| Time: | 8 p.m. |
| Timezone: | EST |
| Location: | Williamsburg County Jail Kingstree, South Carolina |
| Type: | Building fire |
| Cause: | Unknown |
| Perpetrator: | Unknown |
| Reported Deaths: | 22 |
| Reported Injuries: | 1 smoke-inhalation injury |
| Reported Property Damage: | Four-story building destroyed |
| Arrests: | 3 |
| Convicted: | 0 |
| Charges: | Reckless negligence, murder |
| Trial: | April 10–12, 1867 |
| Verdict: | Not guilty |
The Kingstree jail fire killed 22 prisoners on the evening of Monday, January 7, 1867, in the Williamsburg County seat of Kingstree, South Carolina, United States. One white prisoner escaped the building and survived, but all of the African-American prisoners, incarcerated on the third floor, were killed. Attempts to rescue the 19 men and 3 women left in the building were ineffective. By the time action was taken, the billowing smoke and heat were overwhelming.
The cause of the fire was never made public. Some sources speculate that the prisoners caused the fire, while others contest this claim. More than half a century after the fact, a book on local history alleged the fire was started by the building's solitary white male prisoner, who was reportedly in jail for unpaid debts. He may have had permission to roam the building unencumbered, while the freedmen (jailed for assorted non-violent charges) were kept upstairs behind locked doors.
There was apparently a marked delay in obtaining the jail keys and attempting a rescue, such that the U.S. Army had the responsible parties arrested and imprisoned. All three, Sheriff Samuel P. Mathews, deputy Jacob S. Beck, and assistant James P. Barrineau, were acquitted on charges of negligence and murder by a jury in a Williamsburg County court.
See also: History of slavery in South Carolina, South Carolina in the American Civil War, Reconstruction in South Carolina and Civil rights movement (1865–1896). Kingstree is located on the South Carolina coastal plain, along the banks of the Black River, about north of Charleston. The Williamsburg district, roughly bounded on the northeast by the Lynches River and on the southwest by the Santee River,[1] was first colonized by the British, as part of the Province of South Carolina.[2] During the American Revolutionary War Francis Marion regularly used the area for guerrilla operations.[3] The region has a great deal of low-lying wetland, and thus endemic malaria. For most of the 19th century, agriculture in South Carolina was dominated by large-scale cotton and rice plantations owned by whites and worked by blacks.[4] Williamsburg County was also a timber region and hosted turpentine distilleries.[5] [6] Slavery in South Carolina was widespread, even relative to other slave states, and the region had a black majority throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.[7] [8] By the start of the American Civil War, almost half of white families owned slaves. In 1860, there were 5,187 whites, 43 "free colored" people, and 10,259 enslaved people living in Williamsburg County.[9]
Following the military defeat of the Confederacy, the country entered a period known as Reconstruction, and the freedmen of Kingstree began organizing as laborers. The white plantation owners were colluding to depress the wages they now had to pay agricultural workers; in turn, the black men and women of the Williamsburg District began holding mass meetings "to decide upon a plan for offsetting the scheme."[10] The freedmen threatened to "migrate to Florida if they could not obtain 'reasonable and just' terms."[11] According to Reconstruction historian Eric Foner:
Over the course of winter 1865 and into 1866 the whites of Williamsburg County feared a violent insurrection[12] by the formerly enslaved people, who constituted 57 percent of the state population.[13] Due to an idea now known as Haitianism, conservative southerners of the era believed that "our negro slaves, who had been kind, faithful and true to us during the war,"[14] might well be transformed by the Emancipation Proclamation into "the savages that impaled white babies and raped their mothers in Santo Domingo."[15] An army officer was sent to the area to investigate and "his final report was a scathing attack on the mayor and council for acting like 'frightened old women' and unnecessarily alarming the whites of the area." The whites had reported "an increase in night religious services by blacks." A citizens' committee was formed, and ended up assulting at least a dozen freedmen, driving two Yankee schoolteachers out of town, and conducting an undercover operation to elicit a list of grievances from local freedmen. According to the Freedmen's Bureau records: "Sixteen of the most vocal blacks were chased down, beaten, and accused of planning mass murder." The following year, 1866, South Carolina governor James Orr received additional reports of an imminent uprising.
The anti-black violence in Williamsburg County was part of a widespread revanchist movement in South Carolina: "...vigilantes killed numerous African Americans during Reconstruction. Northern newspapers and magazines provided extensive coverage of the white on black violence, and it checked white aggression to a certain extent."[16] More substantially, South Carolina and all other secessionist states (except Tennessee) were subject to continued occupation by the U.S. Army under the Reconstruction Acts; South Carolina was in the Second Military District. Partly as a result of ex-Confederate anxiety, a garrison was placed in Kingstree under the command of Lieutenant Ross.[17]
The Williamsburg County Jail was inspected on January 6, 1867, by the sheriff and Lieutenant Ross, who found everything to be in working order. According to the Charleston Daily News, a change in jailors was scheduled for the following day—the day of the fire; the old jailor, James P. Barrineau, was no longer in residence but "had not yet surrendered the keys to Mr. [Jacob] S. Beck, the new jailor."
According to the Kingstree Star, the fire was first noticed between 8 and 9 p.m. on the evening of January 7, when an unidentified person heard a "rumbling noise in the upper stories of the jail, as if the iron gates were being shaken, and immediately following by the cry of fire."[18] [19] The Charleston Daily News reported that "the fire was discovered by a negro, who reported it to Mr. Beck."
A 1923 history of the county claimed that the fire had been started "sometime in the night," by the one white prisoner housed in the building, in an attempt to burn an hole through the wall and escape.[20] Contemporary accounts regarding the lone survivor conflict slightly in details: According to the Kingstree Star, a civilian named M. McBride entered the building and unlocked the second-floor "room" of Robert H. Flinn, "a white man...confined on bail process." The Daily News also reported, "The white man who escaped is at present in the custody of the United States soldiers and as his trial will take place next week some facts may be elicited that are at present unknown." Sheriff Mathews, Lieutenant Ross, and McBride apparently entered the building together, but Mathews and Ross were forced out by the heavy smoke, and only McBride was able to get to Flinn. According to the Kingstree Star, McBride "twice fell by suffocation before he reached the foot of the staircase", with the Charleston Daily News adding that "his humanity nearly cost him his life, as he was insensible for one and a half hours as consequence of having inhaled the smoke."
Once it was determined that it was impossible to enter the building from the ground floor, "nearly all the citizens of the village" and the U.S. Army soldiers in the town garrison attempted a rescue from outside. The Kingstree Star described "strenuous efforts...with the assistance of ladders, to remove the grating from one of the windows, which proved ineffectual" but that "Joe and William Blakely (coloured) particularly excited our commendation" for their rescue efforts. Private William Green "mounted a ladder at the most perilous crisis, and ascended to a window on the third storey," and "passing up an axe, called to the negroes to break down the bars and escape; one of them took the axe, but exclaiming, 'It is too late!' fell backwards in the smoke."
The cause of the fire was unknown. According to the Charleston Daily News, "It originated on the second story, apparently between the floor and ceiling. As the negroes were not allowed the use of fire, the whole affair is wrapped in mystery...None of the negroes were confined for serious crimes, except one for murder, in whose room it is supposed the fire originated." This assertion conflicts with the list of victims reported by the Kingstree Star, which makes no mention of murder, rather the people killed were jailed for burglary (3), stealing cotton, stealing cattle (9), fence burning, "resisting officer", "for the peace and resisting officer", stealing a mule, receiving stolen goods (3), and stealing rice.
The four-story building, which had no water, ladders or other fire-safety precautions, was destroyed ("only a shell remains"). The clouds of dense smoke that rose above the town were visible for miles.
The Charleston Mercury, the newspaper owned by Robert Barnwell Rhett, one of the political Fire-Eaters of South Carolina, and edited by his son R. Barnwell Rhett Jr., published a brief, vivid, and graphic account that was dated January 9 and suggested the dead inmates were responsible for the fire:
On January 29, a Pennsylvania newspaper published an unsourced allegation that the fire had been arson.[21] The Nation said the deaths were the result of an "inhuman hesitation" on the part of the jailer and the sheriff.[22] John Schreiner Reynolds, librarian of the Supreme Court of South Carolina, said in his 1905 book Reconstruction in South Carolina that "according to the newspaper accounts given at the time, [the fire was] caused by the act of some of the negro prisoners who thus endeavored to escape."[23] A book-length history of Williamsburg County published in 1923 claimed that there had been 27, not 22, fatalities.
| Name | Charge | |
|---|---|---|
| Josiah Alston | stealing rice | |
| Lunnon Brown | cow stealing | |
| Nelson Brown | burglary | |
| Doctor Graham | cow stealing | |
| Ellis Graham | burglary | |
| Julius Graham | burglary | |
| Louisa Graham | receiving stolen goods | |
| Nancy Graham | fence burning | |
| Harry Scott | for resisting officer | |
| Lewis Scott | for the peace and resisting officers | |
| John Sessions | receiving stolen goods | |
| John Shaw | cotton stealing | |
| Charles Singletary | cow stealing | |
| Jack Speights | receiving stolen goods | |
| Nias Speights | cow stealing | |
| Wesley Speights | cow stealing | |
| Charles Tisdale | cow stealing | |
| Cyrus Tisdale | cow stealing | |
| John Tisdale | cow stealing | |
| Minda Tisdale | cow stealing | |
| Sam Witherspoon | mule stealing |
According to a January 10 letter from Capt. Cloud and Brig. Gen. H. K. Scott that was reprinted in the Congressional Record:
Portions of three bodies were all that was left for investigators to examine.[24] Edward J. Porter was foreman of the coroner's jury. Texas B. Logan was district judge and also acting coroner.[25] The report of the coroner's jury report found that:
On January 18, the U.S. Army arrested the county sheriff on charges of "criminal carelessness and neglect of duty."[26] The sheriff, his deputy, and the assistant were arrested while at work at the district court, and were confined in Castle Pinckney in Charleston harbor. Beck, the jailer, and Barrineau, who had the keys that night, were held at Castle Pinckney for 13 days[27] before being released into local custody on January 30.[28]
The three county officials (sheriff, deputy, and assistant) were arraigned on murder charges on April 10, and tried on April 11–12. The county judge at the time may have been John G. Pressley or Charles W. Wolfe Sr. All three defendants were acquitted on April 12, 1867, by a jury that deliberated for an hour beginning at 10 p.m.[29] [30] [31] Responses to the verdict varied, with a newspaper in Ohio reporting in May:
While recent scholar of Reconstruction said that:
A Thomas Nast cartoon called Southern Justice (published in the March 23, 1867, issue of Harper's Weekly) advocated for continued military occupation of the defeated Confederacy, and included an artist's imagined depiction of the scene inside the third-floor cells. The text of the cartoon included a quote from General John C. Robinson stating that "...the only white prisoner was permitted to escape."[32]
Black activist Frances Ellen Watkins Harper visited Kingstree on a lecture tour and mentioned the jail fire in a letter dated July 11, 1867:
In November 1867, Stephen A. Swails "gave notice of a bill to regulate drawing of juries in Williamsburg County."[33] The county had desegregated juries in 1869.[34]
According to the 1923 history, the county had no dedicated jail for almost eight years after the fire. Following the construction of a new county jail building, a grand jury empaneled in 1875 reported that "there has been a great negligence upon the part of those charged with the custody of criminals and offenders against public peace and welfare." The grand jury's report listed three suspicious escapes: Bill Shaw, "convicted of a grave offence and sentenced to the penitentiary"; Charles Cooper, charged with murder, removed from jail "without sufficient authority or warrant of the law, and carried to the Salters Depot on the North Eastern Railroad and there allowed to escape"; and Tom James, jailed on larceny charges, who was allowed "outside the prison walls without a guard." The grand jury concluded: