Kinwamakwad (Long) Lake Explained

Kinwamakwad Lake
Other Name:
  • Long Lake
  • West Long Lake
  • East Long Lake
Location:Marenisco Township, Michigan,
United States
Coordinates:46.2359°N -89.4989°W[1]
Type:mesotropic
Catchment:16.4ha[2]
Area:8.1ha
Depth:3.8m (12.5feet)
Max-Depth:14m (46feet)
Volume:318084m2
Residence Time:2 years
Shore:800m (2,600feet)
Elevation:514m (1,686feet)
Frozen:Ice covered typically from November to April[3]
Pushpin Map:Michigan

Kinwamakwad Lake, also known as Long Lake, is a seepage at the University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center in Gogebic County, Michigan. The lake has been studied since the mid-1900s and used as an experimental lake for ecological studies.

Description

Kinwamakwad Lake is an hourglass-shaped lake with two deep basins to the East and West and a shallower portion in the middle of the lake. The name "Kinwamakwad" possibly comes from the Ojibwe word ginwaakwad, meaning "it is long, is tall".[4] [5]

Ecological studies

Kinwamakwad Lake has been studied for several decades and is a part of the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network.[6] The lake has been used in several whole-lake experiments examining the effects of nutrients and food web structure on lake productivity[7] [8] as well as the effects of dissolved organic carbon on lake productivity.[9] [10]

Records

A pair of the unofficial world's largest secchi disks reside in Kinwamakwad Lake, with both disks measuring 2.44 meters in diameter.[11]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey . April 14, 1980. [{{Gnis3|1620438}} Kinwamakwad Lake ]. January 9, 2019.
  2. Zwart. Jacob A.. Craig. Nicola. Kelly. Patrick T.. Sebestyen. Stephen D.. Solomon. Christopher T.. Weidel. Brian C.. Jones. Stuart E.. 2016. Metabolic and physiochemical responses to a whole-lake experimental increase in dissolved organic carbon in a north-temperate lake. Limnology and Oceanography. en. 61. 2. 723–734. 10.1002/lno.10248. 2016LimOc..61..723Z. 1939-5590. free.
  3. Hararuk. Oleksandra. Zwart. Jacob A.. Jones. Stuart E.. Prairie. Yves. Solomon. Christopher T.. 2018. Model-Data Fusion to Test Hypothesized Drivers of Lake Carbon Cycling Reveals Importance of Physical Controls. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences. en. 123. 3. 1130–1142. 10.1002/2017JG004084. 2018JGRG..123.1130H. 2169-8961. free.
  4. Book: Bright, William. Native American Placenames of the United States. 2004. University of Oklahoma Press. 978-0-8061-3598-4. en.
  5. Web site: The Ojibwe People's Dictionary. ojibwe.lib.umn.edu. 2020-04-14.
  6. Web site: West Long Lake (Kinwamakwad Lake) GLEON. gleon.org. 2019-01-10.
  7. Christensen. David L.. Carpenter. Stephen R.. Cottingham. Kathryn L.. Kathryn L. Cottingham. Knight. Susan E.. LeBouton. Joseph P.. Schindler. Daniel E.. Voichick. Nicholas. Cole. Jonathan J.. Pace. Michael L.. 1996. Pelagic responses to changes in dissolved organic carbon following division of a seepage lake. Limnology and Oceanography. en. 41. 3. 553–559. 10.4319/lo.1996.41.3.0553. 1996LimOc..41..553C. 1939-5590.
  8. Carpenter. Stephen R.. Christensen. David L.. Cole. Jonathan J.. Cottingham. Kathryn L.. Kathryn L. Cottingham. He. Xi.. Hodgson. James R.. Kitchell. James F.. Knight. Susan E.. Pace. Michael L.. 1995-03-01. Biological Control of Eutrophication in Lakes. Environmental Science & Technology. 29. 3. 784–786. 10.1021/es00003a028. 1995EnST...29..784C. 0013-936X.
  9. Kelly. Patrick T.. Craig. Nicola. Solomon. Christopher T.. Weidel. Brian C.. Zwart. Jacob A.. Jones. Stuart E.. 2016. Experimental whole-lake increase of dissolved organic carbon concentration produces unexpected increase in crustacean zooplankton density. Global Change Biology. en. 22. 8. 2766–2775. 10.1111/gcb.13260. 26919470. 2016GCBio..22.2766K. 1365-2486.
  10. Canadian Science Publishing. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 75. 11. 1859–1867. 10.1139/cjfas-2017-0283. 2018. Koizumi. Shuntaro. Craig. Nicola. Zwart. Jacob A.. Kelly. Patrick T.. Ziegler. Jacob P.. Weidel. Brian C.. Jones. Stuart E.. Solomon. Christopher T..
  11. Jones. Stuart E.. 2017. The University of Notre Dame Environmental Research Center (UNDERC): Sixty-Five Years of Whole-Ecosystem Manipulations and Counting. Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin. en. 26. 2. 38–40. 10.1002/lob.10178. 1539-6088. free.

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