Kinmen Explained

Kinmen
Native Name:金門縣
Native Name Lang:zh-Hant
Other Name:Quemoy
Settlement Type:County
Seal Type:Logo
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Type1:Province
Subdivision Name1:Fukien (nominal subdivision)
Subdivision Type2:Region
Iso Code:TW-KIN
Seat Type:Seat
Seat:Jincheng (Chincheng, Kincheng)
Seat1 Type:Largest city
Seat1:Jincheng
Parts:6 (3 urban, 3 rural)
37 (24 urban, 13 rural)
Parts Type:Townships
Villages
Leader Title1:County Magistrate
Leader Name1:Chen Fu-hai
Area Total Km2:150.456
Area Footnotes:[1] [2]
Area Water Percent:0
Area Rank:20 of 22
Population Total:127723
Population As Of:March 2020
Population Rank:20 of 22
Population Density Km2:2777.91
Timezone:National Standard Time
Utc Offset:+8
Module:
Embedded:yes
County:Kinmen
Flower:Four-season orchid
Tree:Cotton tree
Population Demonym:Kinmenese
Kinmen
T:金門
Bpmf:ㄐㄧㄣ   ㄇㄣˊ
W:Chin1-mên2
P:Jīnmén
Tp:Jinmén
Mps:Jīnmén
Gr:Jinmen
Myr:Jīnmén
Psp:Kinmen
Poj:Kim-mn̂g (locally)
or Kim-mûi
Tl:Kim-mn̂g (locally)
or Kim-muî
Phfs:Kîm-mùn
Buc:Gĭng-muòng
J:Gam1-mun4
Also Known As:Kinmen county
T2:金門縣
Bpmf2:ㄐㄧㄣ   ㄇㄣˊ   ㄒㄧㄢˋ
W2:Chin1-mên2 Hsien4
P2:Jīnmén Xiàn
Tp2:Jinmén siàn
Mps2:Jīnmén shiàn
Gr2:Jinmen shiann
Myr2:Jīnmén syàn
Showflag:ppoj
Poj2:Kim-mn̂g-koān (locally)
or Kim-mûi-koān
Tl2:Kim-mn̂g-kuān (locally)
or Kim-muî-kuān
Phfs2:Kîm-mùn-yen
Buc2:Gĭng-muòng gâing
J2:Gam1-mun4 jyun6

Kinmen, alternatively known as Quemoy, is a group of islands governed as a county by the Republic of China (Taiwan), only 10km (10miles) east from the city of Xiamen in Fujian, located at the southeastern coast of the People's Republic of China, from which they are separated by Xiamen Bay. Kinmen is also located 187km (116miles) west from the closest shoreline of the island of Taiwan across the Taiwan Strait.

The county consists of the major island of Kinmen along with several surrounding islets, as well as Wuqiu Township remotely located 133km (83miles) northeast from the rest of the county.[3] Kinmen is one of two counties that constitute Fuchien Province; the other is Lienchiang County (Matsu).

Kinmen's strategic location in the Taiwan Strait has caused numerous confrontations, making it a visible embodiment of political change on Cross-Strait relations. In August 1958, Kinmen was heavily bombarded by the People's Liberation Army during the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis. Travel restrictions between Kinmen and the main island of Taiwan were lifted in 1994 following the end of decades-long military administration over Kinmen. A direct ferry route to Xiamen was inaugurated in January 2001 following the establishment of the Three Links.[4]

The People's Republic of China (PRC, China) claims Kinmen as part of its own Fujian Province and considers Wuqiu to be a separate territory of Fujian apart from Kinmen itself; conversely, the ROC claims the Dadeng Islands (Tateng) as part of Kinmen, even though the PRC has effectively transferred the jurisdiction of those islands to Xiamen.

Names

Kinmen (金門) means 'golden gate'. The name was first recorded in 1387 when the Hongwu Emperor appointed Zhou Dexing to administer the island and protect it from pirate attacks.[5] The spelling "Kinmen" is a postal romanization.[6] This transcription system is a variation of Nanking Syllabary, a system developed by Herbert Giles in 1892.[7] It was adopted by the Chinese Imperial Post, part of the Chinese Maritime Customs Service led by Irishman Robert Hart. It is based on pronunciation in the Southern Mandarin, or Jianghuai, dialect. This dialect is widely spoken in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces, including the city of Nanjing. The Taiwanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs uses "Kinmen,"[8] while the United States Board on Geographic Names gives "Kinmen Island." Jinmen is the island's name both in Tongyong Pinyin and in Hanyu Pinyin.[9] Chin-men / Chinmen is the Wade–Giles romanization of the county and island's name.[10]

Quemoy, pronounced, is a name for the island in English and in other European languages.[11] It may have originated as a Spanish or Portuguese transcription of the Zhangzhou Hokkien pronunciation of the name, Kim-mûi. This is the most common form of the islands' name in English. For example, works that deal with the First and Second Taiwan Strait Crises (the Quemoy Incident) and the 1960 United States presidential election debates when the islands received prominent worldwide news coverage all use the word Quemoy. In addition, the former National Kinmen Institute of Technology was renamed National Quemoy University in 2010. Kinmen scholar Wei Jian-feng advocates the use of the word Quemoy to better connect the island to "international society or achieve more recognition in the world".[12] Kimoi is a Hokkien-derived spelling also used in the postal romanization system.[13] [14]

History

Humans have lived on Kinmen for 5,800 to 8,000 years. During the reign of Emperor Yuan (317 CE), the Five Barbarians invasion of China led six extended families to flee south and they settled in Kinmen, then called Wuzhou.[15] More people settled there during the Tang dynasty, changing the name from Wuzhou to Kinmen.[16]

During the Ming dynasty, more migrants settled in Kinmen. Koxinga used Kinmen as a base to capture Formosa and Penghu from the Dutch. He cut down trees to build his navy, resulting in massive deforestation that made Kinmen vulnerable to soil erosion.[16]

The Prince of Lu, a member of the Southern Ming dynasty, resisted the invading Manchu Qing dynasty forces. In 1651, he fled to Kinmen, which the Qing dynasty took in 1663.[17] During the Qing Dynasty, the Kinmen area was part of Tungan County.

After the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC) in 1912, Kinmen became part of Fujian Province. In 1913, the Kinmen area was made part of Siming County. Kinmen County was established in 1914. In 1928, the county came under direct administration of the provincial government.

The Empire of Japan captured Kinmen in 1937 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. They blockaded the island on September 3 and landed on October 23. Fighting was light with ROC forces fleeing rather than fighting. The only casualty was sustained by a local self-defense unit. Many of the residents fled to the mainland or to Southeast Asia. The purpose of the Japanese seizure of Kinmen was to use it as a position from which to attack the neighboring city of Xiamen which they would seize in May 1938. Following the seizure of Xiamen many of the locals who had fled there returned to Kinmen.

After the capture of the island the county government went into exile in Dadeng.[18] The Japanese administered Kinmen as a special municipality of Xiamen, the government was composed of locals, people from other parts of occupied China, and Taiwanese.

A poor harvest in 1938 brought challenges for islanders. The Japanese engaged in economic development of the island including through the use of forced labor. KMT forces engaged in two serious attempts to retake the island and kept up a low level campaign against the Japanese. In 1943 insurgents kidnapped two Taiwanese officials who had been overseeing the salt fields and took them to China before executing them. In retaliation the Japanese authorities rounded up 300 young men from the local community eventually executing four.

Towards the end of WWII conditions worsened with Japanese authorities conscripting 500 locals (with their mules) into the military and confiscating household goods. The island came under allied bombing including one attack on Aug. 30, 1944 which killed 19 locals.

WWII ended in Aug. 15, 1945 with the surrender of Japan. Following the end of the war there were attacks by locals against Taiwanese who took shelter with the Japanese garrison. Kinmen was effectively ungoverned until Oct. 3, 1945 when ROC forces landed and installed a new government. A celebration on Oct. 10 marked the end of hostilities. Locals who had survived the war following their conscription by the Japanese were treated as traitors by the KMT occupation authorities.[19]

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) by the Chinese Communists in October 1949, Kinmen County was claimed by both the Nationalists and the Communists. Dadeng, Xiaodeng and Jiaoyu were taken by the Communists on 9 October or 15 October, 1949. While those islands are still claimed by the ROC,[20] they are governed as part of Dadeng Subdistrict, Xiang'an District, Xiamen, Fujian, China.[21] [22]

On 25 October 1949, People's Liberation Army (PLA) forces landed on Kinmen Island near Guningtou beginning the Battle of Kuningtou. ROC forces successfully defended the island and prevented an attack on Taiwan.

At the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950, retired Admiral Charles M. Cooke Jr., advisor to President Chiang Kai-shek, opposed withdrawing ROC forces from Quemoy (Kinmen).[23] On 26 July 1950, ROC forces on Dadan Island (Tatan), in total 298 soldiers, repulsed an attack (大擔島戰役) from a People's Liberation Army force of 700 soldiers that landed on the island.[24] General Douglas MacArthur and other US officials supported ROC efforts to defend the islands.[25] The PLA extensively shelled the island during the First and Second Taiwan Strait crises in 1954–1955 and 1958 respectively. In 1954, the United States considered responding by using nuclear weapons against the PRC.[26] Again in 1958, General Nathan Farragut Twining and the Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the United States should not permit the loss of the islands to the communists and recommended to President Eisenhower the use of whatever force was necessary, including atomic weapons.[27]

The phrase "Quemoy and Matsu" became part of American political language in the 1960 U.S. presidential election. During the debates, both candidates, Vice-president Richard Nixon and Senator John F. Kennedy, pledged to use American forces if necessary to protect Taiwan from invasion by the PRC, which the United States did not recognize as a legitimate government. But in the second debate on 7 October 1960, the two candidates presented different opinions about whether to use American forces to protect Taiwan's forward positions, Quemoy and Matsu, also. Senator Kennedy stated that these islands – as little as 9 kilometres (5.5 mi) off the coast of China and as much as 170 kilometres (106 mi) from Taiwan – were strategically indefensible and were not essential to the defense of Taiwan. Vice-president Nixon maintained that since Quemoy and Matsu were in the "area of freedom," they should not be surrendered to the Communists as a matter of principle.[28]

Earlier in the debate, then-Vice President Nixon mentioned:

Later in the debate, Edward P. Morgan asked then-Senator Kennedy:[29] [30] [31] [32]

Then-Senator Kennedy responded to Morgan's question saying:[33]

Then–Vice President Nixon retorted:

After the third debate on 13 October 1960, Kennedy's advisers spoke with then Secretary of State Herter and said Kennedy was willing to revise his position on the Quemoy and Matsu issue so as not to give the Communists the impression that the USA would not stand united against aggression. Nixon pointed out the change in Kennedy's position but decided not to press the point due to the importance of the USA's role in what was an extremely tense situation.[34] Nixon's polls among Republicans and Democrats showed overwhelming support for Nixon's position on the issue.[35]

Kinmen was originally a military reserve under the Martial Law curfews, which eventually led to the tragedies of innocent civilian casualties,[36] such as the 1985 Shi Islet Slaughter and 1987 Lieyu massacre.[37] [38] [39] The island was returned to the civilian government in the mid-1990s, after which travel to and from it was allowed. Direct travel between mainland China and Kinmen re-opened in January 2001 under the mini Three Links, and there has been extensive tourism development on the island in anticipation of mainland tourists.[40] Direct travel was suspended in 2003 as a result of the SARS outbreak, but has since resumed.[41]

Many Taiwanese businessmen use the link through Kinmen to enter the Chinese mainland, seeing it as cheaper and easier than entering through Hong Kong. However, this changed following the 2005 Pan–Blue visits to mainland China and the 2008 presidential and legislative victories of the KMT, that allowed easier cross-Strait relations. Kinmen has experienced a considerable economic boom as businessmen relocate to the island for easier access to the vast markets of the PRC.

On 30 June 2014, Dadan Island and Erdan Island were handed over from the military to civilians, represented by Kinmen County Government.[42] Since 1 January 2015, tourists from Mainland China could directly apply for the Exit and Entry Permit upon arrival in Kinmen. This privilege also applies to Penghu and Matsu Islands as means to boost tourism in the outlying islands of Taiwan.[43]

On 23 August 2019, the sixty-first anniversary of the beginning of the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis, President Tsai Ing-wen visited the Taiwushan martyrs' shrine (Chinese: 太武山忠烈祠) in Mount Taiwu where she placed flowers and offered incense.[44]

Geography

See also: List of islands of Taiwan. The county is made up of numerous islands and islets[45] [46] [47] including:

Climate

Kinmen's climate is classified as humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa, bordering on Cwa). Among them, the annual average temperature is, the hottest month in August is, and the coldest month is in January. The annual precipitation is, of which August is the wettest with, while November is the driest with only . The extreme temperature throughout the year ranged from on January 25, 2016 to on August 31, 2020.

Geology

Kinmen, much like the surrounding Chinese mainland, is predominantly composed of Cretaceous aged granite, with lesser amounts of Eocene-Oligocene sandstone, Miocene basalt and Pleistocene-Holocene conglomerate. The thickness of the sediments varies from 150 metres in the west to only a few metres in the east.[59]

Culture

The people of Kinmen see themselves as Kinmenese, Mínnánrén/Mǐnnánrén (people of Southern Fujian), or Chinese. They identify as citizens of the Republic of China but not so much as Taiwanese.[60] [61] Kinmen's strong Chinese identity was forged during the period of the ROC's military confrontation with the People's Republic of China (1949–1992) when Kinmen was under military administration. In the 1980s, as the militarization decreased and martial law was ended on Taiwan, the Taiwan independence movement and efforts in de-Sinicization grew in strength on Taiwan. To Kinmenese, however, these developments were viewed with concern and there was a feeling that "Taiwan didn't identify with Kinmen". Many worried that Taiwanese de jure independence from China would lead to the severing of ties with Kinmen. These concerns play a strong role in Kinmenese politics as well. Legally speaking, Kinmenese people are not Taiwanese either and have a unique identity from that of the Taiwanese. "Taiwanization" is sometimes perceived as a threat to the cultural identity of the Kinmenese people.[62]

Language

Many of the county's inhabitants speak Hokkien; the Quanzhou accent is predominant. Most residents will say they speak Kinmenese, which is mutually intelligible with Taiwanese Hokkien. The residents of Wuchiu Township speak Pu-Xian Min, as opposed to Hokkien for the rest of Kinmen.

Others

Kinmen is notable for a number of cultural products. Due to the extensive shelling by the People's Liberation Army in the 1950s, Kinmen is famous for its artillery shell knives. Local artisans would collect the vast amounts of exploded ordnance and make high-quality knives which are still sought after by chefs and connoisseurs. Kinmen is also home of the regionally famous Kinmen Kaoliang liquor, a spirit ranging between 38 and 63 percent alcohol, which is highly appreciated by the Taiwanese. Other local culinary specialties include, and beef jerky (bakkwa).

Like the Ryukyus, Kinmen is known for shisa (wind-lion god) figures (風獅爺).[63]

Military

Kinmen is home to the ROC Army’s 101st Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion also known as the ROC Army Frogman, whose main headquarter is garrisoned on Liaoluo Bay (料羅灣).[64] As of 2024, United States soldiers are stationed in the islands.[65]

Economy

Kinmen's economy is mainly based on tourism and services due to its proximity to mainland China.[66] [67]

Tourism

Because of its military importance, development on the island was extremely limited. Only by 2003, Kinmen opened up itself to tourists from Fujian in Mainland China.[68] It is now a popular weekend tourist destination for Taiwanese and is known for its quiet villages, old-style architecture and beaches. Chinese and Taiwanese tour groups also spend a short time touring the island whilst transiting between the ferry and the airport, as an intermediate stop between China and Taiwan. Large parts of Kinmen form the Kinmen National Park which highlights military fortifications and structures, historical dwellings and natural scenery.

The year 2014 recorded the highest number of passengers traveling by ferry between Kinmen and Fujian ports for as many as 1.5 million people.[69] Since 1 January 2015, Chinese mainland tourists were no longer required to apply for Exit and Entry Permit in advance for visits to Kinmen, Penghu and Matsu Islands. Instead, they can apply for it upon arrival at a cost of NT$600.[70]

By 2016, two infrastructure projects are expected to boost tourism and meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions visitors to the islands. One includes a yet-to-be-named five-star resort spearheaded by Xiamen property developer, Wu Youhua, president of Xiamen Huatian Group, the first time a Chinese interest has been allowed to invest in the Taiwanese hotel sector.[71]

According to local authorities in Kinmen, they had recorded over 745,000 tourists from mainland China in 2018, who had collectively spent over 360 million dollars during that year.[72]

Tourist attractions

Tourist-related affairs in Kinmen are governed by Transportation and Tourism Bureau of Kinmen County Government. Major tourist attractions in Kinmen are:

Museums

August 23 Artillery Battle Museum, Guningtou Battle Museum, Hujingtou Battle Museum, Kinmen Ceramics Museum, Landmine Museum, Lieyu Township Culture Museum, Yu Da Wei Xian Sheng Memorial Museum.

Nature

Ci Lake, Gugang Lake, Houhu Seashore Park, Jiangong Islet, Jincheng Seaside Park, Kinmen National Park, Lingshui Lake, Tianpu Reservoir, Zhongzheng Park.

Historical buildings

Beishan Old Western-style House, Chenggong Coastal Defense Tunnel, Chen Shi-yin Western Style House, Deyue Gun Tower, Gulongtou Zhenwei Residence, Jindong Movie Theater, Jinshui Elementary School, Juguang Tower, Kinmen Folk Culture Village, Kinmen Military Headquarters of Qing Dynasty, Mashan Broadcasting and Observation Station, Mofan Street, Qingtian Hall, Qionglin Tunnel, Yannan Academy, Wang Chin-cheng's Western House, Wuqiu Lighthouse and Zhaishan Tunnel.

Religious buildings

Longfeng Temple, Maoshan Pagoda, Wentai Pagoda.

Industry

Kinmen is famous for the production of Kaoliang liquor, which takes up about 75% of Taiwan's market share, in which it is a strong economic backbone of the county. Traditional industries are also being kept and improved, ranging from agriculture, fishery and livestock. It has a good fishery industry also due to its nature being surrounded by unpolluted sea.

Kinmen also produces its unique Kinmen knife, in which the raw material used to produce it is taken from the remaining of shells fired by the People's Liberation Army in 1958–1978. The knife was made as gift to the visiting Head of Taiwan Affairs Office Zhang Zhijun to Kinmen on 23–24 May 2015 to symbolize mutual peace between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait and to bury the hatchet left from Chinese Civil War.[73] [74]

Imported goods

Kinmen often import more goods from Mainland China than Taiwan Island because of lower costs due to the proximity of the county to the mainland. During the campaign for the 2014 county magistrate, all of the magistrate candidates spent their money on campaign materials produced in mainland provinces, such as Guangdong, Zhejiang and Fujian instead of from Taiwan Island.[75]

Politics

See also: List of county magistrates of Kinmen.

The island consistently votes for the Kuomintang (KMT). Until the early 1990s, proponents of Taiwan independence argued that they would consider handing Kinmen over to the PRC in any negotiated settlement. Residents of the island have broadly opposed such measures.

The Democratic Progressive Party has a minor presence on the island and typically does not present candidates to stand in local elections, although it does hold a single seat in Kinmen County Council from both of the 2009 and 2014 local elections. However, the party occasionally lends support to liberal or center-left candidates.

On 29 November 2014 however, independent candidate Chen Fu-hai won the county magistrate election and took office as the Magistrate of Kinmen County on 25 December 2014, the first independent candidate to win the office. He replaced Magistrate Lee Wo-shih of the Kuomintang.[76] The 2014 Kinmen County magistrate election consisted of 10 candidates, the highest number of nominated candidates in the electoral history of Taiwan.[77]

Kinmen County Constituency is represented by a single seat in the Legislative Yuan. It is currently represented by Chen Yu-chen of the Kuomintang. The current majority seats of Kinmen County Council is from independent, but headed by speaker Hung Yun-tien of the Kuomintang. The incumbent Magistrate of Kinmen County is independent Chen Fu-hai.[78]

Townships

Kinmen County is divided into three urban townships and three rural townships.[79] Jincheng Township is the county seat which houses Kinmen County Government and Kinmen County Council. The township also houses the headquarter office of Kinmen-Matsu Joint Services Center. Kinmen County has the fewest rural townships among other counties in Taiwan.

Name English meaning
Urban townships
金城鎮 Chinese: Jīnchéng Zhèn Chin¹-ch'eng² Chen⁴ 'Golden City'
金湖鎮 Chinese: Jīnhú Zhèn Chin¹-hu² Chen⁴ 'Golden Lake'
金沙鎮 Chinese: Jīnshā Zhèn Chin¹-sha¹ Chen⁴'Gold Dust'[80]
Rural townships
金寧鄉 Chinese: Jīnníng Xiāng Chin¹-ning² Hsiang¹ 'Golden Tranquility'
烈嶼鄉 Chinese: Lièyǔ Xiāng Lie⁴-yü³ Hsiang¹ 'Split-off Islet'[81]
烏坵鄉 Chinese: Wūqiū Xiāng Wu¹-ch'iu¹ Hsiang¹ 'Black Mound'

All those townships on Greater Kinmen Island start their names with Jin (i.e., Kin, lit. "gold"). Lieyu Township encompasses the entire Lesser Kinmen Island, and is the closest to Xiamen. Wuqiu Township comprises Greater Qiu Islet (Chinese: 大坵) and Lesser Qiu Islet (Chinese: 小坵).

Jincheng and Jinsha are the largest of the six townships. Altogether, there are 37 villages in Kinmen County.

Cross-Strait relations

In the controversy regarding the political status of Taiwan, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has continuously claimed the territory of Kinmen County as part of its own Fujian Province, claiming the Kinmen Islands as a county of Quanzhou prefecture-level city.[82]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: About Kinmen . https://web.archive.org/web/20220302025937/https://www.kinmen.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=22D15C7FFDA4350D. 2 March 2022. live. 8 December 2017. 9 March 2022. Kinmen County Government.
  2. 金門的地理與歷史概說. The overview of geography and history of Kinmen. 第四章 金門的地理、歷史與總體經濟分析. National Taiwan Normal University. zh-tw. 20 February 2006. 9 March 2022. 131–134.
  3. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  4. News: Quartly . Jules . 30 September 2004 . 'The Gibraltar of Asia' and a 'Park in the Ocean' . Taipei Times . 2 November 2021.
  5. Wei . Jian-feng . 2006 . An Examination of Cultural Identity of Residents of Quemoy (Kinmen) . Intercultural Communication Studies . 15 . 1 . 134 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130429171612/http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2006v15n1/13%20Jian-Feng%20Wei.pdf . 29 April 2013.
  6. Book: Postal Romanization . 1961 . Directorate General of Posts . Taipei, Taiwan . 6 . en . Kinmen (AF) and Taiwan (9) are both postal romanization..
  7. Postal Romanization, p. 4.
  8. Web site: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (Taiwan) . 2019 . 2019–2020 Taiwan at a Glance . https://web.archive.org/web/20200202173938/http://multilingual.mofa.gov.tw/web/web_UTF-8/MOFA/glance2019-2020/English.pdf . 2 February 2020 . 1, 22.
  9. Web site: Taiwan Place Names . 15 September 2020 . Pīnyīn.info . zh-tw,en . Jinmen / Jinmen / Kinmen County.
  10. https://www.britannica.com/place/Quemoy-Island Quemoy Island
  11. "Quemoy ", Merriam Webster
    "Quemoy ", Larousse.
  12. Wei . Jian-feng . 2009 . 'Quemoy' or 'Kinmen'?: A Translation Strategy for Communication . Intercultural Communication Studies . 18 . 2 . 176 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130429181932/http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2009v18n2/12%20Jian-Feng%20Wei.pdf . 29 April 2013.
  13. Book: Index to Map of China . 1915 . Far Eastern Geographical Establishment . 2nd . Shanghai . 31 . Kimoi Island (Kinmen) 金門島 Fukien ... ... 福建 ... 24.23N 118.20E.
  14. Book: Stanford, Edward . Atlas of the Chinese Empire . 1908 . The China Island Mission . 1 . London . 24 . Kimoi I. (Kinmen) . Edward Stanford.
  15. Web site: About the Park . 16 September 2020 . Kinmen National Park . 7 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221107142843/https://www.kmnp.gov.tw/information/meet_kinmen?language=2 . dead .
  16. Web site: History . https://web.archive.org/web/20160420022644/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/taiwan/taiwans-islands/kinmen/history . 20 April 2016 . 24 May 2016 . Lonely Planet.
  17. Book: Wakeman, Frederic . The Great Enterprise : The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China . 1986 . University of California Press . 0-520-04804-0 . Berkeley . 114.
  18. Web site: 8 December 2017 . Kinmen Awareness . https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023057/https://www.kinmen.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=22D15C7FFDA4350D . 27 May 2018 . 10 August 2019 . Kinmen County Government . Long belonging to the administration of Tungan Prefecture of Fujian Province, Kinmen had begun its county administration since 1915.In 1937, the County Government was moved to Dadeng for battle and it was later returned to Kinmen after the victory in 1935.The minerals within Kinmen County include china clay and granite..
  19. Web site: Cheung . Han . Taiwan inTime: 'Eight years of vicissitude' . taipeitimes.com . 23 October 2022 . Taipei Times . 18 November 2022.
  20. Web site: 05-19 Táiwān dǎoyǔ miànjī . zh:05-19 臺灣島嶼面積 . Location and Area of Islands in Taiwan . 20 October 2019 . zh-tw,en . ODS . . 05-19 金門縣島嶼及面積 Area of Islands in Kinmen County 區域別 Locality 面積(平方公里) Area (km2)外圍島嶼 Offshore Islet大嶝 Dadeng 22.7500 小嶝 Xiaodeng 3.3100 角嶝 Jiaodeng 2.4400資料來源：金門縣政府。 Source： Kinmen County Government. 附 註： 1.大嶝、小嶝、角嶝目前由中國大陸管轄，烏坵鄉由金門縣政府代管。 2.總面積151.656平方公里(不含大小嶝角嶝，含烏坵1.2平方公里)，部分無人島未列入。 Remark： 1.Dadeng, Xiaodeng, Jiaodeng are governed by Mainland China, Wuqiu belongs to other county but mandated by Kinmen County Government. 2.Total Area of Kinmen is 151.656 km2(Exclude Dadeng, Xiaodeng, Jiaodeng, Include Wuqiu 1.2 km2), some unmanned islands and reefs are not listed..
  21. Web site: 12 July 2019 . Dàdèng jiēdào . zh:大嶝街道 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20190809103455/http://www.xiangan.gov.cn/mlxa/xagk/szyj/201311/t20131106_88087.htm . 9 August 2019 . 10 August 2019 . Xiàmén Shì Xiángān Qū rénmín zhèngfǔ . zh-hans . Chinese: 大嶝街道位于厦门市翔安区东南部，隔海北与南安市石井镇毗邻，南与金门岛相对，西南与厦门岛相望，由大嶝、小嶝、角屿三个岛屿组成，总人口约2.6万人，土地面积13.2平方公里，海岸线25.15公里，{... . zh:厦门市翔安区人民政府 . People's Government of Xiang'an Xiamen.
  22. Web site: Mèilì Xiángān . zh:魅力翔安 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190809101822/http://www.xiangan.gov.cn/mlxa/ . 9 August 2019 . 9 August 2019 . Xiàmén Shì Xiángān Qū rénmín zhèngfǔ . zh-hans . 翔安区设立于2003年10月19日。陆地总面积420平方公里，海域面积134平方公里，下辖一街（大嶝街道）、四镇（新店、马巷、内厝和新圩），大嶝岛 小嶝岛 角屿 白蛤礁 . zh:厦门市翔安区人民政府 . People's Government of Xiang'an Xiamen.
  23. Web site: Lin . Hsiao-ting . Lin Hsiao-ting . 6 April 2012 . Taiwan's Secret Ally . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190906121736/https://www.hoover.org/research/taiwans-secret-ally . 6 September 2019 . 6 September 2019 . . In early July, Chiang was seriously considering withdrawing from Quemoy and other tiny coastal possessions off Southeast China to bolster Taiwan's defense and free up 33,000 combat troops for the Korean theater. Even though Cooke fully supported the Nationalist government's probable participation in the Korean War, he vehemently opposed the evacuation from Quemoy. Cooke was convinced that it would not only look weak to the Chinese Communists but damage morale in Taiwan and the entire free world..
  24. Book: Lin, Ma-teng 林馬騰 . Mì dǎo: Dà èr dǎn de mìjìng mìshǐ . 2009 . Lín Mǎténg wénshǐ gōngzuò shì . 978-957-41-6438-7 . zh-tw . zh:秘島：大二膽的秘境秘史.
  25. Book: Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng rìjì yǔ mínguó shǐ yánjiū . 2011 . Shijie datong chuban youxian gongsi . Lu . Fang-shang 呂芳上 . 2nd . Taipei . 643 . zh-tw . zh:蔣中正日記與民國史研究 . Chiang Kai-Shek's Diaries and the Study of Republican Chinese History . 其實國府堅守金馬最初是受到美國鼓勵的國府考慮放棄金門，但因東盟總麥克阿瑟將軍（Douglas MacArthur）不贊成韓戰過後到第一次臺海危機（1954年9月至1955年4月）爆發之前，美方也不願中共拿下外島，鼓勵國府增派受美援訓練的部隊駐守外島。.
  26. News: Wong . Edward . Yang . Xiyun . 16 September 2011 . Once a Redoubt Against China, Taiwan's Outpost Evolves . The New York Times . live . limited . 27 February 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170826114401/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/world/asia/kinmen-seeks-to-evolve-as-china-and-taiwan-improve-ties.html . 26 August 2017.
  27. Book: The Chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1949–2012 . Washington, D.C. . Joint History Office, Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . 2012 . 93 . 22 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170513045627/http://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/History/Institutional/Chairmanship_of_the_JCS.pdf . 13 May 2017 . live.
  28. Web site: Norris . Robert B. . 29 November 2010 . Quemoy and Matsu: A Historical Footnote Revisited . https://web.archive.org/web/20181020144403/http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2010/0912/comm/norris_quemoymatsu.html . 20 October 2018 . 1 April 2014 . American Diplomacy.
  29. October 7, 1960 Presidential Candidates Debate . 52:34 . 7 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190416080346/https://www.c-span.org/video/?33149-1%2F1960-presidential-candidates-debate . 16 April 2019 . live . C-SPAN.
  30. Web site: Television Debates: Transcript: Second Debate . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190821110144/https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKCAMP1960/1052/JFKCAMP1960-1052-002 . 21 August 2019 . 21 August 2019 . 53, 58–61 . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
  31. Book: The Joint Appearances of Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice President Richard M. Nixon and Other 1960 Campaign Presentations . 1961 . . 163 . Google Books.
  32. Web site: 16 October 1961 . Presidential Debate in Washington, DC . 4 October 2020 . The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara.
  33. Book: Matthews, Chris . Chris Matthews Complete Library . 2013 . . 9781476764696 . https://books.google.com/books?id=ARqaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT653&lpg=PT653 . Chris Matthews.
  34. Book: Nixon, Richard . RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon . 1978 . Simon & Schuster . 0-446-93259-0 . 272 . Once again I hit hard on the Quemoy-Matsu issue, stating that Kennedy's willingness to surrender the islands to the Communists under threat of war was no different from submitting to blackmail. Shortly after the third debate I learned that one of Kennedy's top foreign policy advisers had telephoned Secretary of State Herter to say that Kennedy did not want to give the Communists the impression that America would not stand united against aggression and was therefore prepared to revise his position in order not to appear to oppose the administration on this issue. I saw this as Kennedy's way of trying to slide away from an unpopular position, and my immediate inclination was not to let him get away with it. But the Quemoy-Matsu situation was so tense, and the importance of America's role in discouraging Communist aggression was so great, that I decided not to press the point if Kennedy modified his stand. I pointed out how his changed attitude reflected his lack of experience, and then let the issue drop. . Richard Nixon . registration . Internet Archive.
  35. Book: Lasky, Victor . J.F.K.: The Man and the Myth . 1963 . . New York City . 444 . Victor Lasky . registration . Internet Archive.
  36. Web site: 111司調0025 調查報告 . 2022 Justice Investigation Report No. 0025 . Gao . Yong-cheng . 13 July 2022 . 7 August 2022 . . zh-TW . Taipei.
  37. Web site: 時論－一封永遠無法寄達的家書 . Commentary - A home letter never been delivered . Shi . Wen-jie . 29 October 2013 . 26 September 2022 . China Times . zh-TW . Taipei.
  38. Web site: 7 March 2008 . zh:《國軍屠殺越南難民的三七事件》你不知道的台灣 . http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/kuan0416/post/1304293327 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150908002445/http://mypaper.pchome.com.tw/kuan0416/post/1304293327 . 8 September 2015 . 11 August 2015 . pchome.com.tw.
  39. Book: Hau, Pei-tsun . 八年參謀總長日記 . 8-year Diary of the Chief of the General Staff (1981–1989) . . 1 January 2000 . 9576216389 . zh-TW . Taipei.
  40. Web site: Backgrounder: Milestones in Cross-Straits Relations Over 30 Years . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714173713/http://www.gwytb.gov.cn/en/Headline/201103/t20110316_1787640.htm . 14 July 2014 . 4 July 2014 . Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council PRC . Xinhua News Agency.
  41. Web site: Vol. 4, Issue 1 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190128030340/http://globaltaiwan.org/2019/01/vol-4,-issue-1/ . 28 January 2019 . 27 January 2019 . Global Taiwan Institute.
  42. News: 1 July 2014 . Jiang Hopeful of Chinese Landing Visas to Islands . 3 . Taipei Times . live . 19 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183012/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/07/01/2003594092 . 14 July 2014.
  43. News: Huang . Hui-min . Low . Y. F. . 30 December 2014 . Annual Ridership on Kinmen-Fujian Ferry Services Tops 1.5 Million . Focus Taiwan News Channel . Central News Agency . 2 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141231232924/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/acs/201412300006.aspx . 31 December 2014.
  44. Web site: Chen . Kuan-lin 陳冠霖 . 24 August 2019 . 823 jì bài xiānliè zǒngtǒng Cài Yīngwén: Wù wàng 823 jīngshén . zh:823祭拜先烈 總統蔡英文：勿忘823精神 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190921111656/https://www.kmdn.gov.tw/1117/1271/1272/309589 . 21 September 2019 . 21 September 2019 . Jīnmén rìbào . zh-tw . zh:金門日報 . Kinmen Daily News.
  45. Web site: Jīnmén Xiàn xíngzhèng qūyù tú . zh:金門縣行政區域圖 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190808010755/https://ws.kinmen.gov.tw/001/Upload/305/relpic/8015/6771/3b18e2cb-b0ed-4dac-8076-4afb8f62625d.jpg . 8 August 2019 . 9 August 2019 . zh-tw . Map . jpg . Chinese: 北碇島 母嶼 白巖 草嶼 東割 烽遂角 后嶼 官澳礁 西園嶼 建功嶼 黑巖 大巖嶼 烏礁 桂子礁 獅嶼 牛心礁 小擔 檳榔嶼 烈嶼 復興嶼 猛虎嶼 兔嶼 石山 大膽島 二擔島 三擔島 四擔島 五擔 大坵島 小坵島.
  46. Web site: Jīnmén dìqū xiànzhì (jìnzhǐ) shuǐyù tú . zh:金門地區限制（禁止）水域圖 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190803020713/http://ws.mac.gov.tw/001/Upload/OldFile/public/Attachment/0411459536.pdf . 3 August 2019 . 9 August 2019 . . zh-tw . Map . 二．限制水域範圍：大金門地區低潮線向外延伸東方海面四千至六千公尺，南方海面八千至一萬公尺，北碇以東海面四千公 尺，大、二膽南海面二千公尺一線以內海域 三、禁止水域範圍：大金門地區低潮線向外延伸東方海面四千公尺，南方海面八千公尺，馬山北方一千五百公尺，北碇以東 海面四千公尺，大、二膽北、西、南海面二千公尺，小金門西海面、檳榔嶼、三腳礁、牛心礁、赤角礁一線以內海域.
  47. Book: Cíhǎi . Cihai . 2009 . Shanghai cishu chubanshe . 9787532628599 . 6th . Shanghai . 1124 . zh . zh:辞海 . 金门 县名。在福建省东南海上、泉州市西南部。现由台湾省管辖。由以金门岛为主的大、小59个岛屿组成。面积149平方千米，人口约6.45万（2004年）。明置金门千户所，清设金门县丞，属同安县。1913年改隶思明县，1914年析置金门县。1928年直属福建省。农产有甘薯、花生等。矿产有玻璃砂、高岭土、铝土、煤。工业有机械、食品等。特产贡糖、高粱酒、金门马等。通公路。名胜古迹有成功洞、鲁王墓、水尾塔等。金门岛 亦称"大金门岛"、"吾洲屿"。在福建省东南部、厦门港口外台湾海峡中。属金门县，现由台湾省管辖。岛形如哑铃，东西宽，南北狭，中多丘陵，沿海多港湾、口岸。东西长约20千米，面积131.7平方千米。其西有小金门岛。名胜古迹有牧马侯（陈渊）祠、鲁王墓、海印寺、古岗湖、中山纪念林等。.
  48. Web site: Geographic Environment . https://web.archive.org/web/20181028081129/http://wwww.kmnp.gov.tw/en/KinmenHistory.aspx?cid=2&chk=58a82533-1717-449f-8c94-683ae1b51138 . 28 October 2018 . 27 July 2019 . . The 12 islands and islets comprising Kinmen mainland, Lieyu (small Kinmen), Da Dan, Er Dan, Dong Ding, Beiding, Cao islet, Hou islet, Jiangong islet, Fuxing islet, Menghu islet, Shi islet occupy an area of 150 square meters in total..
  49. Web site: 29 November 1955 . Implications of US-ChiCom Geneva Deadlock . 9 August 2019 . . 6 . 2. ChiComs are building a causeway to link Tateng Island, the Communist territory nearest Quemoy, to mainland. 3.several thousand troops (recently arrived in Amoy from Shanghai) will be garrisoned on Tateng after the causeway is completed (in next two months)..
  50. Web site: 1 December 1955 . Central Intelligence Bulletin . 9 August 2019 . . 6 . After a lull of several weeks in artillery duels in the Quemoy area, Chinese Nationalist 155mm howitzers on 28 November fired 240 rounds at a causeway which the Chinese Communists are constructing between the mainland and Tateng Island, four to five miles north of Quemoy. Communist artillery responded with 680 rounds. No major damage was reported. 2. The Chinese Communists began constructing the 6,300-foot causeway to Tateng apparently in early November. Such a link with the mainland would facilitate supply of Communist military positions on Tateng. Communist artillery now on the island is believed to include only 76mm guns, but 122mm or larger weapons could take any point on Quemoy under fire.(redacted).
  51. Web site: 29 January 2019 . Xíngzhèng miànjī . zh:行政面積 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190607223604/https://kccad.kinmen.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=62E690FE3873FDD4 . 7 June 2019 . 9 August 2019 . Jīnmén Xiàn zhèngfǔ mínzhèng chǔ . zh-tw . Chinese: 外圍 島嶼 面積單位： (平方公里） 大嶝 22.7500 小嶝 3.3100 角嶼 2.4400{... . zh:金門縣政府民政處 . Civil Affairs Department, Kinmen County Government.
  52. Jīnmén Xiàn tǒngjì yuèbào . Jinmen xian zhengfu zhuji chu . December 2017 . 5, 6, 8 . zh-tw . Chinese: 極 北 大嶝田墘 東 經 118 19 6 北 緯 24 34 16{... . 10 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190513083548/https://ws.kinmen.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMzExL3JlbGZpbGUvMTAwMTAvNjIxNDEyLzFmN2MwNjc4LTRlNGMtNDNmNC04NWQzLWJlOTVhYWY4NTRkMC5wZGY%3D&n=MTLmnIjku73ntbHoqIjmnIjloLEucGRm . 13 May 2019 . zh:金門縣統計月報 . Kinmen County Monthly Statistics Report . Jinmen xian zhengfu zhuji chu 金門縣政府主計處.
  53. Book: Táiwān lìshǐ dìtú . 2018 . Taiwan lishi bowuguan . 978-986-05-5274-4 . Expanded and Revised . Taipei . 154, 158 . zh-tw . zh:臺灣歷史地圖 . Taiwan Historical Maps . Chinese: 古寧頭戰役地圖1949年10月 大嶝島（原屬金門縣） 1共軍佔領大嶝、小嶝、角嶼10.15 小嶝島（原屬金門縣）角嶼{....
  54. Web site: 14 August 1950 . Chinese Communist Order of Battle, East China Coast . 11 August 2019 . . 2. The 11 Artillery Regiment is at Ningpo. The 12 and 13 Artillery Regiments moved to South Fukien, and are in Tateng (118-20, 24–35) and Hsiaoteng (11825, 2435) Islands and Amoy respectively..
  55. Web site: 新辰 陳 . 11 July 2016 . 1607 金門 馬山觀測所 馬山觀測站 馬山播音站 地下坑道 還我河山 望遠鏡瞭望 金門國家公園 台灣金門旅遊53 . 9 May 2020 . . 小嶝 Siao Deng.
  56. Web site: Wang . Wenjie . 12 August 2009 . Letting Go of the Past . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170314161242/http://www.bjreview.com/60th/2009-08/12/content_217680.htm . 14 March 2017 . 11 August 2019 . . Located in the southeast waters of Xiamen's Xiang'an District, the Dadeng Isles are three islands—Dadeng, Xiaodeng and Jiaoyu. Known as the Three-Hero Islands, they cover an area of 13.2 square kilometers, with a population of approximately 20,000 people..
  57. , United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
  58. Book: Copp . DeWitt . The Odd Day . Peck . Marshall . 1962 . . New York City . 8 . Chiao I. . Internet Archive.
  59. Liou . Tai-sheng . Lu . Hsueh-yu . Lin . Cheng-kuo . Lin . Wayne . Chang . Yu-te . Chien . Jeng-ming . Chen . Wen-fu . 2009 . Geochemical Investigation of Groundwater in a Granitic Island: A Case Study from Kinmen Island, Taiwan . Environmental Geology . en . 58 . 7 . 1575 . 10.1007/s00254-008-1664-7 . 2009EnGeo..58.1575L . 128799871.
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  61. Wei . Jian-feng . 2006 . An Examination of Cultural Identity of Residents of Quemoy (Kinmen) . Intercultural Communication Studies . 15 . 1 . 136–137 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130429171612/http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/2006v15n1/13%20Jian-Feng%20Wei.pdf . 29 April 2013.
  62. Wan . Tsun-Lun . Language Revitalization and Perceived Language Shift: A Case of Kinmenese Hokkien . Chinese History and Society / Berliner China-Hefte . Preprint . ResearchGate.
  63. Web site: 6 June 2009 . Wind Lion God . https://web.archive.org/web/20120504061824/http://www.kmnp.gov.tw/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=79 . 4 May 2012 . 20 January 2012 . Kinmen National Park.
  64. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/01/27/2003638178 Kinmen’s ‘frogmen’ stand guard over Lunar New Year
  65. News: Ramzy . Austin . Taiwan Acknowledges Presence of U.S. Troops on Outlying Islands . 2024-06-05 . WSJ . en-US.
  66. Web site: Hu . Meidong . Li . Dapeng . 2004 . Islands Brought Closer by Culture, Tours and Mazu Belief . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20050423220111/http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=Interactions&title=Cross-strait+Interactions+and+Exchanges&m_id=29 . 23 April 2005 . 11 January 2009 . Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council.
  67. Web site: 28 October 2003 . Commentary: Direct, Cross-Strait Three Exchanges Irresistible . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120216064003/http://www.chinataiwan.org/english/News/zt/tdl/200310/t20031028_121559.htm . 16 February 2012 . 1 January 2012 . Chinataiwan.org.
  68. News: Jennings . Ralph . 15 February 2007 . Chinese Tourists Flock to Taiwan's Kinmen Island . en . Reuters . 2 November 2021.
  69. News: 31 December 2014 . Over 1.5 Mil. Have Ridden with Kinmen-Fujian Ferry . China Post . Central News Agency . 19 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150621182739/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/national-news/2014/12/31/425332/Over-15.htm . 21 June 2015.
  70. News: Tang . Pei-chun . Lee . Hsin-yin . 10 December 2014 . Taiwanese Offshore Islands to Ease Travel for Chinese from Jan. 1 . Focus Taiwan News Channel . Central News Agency . 10 December 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141210170134/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/asoc/201412100015.aspx . 10 December 2014.
  71. Web site: Smith . Glenn . 2011–2012 . MICE Development Hits Kinmen . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130730204507/http://www.ttgmice.com/article-level-2/?article_id=5277 . 30 July 2013 . TTGmice.
  72. Web site: Eric . Cheung . Will . Ripley . John . Mees . 2023-06-01 . A China-Taiwan DMZ? Meet the Kinmen islanders who want a bridge, not a war . 2024-04-16 . CNN . en.
  73. Web site: Current Situations . https://web.archive.org/web/20140518135205/http://www.investkinmen.com/eng/about/main.php?mainId=1&proId=2 . 18 May 2014 . 19 May 2014 . Kinmen County Industrial Department and Investment Promotion Committee.
  74. News: Hu . Zep . Chou . Yi-ling . Kao . Evelyn . 24 May 2015 . Kinmen Knives Symbolize Cross-Strait Peace: Chinese Official . Focus Taiwan News Channel . Central News Agency . 11 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150713104921/http://focustaiwan.tw/news/acs/201505240010.aspx . 13 July 2015.
  75. Web site: 20 November 2014 . Kinmen Candidates Prefer China-Produced Campaign Materials . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150119204530/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20141120000090&cid=1101 . 19 January 2015 . 11 September 2015 . Want China Times . Central News Agency.
  76. Web site: 29 November 2014 . Independent Chen Fuhai Wins Kinmen Magistrate Race . https://web.archive.org/web/20141210072639/http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20141129000118&cid=1101 . 10 December 2014 . 5 November 2016 . Want China Times . Central News Agency.
  77. News: Chang . Joy . 27 November 2014 . 9-In-1 Elections' Campaigns Run Hot in Taitung and the Outlying Islands . China Post . 19 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150119204009/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/analysis/2014/11/27/422758/p1/9-in-1-Elections.htm . 19 January 2015.
  78. Web site: Introduction to the Magistrate . https://web.archive.org/web/20210922054552/https://www.kinmen.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=16892BCBAF2F7505 . 22 September 2021 . 2 November 2021 . Kinmen County Government.
  79. Web site: Township Characteristics . https://web.archive.org/web/20200106165717/https://www.kinmen.gov.tw/en/News.aspx?n=72CD566167A6DD62 . 6 January 2020 . 9 May 2019 . Kinmen County Government. 14 December 2017 .
  80. Web site: 28 May 2019 . Lìshǐ yángé . zh:歷史沿革 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180402041420/http://kinsha.kinmen.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=FF1A391C7BD7A656 . 2 April 2018 . 22 September 2019 . zh-tw . 清末民初在原金山港河海交接處發現金沙，因而將港易名為金沙港，在此入海的溪流易名之為金沙溪，行政區以金沙為名。 . zh:金門縣金沙鎮公所 . Jinsha Township Administration, Kinmen County.
  81. Web site: 28 July 2017 . Lìshǐ yángé . zh:歷史沿革 . Historical Development . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20190825162831/https://lieyu.kinmen.gov.tw/cp.aspx?n=64E5B639E0751B00 . 25 August 2019 . 10 August 2019 . Jīnmén Xiàn Lièyǔ Xiāng gōngsuǒ . zh-tw . Chinese: 金門民間傳說烈嶼和大金門本是相連，沒有過海，和大金門的水頭有數公尺之土地相連帶。後有一仙人眼見船隻軍要轉來轉去才能轉進港，非常麻煩，就說：「這條港路上的半島，該讓她(離嶼)去，讓出這條港路，好交通船」。金口一開，烈嶼那塊島慢慢裂開，一直開離大金門所以叫「烈嶼」久而久之，就叫成了「烈嶼」。（金門民間傳說） . zh:金門縣烈嶼鄉公所 . Lieyu Township Village Administration, Kinmen County.
  82. Web site: 2018 nián tǒngjì yòng qūhuà dàimǎ hé chéng-xiāng huàfēn dàimǎ: Quánzhōu Shì . zh:2018年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：泉州市 . 2018 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Quanzhou City . 10 August 2019 . Guójiā tǒngjì jú . zh-hans . Chinese: 统计用区划代码 名称{....

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