Kocuria Explained

Kocuria is a genus of gram-positive bacteria. Kocuria is named after Miloslav Kocur, a Czech microbiologist. It has been found in the milk of water deer and reindeer.[1] Cells are coccoid, resembling Staphylococcus and Micrococcus, and can group in pairs, chains, tetrads, cubical arrangements of eight, or irregular clusters. They have rigid cell walls and are either aerobic or facultative anaerobic.[2] Kocuria can usually survive in mesophilic temperatures.[3]

Clinical significance

Kocuria has been found to live on human skin and oral cavity.[4] It is generally considered non-pathogenic but can be found in some infections. Specific infection associated with Kocuria are urinary tract infections, cholecystitis,[5] catheter-associated bacteremia,[6] dacryocystitis,[7] canaliculitis, keratitis,[8] native valve endocarditis,[9] peritonitis,[10] descending necrotizing mediastinitis,[11] brain abscess[12] and meningitis. It is also occasionally isolated in the microbiome of pilonidal sinuses [13] Kocuria rosea is known to cause infection in immunocompromised patients, causing oropharyngeal and deep cervical infections. However, as having low pathogenicity and being very susceptible to antibiotics, with immediate surgical drainage, debridement, and administration of broad range antibiotics showed great results.[11]

Microbiology

Kocuria can be grown on sheep blood agar and other simple media plates. They grow best in neutral pH environments. Depending on the species, they appear in a range of color such as: orange, pink, red, yellow or cream. They are shown to lack hemolytic ability on a blood agar plate. However, they have shown to react differently to normal laboratory identification techniques. These test include: catalase, urease, oxidase, amylase, gelatins, phosphatase, beta-galactosidase activities, and carbon source and citrate utilization.[14] Kocuria is susceptible towards bacitracin and lysozyme and resistant to nitrofurantoin, furazolidone and lysostaphin.

Environment

In a study done by Louisiana State University, 75 strains of bacteria from the Atacama Desert were tested for its ability to grow in Mars-like climates. The environment tested contained high concentrations of perchlorate salts, a similar condition found on Mars surface. In this environment, Kocuria was found to grow in one of the highest concentrations compared to the other strains.[15]

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Li . Zhipeng . Wright . André-Denis G. . Yang . Yifeng . Si . Huazhe . Li . Guangyu . 2017-01-18 . Unique Bacteria Community Composition and Co-occurrence in the Milk of Different Ruminants . Scientific Reports . en . 7 . 40950 . 10.1038/srep40950 . 2045-2322 . 5241872 . 28098228. 2017NatSR...740950L .
  2. Venkataramana. Kandi. Padmavali. Palange. Ritu. Vaish. Adnan. Bashir Bhatti. Vinod. Kale. Maheshwar. Reddy Kandi. Mohan. Rao Bhoomagiri. August 2016. Emerging Bacterial Infection: Identification and Clinical Significance of Kocuria Species. Cureus. 8. 8. e731. 10.7759/cureus.731. free . 27630804. 5017880.
  3. Web site: Reimer . Lorenz Christian . Carbasse . Joaquim Sardà . Koblitz . Julia . Ebeling . Christian . Podstawka . Adam . Overmann . Jörg . 2022 . Kocuria rosea DSM 20447 is an aerobe, mesophilic bacterium of the family Micrococcaceae . 2022-11-07 . BacDive . en.
  4. Grice. Elizabeth. Kong. Heidi. Renaud. Gabriel. Young. Alice. Bouffard. Gerard. Blakesly. Robert. Wolfsberg. Tyra. Turner. Maria. Segre. Julia. Tyra Wolfsberg. July 2018. A diversity profile of the human skin microbiota. Genome Research. 18. 7. 1043–1050. 10.1101/gr.075549.107. 18502944. 2493393.
  5. Ma. Edmond SK. Wong. Chris LP. Lai. Kristi TW. Chan. Edmond CH. Yam. WC. Chan. Angus CW. 2005-07-19. Kocuria kristinae infection associated with acute cholecystitis. BMC Infectious Diseases. 5. 1. 60. 10.1186/1471-2334-5-60. 16029488. 1181815. 1471-2334 . free .
  6. Dotis. John. Printza. Nikoleta. Stabouli. Stella. Papachristou. Fotios. Jan–Feb 2015. Kocuria Species Peritonitis: Although Rare, We Have To Care. Peritoneal Dialysis International. 35. 1. 26–30. 10.3747/pdi.2013.00138. 24584591. 4335924.
  7. Domont. Fanny. Le Flèche-Matéos. Anne. Brémond-Gignac. Dominique. Hamdad. Farida. 2014-06-01. Kocuria dacryocystitis infection, caused by Kocuria ocularis sp. nov.. JMM Case Reports. 1. 2. 10.1099/jmmcr.0.002022. 2053-3721. free.
  8. Mattern. R.M.. Ding. Jiaxi. 2014-02-27. Keratitis with Kocuria palustris and Rothia mucilaginosa in Vitamin A Deficiency. Case Reports in Ophthalmology. 5. 1. 72–77. 10.1159/000360391. 24707276. 3975196. 1663-2699.
  9. Moreira. Jorge Salomão. Riccetto. Adriana Gut Lopes. da Silva. Marcos Tadeu Nolasco. Vilela. Maria Marluce dos Santos. January 2015. Endocarditis by Kocuria rosea in an immunocompetent child. The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 19. 1. 82–84. 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.09.007. 25523077. 9425231 . 1413-8670. free.
  10. Sohn. Kyung Mok. Baek. Jin-Yang. Kim. So Hyun. Cheon. Shinhye. Kim. Yeon-Sook. April 2015. Catheter-related bacteremia caused by Kocuria salsicia: The first case. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 21. 4. 305–307. 10.1016/j.jiac.2014.11.005. 25497673. 1341-321X.
  11. Lee. Mi Kyung. Choi. Soon Ho. Ryu. Dae Woong. 2013-10-11. Descending necrotizing Mediastinitis caused by Kocuria rosea: A case report. BMC Infectious Diseases. 13. 1. 475. 10.1186/1471-2334-13-475. 24112281. 3852562. 1471-2334. free.
  12. Tsai. Cheng-Yu. Su. Shou-hsin. Cheng. Yu-Hsin. Chou. Yu-lin. Tsai. Tai-Hsin. Lieu. Ann-Shung. 2010-04-27. Kocuria varians infection associated with brain abscess: A case report. BMC Infectious Diseases. 10. 1. 102. 10.1186/1471-2334-10-102. 20423506. 2875226. 1471-2334. free.
  13. Banerjee T, Singh A, Anurag, Pal S, Basu S. Emergence of Unusual Microorganisms in Microflora of Pilonidal Sinuses: A Multiple Case Series. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2023 Jan-Feb 01;50(1):26-30. doi: 10.1097/WON.0000000000000945. PMID 36668986.
  14. Savini. V.. Catavitello. C.. Masciarelli. G.. Astolfi. D.. Balbinot. A.. Bianco. A.. Febbo. F.. D'Amario. C.. D'Antonio. D.. 2010-09-30. Drug sensitivity and clinical impact of members of the genus Kocuria. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 59. 12. 1395–1402. 10.1099/jmm.0.021709-0. 20884772. 0022-2615. free.
  15. Investigation of the Growth and Survival of Bacteria from Mars Analog Environments When Exposed to Mars-like Conditions. Vallalar. Bharathi. 2012. Lsu Master's Theses.

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