| Native Name: | 疏勒 |
| Conventional Long Name: | Shule Kingdom |
| Common Name: | Shule |
| Empire: | Tang |
| Government Type: | Monarchy |
| Event Start: | Founded |
| Event End: | Conquered by Tibetans |
| Year End: | 790 AD |
| Event1: | Shule becomes a tributary of the Eastern Han |
| Date Event1: | 127 AD |
| Event2: | Gained independence from Northern Liang |
| Date Event2: | 460 AD |
| Event3: | Shule becomes a tributary of the gokturks |
| Event4: | Independence from the Gokturks |
| Date Event4: | 630 |
| Event5: | Vassalized by Tang dynasty |
| Date Event5: | 632 AD |
| Event6: | Conquered by Tibet |
| Date Event6: | 670 AD |
| Event7: | Declares vassalage to Tang |
| Date Event7: | 673 |
| Event8: | Reconquered by Tang |
| Date Event8: | 692 |
| S1: | Tibetan Empire |
| Image Map Caption: | Tarim Basin in the 3rd century AD (the territory of Shule is colored purple) |
| Capital: | Kashgar |
| Common Languages: | Kanchaki (dialect of the Saka language, one of the Eastern Iranian languages) |
| Leader1: | Cheng |
| Leader2: | Douti |
| Leader3: | Zhong |
| Leader4: | Chenpan |
| Leader5: | Hede |
| Year Leader1: | ?–73 AD |
| Year Leader2: | 73 AD – 73 AD |
| Year Leader3: | ?–? |
| Year Leader4: | ?–? |
| Year Leader5: | 168–170 |
| Today: | China Kyrgyzstan |
The Shule Kingdom was an ancient oasis kingdom of the Taklamakan Desert that was on the Northern Silk Road, in the historical Western Regions of what is now Xinjiang in Northwest China. Its capital was Kashgar,[1] the source of Kashgar's water being a river of the same name. Much like the neighboring people of the Kingdom of Khotan, people of Kashgar spoke Saka, one of the Eastern Iranian languages.[2]
Although a vassal of the Chinese Tang dynasty from the 7th century, Shule was conquered by the Tibetan Empire in the late 8th century and was eventually incorporated into the Kara-Khanid Khanate during the Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang.
The earliest mention of the Shule is around 120 BC, by Western Han Chinese when they were exploring their borders.[3] In 127 AD Shule began to pay tribute to the Eastern Han. In 168, following Hede's murder of the current ruler (name unknown), the Han declared war on the Shule, ending in the unsuccessful Siege of Zhenzhong in 170 AD.
By the end of the Eastern Han period (220 AD), Shule had conquered the city-states of Zhenzhong, Yarkent, Jieshi, Qusha, Xiye, and Yinai. In the 5th century the Shule kingdom became a tributary of the Gokturks. They gained independence from the Gokturks in 630, when the Gokturks fell in battle to the Chinese Tang dynasty. In 632 AD it was vassalized by the Tang, as part of the Tang campaign against the oasis states.[4] Some sources say that they were only made into a tributary and the Tang had very loose suzerainty.[5] [6] [7] After being conquered by the Tang it was part of the Protectorate General to Pacify the West between and .[8] It was one of the stations of the Four Garrisons of Anxi between 649 and 670, after 670 one of the garrisons was changed, but Kashgar was still a seat of the four garrisons.[9]
In 670 AD Shule was conquered by the Tibetan Empire. In 673 the Shule kingdom declared itself a vassal of the Tang,[10] but was not reconquered by the Tang Chinese until 692 AD.[11]
It is alleged and probably untrue that Qutayba ibn Muslim in 715 attacked Kashgar.[12] [13]
Kara Khanid Muslim Turks absorbed Kashgar during the Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang. According to Mahmud al-Kashgari within Kashgar's vicinity, some non-Turkic languages like the Kanchaki and Sogdian were still used in some areas.[14] It is believed that the Saka language group was what Kanchaki belonged to.[15] [16] It is believed that the Tarim Basin was linguistically Turkified before the end of the 11th century.[17]
As it was on the Northern Silk Road, Shule traded mostly through the Yumen Pass[18] and the Pamir Mountains.[19] The Northern Silk Road that passed through Kashgar split off into the northern Tarim Basin route which ran from Kashgar over Aksu, Kucha, Korla, through the Iron Gate Pass, over Karasahr, Jiaohe, Turpan, Gaochang and Kumul to Anxi. The southern Tarim Basin route ran from Kashgar over Yarkant, Karghalik, Pishan, Khotan, Keriya, Niya, Qarqan, Qarkilik, Miran and Dunhuang to Anxi.[20]