| Settler Swahili | |
| Also Known As: | Settla |
| Nativename: | Kisetla |
| Region: | Zambia, Kenya |
| Speakers: | none |
| Familycolor: | Pidgin |
| Family: | Swahili pidgin |
| Iso3: | sta |
| Glotto: | sett1235 |
| Glottorefname: | KiSetla |
| Guthrie: | G40C |
Settla (Kisetla), or Settler Swahili, is a Swahili pidgin mainly spoken in large European settlements in Kenya and Zambia. It was used mainly by native English speaking European colonists for communication with the native Swahili speakers.
British colonization in the region—largely in what is now Kenya and Zambia—created a complex relationship between English and the native languages of the countries where Settla is spoken.
Settla appears to have a similar vowel system as compared to standard Swahili.[1]
Settla contains a different and more reduced set of consonants than standard Swahili.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar / palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m pronounced as //m// | n pronounced as //n// | ny pronounced as //ɲ// | ng pronounced as //ŋ// | ||||
| Stop | Plosive | b pronounced as //b// | d pronounced as //d// | j pronounced as //d̠ʒ// | g pronounced as //g// | |||
| Tenuis | p pronounced as //p// | t pronounced as //t// | ch pronounced as //tʃ// | k pronounced as //k// | ||||
| Aspirated | (p pronounced as //pʰ//) | (t pronounced as //tʰ//) | (ch pronounced as //tʃʰ//) | (k pronounced as //kʰ//) | ||||
| Fricative | Voiced | v pronounced as //v// | dh pronounced as //ð// | z pronounced as //z// | ||||
| Voiceless | f pronounced as //f// | th pronounced as //θ// | s pronounced as //s// | sh pronounced as //ʃ// | h pronounced as //h// | |||
| Flap | r pronounced as //ɾ// | |||||||
| Approximant | l pronounced as //l// | y pronounced as //j// | w pronounced as //w// | |||||
A thorough investigation into the morphology of Settla has not occurred, but there are some general patterns that hold true.
Settla features a noun class system that differs from standard Swahili, which like most Bantu languages contains a rich noun class system. Since most Settla speakers are native speakers of English, which lacks a complex noun class system, Settla appears to also have a less complex noun class system than standard Swahili. Although there needs to be more research on the specifics, it can be concluded that the speakers of Settla do not disregard this system, but their patterns do most certainly differ from standard Swahili.
In Settla:
Numeral adjectives and certain adverbial forms do not always show concordial agreement like in standard Swahili.
Swahili is an agglutinative language, which gives rise to a complex structure for verbs in the form of affixes. Unlike standard Swahili, Settla verbs do not feature any negative, subject marking, relative pronoun marking, or object marking affixes. However, Settla can still convey these aspects by using other words and not verb-bound affixes.
For example, if one looks at personal pronoun subject marking in standard Swahili, one would find that these subject affixes are required for the verb. In Settla, in a form that perhaps mimics English, these affixes are absent and replaced by outside personal pronoun nouns, which only rarely occurs in standard Swahili. The personal pronouns of Settla are as follow:
| Singular | Plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | First Person | Second Person | Third Person | First Person | Second Person | Third Person | ||
| English | I | you | he, she | it, that | we | you (y'all) | they | |
| Settla | mimi ~ mi | wewe ~ we | yeye ~ ye | ile | sisi | (ninyi) | (wao) | |
We can see in the examples below that in standard Swahili, the definite time marker attaches closer to the verb stem as opposed to the subject prefix, and that the 3pl marking affix is also present in the verb. In Settla, the 3pl affix is removed, forcing the definite time affix to attach to the verb directly, and the pronoun used is yeye (he / she), since wao (they) appears to be fairly absent in Settla:
As opposed to direct objects, indirect objects in standard Swahili are given precedence to be marked. This indirect object must also carry a dative case suffix. In Settla, the dative suffix is omitted, and the syntactic structure mimics English again, like in the example above.
Affixes marking an object that are featured in standard Swahili are also replaced by separate words in Settla.
Standard Swahili features many ways of negating verbs (including marking a verb with an affix), whereas Settla uses the word hapana (commonly meaning 'no' in standard Swahili) in a more free manner (generally mimicking English syntax) to negate the verb that follows. Note that in the last declarative example, the syntactic structure changes in Settla, mimicking English.
As noted above, Settla generally lacks verb constructions that in standard Swahili require a complement affix. However the one large exception occurs where standard Swahili would use a subjunctive, the Settla form of the verb would take on the infinitive prefix ku- (to in English). One brief exception to this exception though, is that the preposition kwa is sometimes used to indicate purpose, and therefore appears to form a restriction between kwa and ku- co-occurring.
Many other affixes within a standard Swahili verb are replaced within Settla.
iko, a locative verb in standard Swahili is expanded in Settla to uses outside of the standard Swahili usage which indicate place in n-class or indefinite-class nouns. It is used more generally as a locative, ignoring other more specific affixes that would occur in standard. Iko may also be used in Settla as a copula alternating with ni or NULL.
Tense in Settla is heavily reduced to only 3 forms (Standard has 11). na-, the standard present tense affix often can mean future tense as well. The tense of a phrase is generally determined contextually.
Settla's lexicon is considered to be on a continuum between the two official languages of Kenya: standard Swahili and English. The lexicon is also heavily influenced by geographical, social, and emotional factors. Although geography factors into the lexicon, it is unknown if Settla has different geographical dialects.
It is not uncommon for parts of Settla speech to be in a bantuized version of English, and in fact sometimes whole sentences can come out in English. Due to the rise of English education in Kenya, it is possible for communication to feature more and more English words and phrases.
Settla can be seen spoken in Ernest Hemingway's nonfiction work Green Hills of Africa.