<nowiki>t[ d[</nowiki>|t d|t. d. ||c J|k g|q G|t<lbv> d<lbv>||?||-!style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"|Fricatives|P B|f v|T D|s z|s. z.|S Z|C C<vcd>|x Q|X g"|w<vls> w|H H<vcd>|h<?>|s<lat> z<lat>|-!style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"|Approximants||r<lbd>|<nowiki>r[</nowiki>|r|r.||j|j<vel>|g"|w||h||-!style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"|Laterals|||<nowiki>l[</nowiki>|l|l.||l^|L|||||-!style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"|Trills|b<trl>|||r<trl>|||||r"|||||-!style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"|Flaps||||<nowiki> *</nowiki>|<nowiki> *.</nowiki>||||||||<nowiki>*<lat></nowiki>|-!style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"|Ejectives|p`||<nowiki>t[`</nowiki>|t`|||c`|k`|q`|||||-!style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"|Implosives|b`||d`|d`|||J`|g`|G`|||||-!style="font-size:x-small;text-align:center"|Clicks|p!||t!|c![2] |||c!|k!|||||l!|}The IPA consonant chart, for comparison, uses many symbols that are less widely supported:pronounced as /pulmonic consonants/pronounced as /non-pulmonic consonants/
Vowel chart
Kirshenbaum simplified chart of vowels
(the paired signs are unrounded/rounded vowels; symbols in parentheses designate vowels that exist in some oral languages, but do not have IPA signs) | | width=20% | Front | width=20% | Central | width=20% | Back | width=20% | Rhotic |
|---|
| Close | i y | i" u" | u- u | | | Near-close | I I. | | (U-) U | | | Close-mid | e Y | @<umd> @. | o- o | R<umd> | | Mid | | @ | | R | | Open-mid | E W | V" O" | V O | | | Near-open | & | &" | (no symbols) | | | Open | a a. | (a" A".) | A A. | | |
The IPA vowel chart, by comparison, uses many symbols that are less widely supported:pronounced as /vowels/
Vowel modifiers and diacritics
Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.
Stress is indicated by ' for primary stress, and , for secondary stress, placed before the stressed syllable.
Background
The Kirshenbaum system started developing in August 1992 through a usenet group,[3] after "being fed up with describing the sound of words by using other words".[4] It should be usable for both phonemic and narrow phonetic transcription.
- It should be possible to represent all symbols and diacritics in the IPA.
- The previous guideline notwithstanding, it is expected that (as in the past) most use will be in transcribing English, so where tradeoffs are necessary, decisions should be made in favor of ease of representation of phonemes which are common in English.
- The representation should be readable.
- It should be possible to mechanically translate from the representation to a character set which includes IPA. The reverse would also be nice.[5]
The developers decided to use the existing IPA alphabet, mapping each segment to a single keyboard character, and adding extra ASCII characters optionally for IPA diacritics.
An early (1993), different set in ASCII was derived from the pronunciation guide in Merriam-Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, which uses straight letters to describe the sound.[6]
Kirshenbaum's document, Representing IPA phonetics in ASCII, is commonly used as an example of an "IPA ASCII" system.[7]
The eSpeak software speech synthesizer uses the Kirshenbaum scheme to represent phonemes with ascii characters.
Encoding
IETF language tags have registered as a variant subtag identifying text as transcribed in this convention.[8]
Notes and references
References
External links
pronounced as /navigation/
| 