art starting from the early 18th century.[92] Those who are interested in Western European and Russian art may enjoy Kadriorg Art Museum collections, located in Kadriorg Palace, a beautiful Baroque building erected by Peter the Great. It stores and displays about 9,000 works of art from the 16th to 20th centuries.[93] The Mikkel Museum, in Kadriorg Park, displays a collection of mainly Western art – ceramics and Chinese porcelain donated by Johannes Mikkel in 1994. The Niguliste Museum occupies former St. Nicholas' Church; it displays collections of historical ecclesiastical art spanning nearly seven centuries from the Middle Ages to post-Reformation art.
Those who are interested in design and applied art may enjoy the Estonian Museum of Applied Art and Design collection of Estonian contemporary designs. It displays up to 15.000 pieces of work made of textile art, ceramics, porcelain, leather, glass, jewellery, metalwork, furniture, and product design.[94] To experience more relaxed, culture-oriented exhibits, one may turn to Museum of Estonian Drinking Culture. This museum showcases the historic Luscher & Matiesen Distillery as well as the history of Estonian alcohol production.[95]
See main article: Estonian Song Festival.
The Estonian Song Festival (in Estonian: Laulupidu) is one of the largest choral events in the world, listed by the UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. It is held every five years in July on the Tallinn Song Festival Grounds (Lauluväljak) simultaneously with the Estonian Dance Festival.[96] The joint choir has comprised more than 30,000 singers performing to an audience of 80,000.[97]
Estonians have one of the biggest collections of folk songs in the world, with written records of about 133,000 folk songs.[98] From 1987, a cycle of mass demonstrations featuring spontaneous singing of national songs and hymns that were strictly forbidden during the years of the Soviet occupation to peacefully resist the oppression. In September 1988, a record 300,000 people, more than a quarter of all Estonians, gathered in Tallinn for a song festival.[99]
See main article: Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival.
Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival (Estonian: Pimedate Ööde Filmifestival, or PÖFF), is an annual film festival held since 1997 in Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia. PÖFF is the only festival in the Nordic and Baltic region with a FIAPF (International Federation of Film Producers Association) accreditation for holding an international competition programme in the Nordic and Baltic region with 14 other non-specialised festivals, such as Cannes, Berlin, Venice. With over 250 feature films screened each year and over 77500 attendances (2014), PÖFF is one of the largest film events of Northern Europe and cultural events in Estonia in the winter season. During its 19th edition in 2015 the festival screened more than 600 films (including 250+ feature-length films from 80 countries), bringing over 900 screenings to an audience of over 80, 000 people as well as over 700 accredited guests and journalists from 50 countries. In 2010 the festival held the European Film Awards ceremony in Tallinn.
See also: Estonian cuisine. The traditional cuisine of Tallinn reflects culinary traditions of north Estonia, the role of the city as a fishing port, and historical German influences. Numerous cafés have played a major role in a social life of the city since the 19th century, as have bars, especially in the Kesklinn district.
The martsipan industry in Tallinn has a very long history. The production of martsipan started in the Middle Ages, almost simultaneously in Tallinn (Reval) and Lübeck, both member cities of the Hanseatic League. In 1695, marzipan was mentioned as a medicine, under the designation of Panis Martius, in the price lists of the Tallinn Town Hall Pharmacy.[100] The modern era of martsipan in Tallinn began in 1806, when the Swiss confectioner Lorenz Caviezel set up his confectionery on Pikk Street. In 1864, it was bought and expanded by Georg Stude and now is known as the Maiasmokk café. In the late 19th century martsipan figurines made by Tallinn's confectioners were supplied to the Russian imperial family.[101]
Arguably, the most symbolic seafood dish of Tallinn is vürtsikilu ("spicy sprat") – salted sprats pickled with a distinctive set of spices including black pepper, allspice and cloves. The making of traditional vürtsikilu is thought to have originated from the city's outskirts. In 1826, the merchants of Tallinn exported 40,000 cans of vürtsikilu to Saint Petersburg.[102] A closely associated dish is kiluvõileib ("sprat-butter-bread") – a traditional rye bread open sandwich covered with a layer of butter and vürtsikilu as the topping. Boiled egg slices and culinary herbs are optional extra toppings. Alcoholic beverages produced in the city include beer, vodka, and liqueurs (such as the eponymous Vana Tallinn). The number of craft beer breweries has expanded sharply in Tallinn over the last decade, entering local and regional markets.
What can arguably be considered to be Tallinn's main attractions are located in the Tallinn Old Town (divided into a "lower town" and Toompea hill) which is easily explored on foot. The eastern parts of the city, notably Pirita (with Pirita Convent) and Kadriorg (with Kadriorg Palace) districts, are also popular destinations, and the Estonian Open Air Museum in Rocca al Mare, west of the city, preserves aspects of Estonian rural culture and architecture. The historical wooded suburbs like Kalamaja, Pelgulinn, Kassisaba and Kelmiküla and revitalized industrial areas like Rotermanni Quarter, Noblessner and Dvigatel are also unique places to visit.
See main article: Toompea. This area was once an almost separate town, heavily fortified, and has always been the seat of whatever power that has ruled Estonia. The hill occupies an easily defensible site overlooking the surrounding districts. The major attractions are the medieval Toompea Castle (today housing the Estonian Parliament, the Riigikogu), the Lutheran St Mary's Cathedral, also known as the Dome Church (Estonian: Toomkirik), and the Russian Orthodox Alexander Nevsky Cathedral.
This area is one of the best preserved medieval towns in Europe and the authorities are continuing its rehabilitation. Major sights include the Town Hall square (Estonian: Raekoja plats ), the city wall and towers (notably "Fat Margaret" and "Kiek in de Kök") as well as a number of medieval churches, including St Olaf's, St. Nicholas' and the Church of the Holy Ghost. The Catholic Cathedral of St Peter and St Paul is also in the Lower Town.
See main article: Kadriorg.
Kadriorg is 2km (01miles) east of the city centre and is served by buses and trams. Kadriorg Palace, the former palace of Peter the Great, built just after the Great Northern War, now houses the foreign art department of the Art Museum of Estonia, the presidential residence and the surrounding grounds include formal gardens and woodland.
The main building of the Art Museum of Estonia, Kumu (Estonian: Kunstimuuseum, Art Museum), was built in 2006 and lies in Kadriorg park. It houses an encyclopaedic collection of Estonian art, including paintings by Carl Timoleon von Neff, Johann Köler, Eduard Ole, Jaan Koort, Konrad Mägi, Eduard Wiiralt, Henn Roode and Adamson-Eric, among others.
See main article: Pirita. This coastal district is a further 2 kilometres north-east of Kadriorg. The marina was built for the Moscow Olympics of 1980, and boats can be hired on the Pirita River. Two kilometres inland are the Botanic Gardens and the Tallinn TV Tower.
See main article: Public transport in Tallinn. The city operates a system of bus (73 lines), tram (5 lines) and trolley-bus (4 lines) routes to all districts; the long tram system[103] is the only tram network in Estonia.[104] [105] A flat-fare system is used. The ticket-system is based on prepaid RFID cards available in kiosks and post offices. In January 2013, Tallinn became the first European capital to offer a fare-free service on buses, trams and trolleybuses within the city limits. This service is available to residents who register with the municipality.[106]
The Lennart Meri Tallinn Airport is about 4km (02miles) from Town Hall square (Estonian: Raekoja plats). There is a tram (Line Number: 4) and local bus connection between the airport and the edge of the city centre (bus no. 2). The nearest railway station Ülemiste is only 1.5km (00.9miles) from the airport. The construction of the new section of the airport began in 2007 and was finished in summer 2008.
See also: Baltic Sea cruiseferries. Several ferry operators, Viking Line, Tallink and Eckerö Line, connect Tallinn to Helsinki, Mariehamn, Stockholm, and St. Petersburg. Passenger lines connect Tallinn to Helsinki (83km (52miles) north of Tallinn) in approximately 2–3.5 hours by cruiseferries, with up to eight daily crossings all year round.
The Elron railway company operates train services from Tallinn to Tartu, Valga, Türi, Viljandi, Tapa, Narva, Koidula. Buses are also available to all these and various other destinations in Estonia, as well as to Saint Petersburg in Russia and Riga, Latvia. The Russian railways company operated a daily international sleeper train service between Tallinn – Moscow, and was stopped in 2020.
Tallinn also has a commuter rail service running from Tallinn's main rail station in two main directions: east (Aegviidu) and to several western destinations (Pääsküla, Keila, Riisipere, Turba, Paldiski, and Kloogaranna). These are electrified lines and are used by the Elron railroad company. Stadler FLIRT EMU and DMU units are in service since July 2013. The first electrified train service in Tallinn was opened in 1924 from Tallinn to Pääsküla, a distance of 11.2km (07miles).
The Rail Baltica project, which will link Tallinn with Warsaw via Latvia and Lithuania, will connect Tallinn with the rest of the European rail network. An undersea tunnel has been proposed between Tallinn and Helsinki,[107] though it remains at a planning phase.
The Via Baltica motorway (part of European route E67 from Helsinki to Prague) connects Tallinn to the Lithuanian-Polish border through Latvia.
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