Kirkland & Ellis Explained

Firm Name:	Kirkland & Ellis LLP
Firm Logo:	Logo - Blue.svg
Num Offices:	21^[1]
Num Attorneys:	3,514 (2024)^[2]
Num Employees:	5,721 (2021)^[3]
Key People:	Jon A. Ballis,^[4] chairman, global management executive committee
Revenue:	US$7.2 billion (2023)^[5]
Profit Per Equity Partner:	US$7.9 million (2023)
Founder:	Robert R. McCormick
Company Type:	Limited liability partnership

Kirkland & Ellis LLP is an American multinational law firm headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. Founded in 1909, Kirkland & Ellis is the largest law firm in the world by revenue and the seventh-largest by number of attorneys.^[6] It was the first law firm in the world to reach US$7 billion in annual revenue.^[7]

Many attorneys from the firm have served as federal officials or judges, including United States Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh and former Attorneys General William Barr and Robert Bork.^{[8] [9]}

History

In 1909, two attorneys, Stuart G. Shepard and Robert R. McCormick, formed the Chicago-based partnership that would eventually become Kirkland & Ellis. McCormick was the grandson of Joseph Medill, who had founded the Chicago Tribune. McCormick became president of the Tribune Company in 1914 and, in 1925, sole publisher of the Tribune.^[10]

Weymouth Kirkland and his associate Howard Ellis joined the firm in 1915. Kirkland served as chief counsel to the Tribune and other newspapers in various free speech and defamation cases, including Near v. Minnesota. In 1938, Kirkland and Ellis hired young trial lawyer Hammond Chaffetz from the U.S. Department of Justice. Chaffetz spent six decades with the firm, during which it grew to about 780 lawyers, making it one of the 30 largest in the country.^[11] Kirkland & Ellis has 20 offices in six countries.^[12]

In 2020, "Kirkland, along with some other out-of-town firms like Sidley Austin and Latham & Watkins," have been reported in media as using "aggressive lateral recruiting to draw from New York's dealmaking talent pool."^{[13] [14]} The firm earned just under $5 billion in revenue in 2020.^[5] The increase came from heightened demand, induced by the COVID-19 pandemic.^[15]

As of 2022, Kirkland & Ellis claimed 490 equity partners and 763 non-equity partners. The firm saw over $6 billion in annual gross revenues, which was the most of any law firm that year.^[16]

Rankings

The American Lawyer ranked Kirkland & Ellis as the 2018 Law Firm of the Year.^[17] "Mergers & Acquisitions" ranked Kirkland & Ellis as the 2019 Law Firm of the Year for advising on 400 U.S. based-deals (more than twice that of the firm ranked second), and for advising on the largest number of global deals, in each case, in 2019.^[18] As of 2021, Am Law lists Kirkland & Ellis as the largest law firm in the United States by gross revenue and third greatest in profits per equity partner.^[19] Kirkland & Ellis was ranked second in the 2017 ATL Power 100 law firm rankings.^[20] Vault ranked Kirkland & Ellis as the most prestigious firm in Chicago and the number-one firm in the U.S. for private equity, restructuring and business outlook in 2018.^[21]

Notable clients and cases

• Brown & Williamson, a tobacco company.^{[22] [23]} In 1995, Kirkland & Ellis made legal threats against CBS to prevent it from airing a 60 Minutes interview with tobacco industry whistleblower Jeffrey Wigand.^[24]
• Bristol-Myers Squibb in its US$90 billion acquisition of Celgene, the largest biopharmaceutical deal in history by terms of transaction value^[25]
• AbbVie in its US$63 billion acquisition of Allergan,^[26] which received the New York 2020 Healthcare, Pharma & Biotech Deal of the Year award by The Deal (magazine).^[27]
• GLP in its sale of U.S. Logistics Business to Blackstone for US$18.7 billion, the largest ever private real estate transaction globally in terms of trade value^[28]
• BP in relation to the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill;^[29] secured a summary judgment ruling in favor of BP that it had no duty to report the Deepwater Horizon oil spill under the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
• Volkswagen in relation to the Volkswagen emissions scandal^[30]
• General Motors in relation to the General Motors ignition switch scandal^[31]
• Defended Nike, Inc. against trademark infringement claims regarding the Jumpman logo^[31]
• AbbVie, pharmaceutical company spun-off from Abbott Laboratories in 2013, in a royalty dispute with MedImmune; won a $93.8 million jury award^[31]
• MedTronic in a patent suit won against Atlas IP, LLC^[31]
• Miller UK Ltd., acquired a $73.6 million trade secrets misappropriation jury award against Caterpillar Inc.^[32]
• Jeffrey Epstein in a case of sex-trafficking with minors, resulting in a reduced charge plea bargain with limited penalties, which later garnered "accusations that the lenient sentence enabled Epstein to continue his abuse."^[33] Evaded legal obligation^[34] to notify victims of the plea bargain, thereby violating victims rights under the CVRA, by holding secret meetings with Alex Acosta's staff in the Marriott hotel^[35]
• Toys R Us restructuring^[36]
• A group of major investors in the international fish meal industry, in connection with their claims against China Fishery^[37]
• Cariol Horne 2020 action for reinstatement to the Buffalo Police Department, having been fired in 2008 for intervening in an arrest that she perceived as being potentially lethal^[38]
• Kirkland & Ellis represented Boeing in relation to the Boeing 737 MAX disaster. Controversially, the U.S. Attorney in the case, Erin Nealy Cox, let Boeing executives off the hook for their role in the disaster in the prosecution agreement signed by her and Kirkland & Ellis. She was subsequently made a partner at Kirkland & Ellis.^[39]

Pro bono work

The firm represented separated families, asylum seekers and other migrants, and nationwide class of immigrant teens held in ICE detention centers, in opposition to Trump administration family separation policy.^{[40] [41]}

Kirkland attorney Michael D. Jones represented alumni and supporters of Maryland’s historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in a 15-year legal battle against the State of Maryland.^[42] The case, brought in federal court, claimed that the state had systemically underfunded the schools for decades.^[43] The matter was finally settled in 2021 when lawmakers approved $577 million in extra funding for the HBCUs in future state budgets.^[44] As part of the settlement, the state of Maryland agreed to pay $22 million in legal fees and costs, with $12.5 million going to Kirkland & Ellis. The remaining $9.5 million went to the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under the Law, which also provided legal representation for plaintiffs in the lawsuit.^[45] Kirkland’s $12.5 million portion of the fees was later donated by the firm^[46] to a series of organizations that benefitted HBCUs and promoted civil rights. The allocation of fees included: $5 million to the Center for Racial Justice at Dillard University in New Orleans; $3 million to Morgan State University’s Robert M. Bell Center for Civil Rights in Education; $2 million for the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under the Law; $1 million to the National Association for Equal Opportunity in Higher Education; $600,000 to Howard University’s Thurgood Marshall Civil Rights Center; $600,000 to the Coalition for Equity and Excellence in Maryland Higher Education; and $250,000 to the African Methodist Episcopal Church Second District.

Notable attorneys and alumni

Notable alumni of the firm include, among others, more than two dozen attorneys who resigned when appointed to roles in government.^[47] Alumni include:

• Alexander Acosta – former Secretary of Labor under President Donald Trump^[48]
• Alex Azar – Secretary of Health and Human Services^[49]
• William Barr – 85th United States Attorney General under President Donald Trump and former 77th United States Attorney General under President George H. W. Bush^[50]
• John Bolton – former National Security Advisor under President Donald Trump^[51]
• Robert Bork – former Judge of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit and former Solicitor General under President Richard Nixon^[52]
• Daniel Bress – Judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit^[53]
• Rubén Castillo – former United States District Judge for United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois^[54]
• Pat Cipollone – White House Counsel under President Donald Trump
• Jeffrey Clark – United States Assistant Attorney General for the Environment and Natural Resources Division under President Donald Trump; acting head of the Civil Division under President Donald Trump.^[55] Clark aided Trump in his unsuccessful efforts to overturn the 2020 election results.^{[56] [57]}
• Paul Clement – former Solicitor General under President George W. Bush^[58] In June 2022, following his clients' Supreme Court victory in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association, Inc. v. Bruen, Clement separated from Kirkland & Ellis, after the firm announced it would "no longer handle Second Amendment litigation".^[59] Subsequently, Clement opened a boutique law firm, Clement & Murphy PLLC, with Erin Murphy, another former partner at Kirkland & Ellis.^{[60] [61]}
• Viet D. Dinh – Chief Legal Officer at 21st Century Fox,^[62] former Assistant Attorney General under President George W. Bush^[63] and chief architect of the USA PATRIOT Act^[64]
• John C. Eastman – former professor at Chapman University School of Law who advised President Donald Trump on the legal strategy to overturn the 2020 presidential election. ^{[65] [66]}
• Neil Eggleston – former White House Counsel under President Barack Obama^[67]
• Mark Filip – former Judge of the District Court for the Northern District of Illinois and former Deputy Attorney General under President George W. Bush^[68]
• Josh Hammer – Newsweek senior editor-at-large, syndicated columnist, and host of The Josh Hammer Show
• Brett Kavanaugh – Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States^[69]
• Robert Khuzami – Deputy United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York,^[70] former Director of the Division of Enforcement of the Securities and Exchange Commission and former General Counsel of Deutsche Bank^[71]
• Raja Krishnamoorthi – U.S. Representative from Illinois's 8th congressional district^[72]
• Christopher Landau – former US Ambassador to Mexico under President Donald Trump^[73]
• Jay Lefkowitz – former Special Envoy for Human Rights in North Korea and Director of Cabinet Affairs under President George W. Bush^{[69] [74]}
• Lisa Madigan – former Illinois Attorney General from 2003 to 2019^{[75] [76]}
• Sean Patrick Maloney – former U.S. Representative from New York's 18th congressional district^[77]
• Dallin H. Oaks – First Counselor of the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints^[78]
• Jeffrey A. Rosen – Deputy Secretary of Transportation and Deputy Attorney General^[79] and acting United States Attorney General under President Donald Trump^[80]
• Nathan Sales – Coordinator for Counterterrorism and Acting Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights^[81]
• Mikie Sherrill – U.S. Representative for ^[82]
• Ken Starr – Whitewater special prosecutor and former Solicitor General under President George H. W. Bush^[83]
• Jeff Wall – Principal Deputy Solicitor General under President Donald Trump and former acting Solicitor General^[84]
• Ali Zaidi – first deputy White House National Climate Advisor in U.S. history (under President Joe Biden)^[85]

Endowed professorships

The firm has endowed professorships in its name at four law schools: Harvard Law School,^[86] Northwestern University School of Law,^[87] University of Michigan Law School,^{[88] [89]} and the University of Chicago Law School.^[90]

See also

• List of largest law firms by revenue
• List of largest law firms by profits per partner

References

Notes

Further reading

• Book: Stewart, James . James B. Stewart . The Partners: Inside America's Most Powerful Law Firms . Simon & Schuster . New York . 1983 . 0-671-42023-2 . The Partners (book) .

External links

Notes and References

1. Web site: Kirkland & Ellis LLP . Law.com . 3 October 2024.
2. Web site: Kirkland & Ellis LLP . Law.com . 3 October 2024.
3. Web site: Kirkland & Ellis Company Profile . Craft.co . 20 October 2021.
4. Web site: Kirkland & Ellis names new chairman. Dec 10, 2018. Crain's Chicago Business. January 22, 2020.
5. Web site: Kirkland & Ellis LLP . Law.com . October 26, 2024.
6. Web site: Kirkland's Reign Continues as Firm Hits $4 Billion in Revenue. Law.com. March 27, 2020.
7. Web site: Kirkland Crosses $7B Mark, With Steady And Countercyclical Business Drivers. Law.com. September 17, 2024.
8. Web site: 2018-07-30 . Judge Kavanaugh on law and religion issues . 2023-09-09 . SCOTUSblog . en-US.
9. Web site: Kirkland & Ellis' Bill Barr Confirmed as Attorney General . 2023-09-09 . National Law Journal . en.
10. http://www.firstdivisionmuseum.org/research/mccormick.aspx "Robert R. McCormick Biography", First Division Museum. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
11. News: H. E. Chaffetz, 93, Lawyer On Antitrust and Price Fixing. Johnston. David Cay. 2001-01-17. The New York Times. 0362-4331. 2016-12-12.
12. Web site: Kirkland & Ellis. Forbes. December 15, 2020. November 23, 2020.
13. Web site: Wall Street 'Nightmare' Alive as Kirkland Poaches From Wachtell. 2020-07-14. news.bloomberglaw.com. en.
14. News: Stewart. James B.. 2018-04-26. $11 Million a Year for a Law Partner? Bidding War Grows at Top-Tier Firms. en-US. The New York Times. 2020-07-14. 0362-4331.
15. News: Beioley . Kate . Massoudi . Arash . Kirkland & Ellis revenue set to surge to $5bn on private equity deals . February 3, 2021 . Financial Times.
16. News: Sloan . Karen . October 5, 2022 . Kirkland promotes record new partner class despite industry slowdown . October 3, 2024 . Reuters.
17. Web site: Kirkland & Ellis Named Law Firm of the Year at American Lawyer Industry Awards. Ben. Seal . December 5, 2018 . The American Lawyer. January 22, 2020.
18. Web site: Kirkland & Ellis wins Law Firm of the Year for closing 400 U.S. PE deals. Ben. Seal . The Middle Market. April 2, 2020. May 29, 2020.
19. Web site: Against All Odds, The Am Law 100 Were Stunningly Successful in 2020 . September 4, 2021.
20. News: The ATL 2017 Power 100 Law Firm Rankings. Shepherd. David Lat, Elie Mystal, Staci Zaretsky, Kashmir Hill, Marin, Mark Herrmann, Jay. Above the Law. 2016-12-13. en-US.
21. Web site: Kirkland & Ellis LLP. Vault. June 15, 2018.
22. News: Janofsky. Michael. 2005-08-16. U.S. tobacco firms heading back to court (Published 2005). en-US. The New York Times. 2020-12-16. 0362-4331.
23. Book: Crotty, William J.. The State of Democracy in America. 2001-08-06. Georgetown University Press. 978-1-58901-468-8. 208. en.
24. Book: Munk, Nina. Fools Rush In: Steve Case, Jerry Levin, and the Unmaking of AOL Time Warner. 2009-10-13. Zondervan. 978-0-06-174374-0. 270. en.
25. Web site: Bristol-Myers to buy Celgene for $74 billion in largest biopharma deal. Michael. Erman. Ankur. Banerjee. January 3, 2019. Reuters.
26. Web site: Kirkland, Wachtell Advise On AbbVie's $63B Merger With Allergan. Meghan. Tribe. June 25, 2019. Bloomberg.
27. Web site: The Deal Awards New York 2020 Winners . January 3, 2019. Reuters.
28. Web site: Blackstone in record $18.7 billion deal to buy U.S. warehouse assets from GLP. Anshuman. Daga. Sabahatjahan. Contractor. June 3, 2019. Reuters.
29. News: Meet the lead attorneys involved in the BP oil spill trial. The Times-Picayune . Thompson . Richard . February 22, 2013. July 24, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20130226025316/http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2013/02/bp_oil_spill_trial_attorneys_d.html. February 26, 2013. dead.
30. News: Ruddick . Graham . Volkswagen hires BP oil spill lawyers to defend emissions cases . July 25, 2019 . The Guardian . September 23, 2015.
31. Web site: Litigation Powerhouse: Kirkland & Ellis LLP. Law360. 2016-12-12. subscription. July 29, 2016.
32. Web site: Litigation Powerhouse: Kirkland & Ellis LLP. Law360. 2016-12-13. subscription. July 29, 2016.
33. Web site: Lawyer: Epstein's Abuse Continued While He Was on Work Release From Jail. Adam K.. Raymond. July 16, 2019. Intelligencer.
34. Doe v. United States of America. 411. F. Supp. 3d. 3121. S.D. Fl.. 2019. https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCOURTS-flsd-9_08-cv-80736/USCOURTS-flsd-9_08-cv-80736-2.
35. Web site: How a future Trump Cabinet member gave a serial sex abuser the deal of a lifetime. Miami Herald. November 28, 2018. Julie K.. Brown. November 28, 2018.
36. Web site: Kirkland Secures $56M in Fees for Toys R Us Bankruptcy. Samantha. Stokes. June 10, 2019. The American Lawyer. January 22, 2020.
37. News: 2015-11-26. China Fishery Bonds Plunge as HSBC Seeks to Wind Up Company. Christopher. Langner. Lianting. Tu. en. Bloomberg. 2020-09-09. subscription.
38. News: Fired Buffalo police officer who contends she stopped another cop from choking a man finds new support — in Chicago. Annie. Sweeney. Chicago Tribune. October 26, 2020. November 8, 2020.
39. Web site: 2021-10-14. Boeing's former chief technical pilot on 737 MAX indicted on fraud charges. 2021-10-15. The Seattle Times. en-US.
40. News: Kanno-Youngs . Zolan . April 23, 2020 . As Coronavirus Threatens, Teenage Migrants 'Age Out' Into ICE Jails Those initially detained by the government's Office of Refugee Resettlement are being held until their 18th birthday, then transferred to ICE custody. . The New York Times . May 5, 2021.
41. News: Moore . Robert . May 29, 2019 . 'He Started Calling Me Papa Again': A Separated Migrant Father and Son Reunite After 378 Days Apart . Texas Monthly . May 6, 2021.
42. Web site: Todd . Ross . November 18, 2021 . Kirkland Donates $12.5M in Legal Fees from Maryland HBCU Case to Schools and Civil Rights Orgs . 2023-02-12 . Litigation Daily The American Lawyer . en.
43. News: Hogan signs off on $577 million for Maryland's historically Black colleges and universities . en-US . Washington Post . 2023-02-12 . 0190-8286.
44. Web site: 2021-04-28 . Maryland finalizes $577M settlement for HBCU federal lawsuit . 2023-02-12 . AP NEWS . en.
45. News: Law firm that won settlement in Md. HBCU case donating $12.5 million in fees . en-US . Washington Post . 2023-02-12 . 0190-8286.
46. Web site: 2021-11-19 . Law firm donates HBCU suit fees to schools, nonprofits . 2023-02-12 . AP NEWS . en.
47. https://projects.propublica.org/trump-town/organizations/kirkland-ellis-llp "Kirkland & Ellis LLP", ProPublica. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
48. News: Senate Confirms R. Alexander Acosta as Labor Secretary. Salam. Maya. 2017-04-27. The New York Times. 2019-12-04. en-US. 0362-4331.
49. Web site: Secretary of Health and Human Services: Who Is Alex Azar?. AllGov. January 22, 2020.
50. News: Barr Is Confirmed on Voice Vote As 77th Attorney General of U.S.. Johnston. David. 1991-11-21. The New York Times. 2019-02-05. en-US. 0362-4331.
51. News: Trump Chooses Bolton for 3rd Security Adviser as Shake-Up Continues. The New York Times. March 22, 2018 . June 25, 2018. Landler . Mark . Haberman . Maggie .
52. Web site: Kirkland & Ellis Fondly Remembers Former Partner Robert Bork | News | Kirkland & Ellis LLP. www.kirkland.com. January 22, 2020.
53. Web site: Bress confirmation. January 22, 2020.
54. News: Murphy. H. Lee. Ruben Castillo Judge, U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. Crain's Chicago Business. May 13, 2021.
55. President Donald J. Trump Announces Key Additions to his Administration. June 21, 2017. National Archives. whitehouse.gov. June 6, 2017.
56. News: Benner. Katie. January 23, 2021. Trump and Justice Dept. Lawyer Said to Have Plotted to Oust Acting Attorney General. The New York Times.
57. News: Benner. Katie. 2021-10-07. Report Cites New Details of Trump Pressure on Justice Dept. Over Election. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-10-15. 0362-4331.
58. Web site: Solicitor General: Paul D. Clement. 2014-10-23. www.justice.gov. en. 2019-12-04.
59. Web site: Gerstein . Josh . Firm splits with lawyers who won gun rights case at Supreme Court . Politico.com . June 23, 2022 . Politico . 24 June 2022.
60. News: Murphy . Paul Clement and Erin . 2022-06-23 . Opinion The Law Firm That Got Tired of Winning . en-US . Wall Street Journal . 2022-07-29 . 0099-9660.
61. Web site: Paul D. Clement, Appellate Lawyer . 2022-07-29 . Clement & Murphy . en.
62. News: Viet Dinh to Become Chief Legal Officer of the New Fox. Flint. Joe. 2018-09-17. Wall Street Journal. 2018-10-02. en-US. 0099-9660.
63. News: Palazzolo. Joe. 2016-09-12. Kirkland & Ellis to Absorb Bancroft. en-US. Wall Street Journal. 2020-09-17. 0099-9660.
64. Web site: Chief Architect of Patriot Act to Quit. 2003-05-14. Los Angeles Times. en-US. 2019-12-04.
65. Web site: 2021-01-14. Controversial law professor John Eastman retires from Chapman University. 2021-01-23. Orange County Register. en-US.
66. Web site: Claremont Institute Recovering the American Idea. 2021-01-23. www.claremont.org.
67. Web site: With Legal Storm Looming, Pat Cipollone May Be Perfect for White House Counsel. Cristian. Farias. October 17, 2018. Intelligencer. January 22, 2020.
68. Web site: Mark Filip, P.C. | Lawyers | Kirkland & Ellis LLP. www.kirkland.com. January 22, 2020.
69. Web site: Brett Kavanaugh Is a Mensch. . Aug 29, 2018. January 22, 2020.
70. News: Ex-S.E.C. Official, Robert Khuzami, Joins Manhattan U.S. Attorney's Office. The New York Times . January 5, 2018 . 2018-10-02. en. Weiser . Benjamin .
71. Web site: Deutsche Bank Appoints Robert Khuzami General Counsel for The Americas. 2004-01-13. www.businesswire.com. en. 2019-12-04.
72. News: Petrella. Dan. September 11, 2019. Former Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan joining law firm Kirkland & Ellis as litigation partner. Chicago Tribune. May 6, 2021.
73. Web site: 2019-08-16. U.S. Ambassador to Mexico - Christopher Landau. 2021-04-14. U.S. Embassy & Consulates in Mexico. en-US.
74. Web site: Lefkowitz, Jay. Department Of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Electronic Information. 2001-2009.state.gov. January 22, 2020.
75. News: Sfondeles. Tina. September 11, 2019. Former AG Lisa Madigan joins Kirkland & Ellis. Chicago Sun-Times. May 6, 2021.
76. News: Petrella. Dan. September 11, 2019. Former Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan joining law firm Kirkland & Ellis as litigation partner. Chicago Tribune. May 6, 2021.
77. News: Paybarah. Azi. December 9, 2008. Spitzer Aide to Join Spitzer Prosecutor at Kirkland & Ellis. Observer. May 6, 2021.
78. Web site: President Dallin H. Oaks. www.churchofjesuschrist.org. 2019-12-04.
79. News: U.S. Senate confirms Jeffrey Rosen as No. 2 Justice Department official. 2019-05-17. Reuters. 2019-12-04. en.
80. Web site: Evan. Perez. Trump's acting attorney general leaves without creating controversial special counsels. 2021-01-23. CNN. January 20, 2021 .
81. Web site: Nathan A. Sales. United States Department of State. en-US. 2019-12-04.
82. News: 2007 New York, Summer Associates: Rebecca Sherrill. Kirkland & Ellis. 2007.
83. Web site: John Bolton joins Ken Starr at Kirkland & Ellis.. . March 11, 2008 . January 22, 2020.
84. News: Supreme Court Appears Unlikely to Expand Gun Rights in New York Case. Bravin. Jess. Wall Street Journal. December 2, 2019. en-US. 2019-12-04.
85. Web site: Bogardus. Kevin. Cama. Timothy. March 22, 2021. White HOuse: Biden's climate deputy has fossil fuel ties. 2021-03-22. www.eenews.net. en.
86. Web site: Klarman, taking Kirkland & Ellis Chair, examines 'Racial Equality in American History' (video) – Harvard Law Today. Harvard Law Today. September 23, 2015.
87. Web site: Permanent. northwestern.edu. September 23, 2015. September 23, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923192736/http://www.law.northwestern.edu/research-faculty/faculty/chairs/permanent/. dead.
88. Web site: Chicago firm endows Law School professorship. umich.edu. September 23, 2015.
89. Web site: Clark, Sherman J. – University of Michigan Law School. umich.edu. September 23, 2015.
90. Web site: Eric Posner. uchicago.edu. May 27, 2009 . September 23, 2015.