Kicked rotator explained
) in an inhomogeneous "gravitation like" field that is periodically switched on in short pulses. The model is described by the
Hamiltonianl{H}(\theta,p\theta,t)=
+K\cos\theta
\delta\left(
-n\right)
,
where
is the angular position of the stick (
corresponds to the position of the rotator at rest),
is the
conjugated momentum of
,
is the kicking strength,
is the kicking period and
is the
Dirac delta function.
Classical properties
Stroboscopic dynamics
The equations of motion of the kicked rotator writeTheses equations show that between two consecutive kicks, the rotator simply moves freely: the momentum
is conserved and the angular position growths linearly in time. On the other hand, during each kick the momentum abruptly jumps by a quantity
, where
is the angular position near the kick. The kicked rotator dynamics can thus be described by the discrete map
where
and
are the canonical coordinates at time
, just before the
-th kick. It is usually more convenient to introduce dimensionless momentum
, time
and kicking strength
to reduce the dynamics to the single parameter map
known as
Chirikov standard map, with the caveat that
is not periodic as in the standard map. However, one can directly see that two rotators with same initial angular position
but shifted dimensionless momentum
and
(with
an arbitrary integer) will have the same exact stroboscopic dynamics, but with dimensionless momentum shifted at any time by
(this is why stroboscopic phase portraits of the kicked rotator are usually displayed in a single momentum cell
).
Transition from integrability to chaos
The kicked rotator is a prototype model to illustrate the transition from integrability to chaos in Hamiltonian systems and in particular the Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser theorem. In the limit
, the system describes the free motion of the rotator, the momentum is conserved (the system is
integrable) and the corresponding trajectories are straight lines in the
plane (phase space), that is tori. For small, but non-vanishing perturbation
, instabilities and chaos starts to develop. Only quasi-periodic orbits (represented by invariant tori in phase space) remain stables, while other orbits become unstables. For larger
, invariant tori are eventually destroyed by the perturbation. For the value
, the last invariant tori connecting
and
in phase space is destroyed.
Diffusion in momentum direction
For
, chaotic unstable orbits are no longer constraints by invariant tori in the momentum direction and can explore the full phase space. For
, the particle after each kicks typically moved over a large distance, which strongly modifies the amplitude and sign of the following kick. At long time enough, the particle as thus been submitted to a series of kicks with quasi-random amplitudes. This quasi-random walk is responsible for a
diffusion process in the momentum direction
\langle(\Delta
\rangle=2Dcln
(where the average runs over different initial conditions).
More precisely, after
kicks, the momentum
of a particle with initial momentum
writes
[1] (obtained by iterating
times the standard map). Assuming that kicks are randoms and uncorrelated in time, the spreading of the momentum distribution writes
The classical diffusion coefficient in momentum direction is then given in first approximation by
. Corrections coming from neglected correlation terms can actually be taken into account, leading to the improved expression
[2] where
is the
Bessel function of first kind.
The quantum kicked rotator
Stroboscopic dynamics
The dynamics of the quantum kicked rotator (with wave function
) is governed by the time dependent
Schrödinger's equation
|\psi(t)\rangle=\left[
+K\cos\hat{\theta}
\delta\left(
-n\right)\right]|\psi(t)\rangle
with
[\hat{\theta},\hat{p}]=i\hbar
(or equivalently
).
As for classical dynamics, a stroboscopic point of view can be adopted by introducing the time propagator over a kicking period
(that is the
Floquet operator) so that
|\psi(t+T)\rangle=\hat{U}|\psi(t)\rangle
. After a careful integration of the time-dependent Schrödinger's equation, one finds that
can be written as the product of two operators
We recover the classical interpretation: the dynamics of the quantum kicked rotor between two kicks is the succession of a free propagation during a time
followed by a short kick. This simple expression of the Floquet operator
(a product of two operators, one diagonal in momentum basis, the other one diagonal in angular position basis) allows to easily numerically solve the evolution of a given wave function using
split-step method.
Because of the periodic boundary conditions at
, any wave function
can be expanded in a discrete momentum basis
(with
,
integer) see
Bloch theorem), so that
\langle\theta|\psi\rangle
\langlel|\psi\rangleei\Leftrightarrow\langlel|\psi\rangle=
\langle\theta|\psi\ranglee-i
Using this relation with the above expression of
, we find the recursion relation
[3] where
is a Bessel function of first kind.
Dynamical localization
It has been discovered[4] that the classical diffusion is suppressed in the quantum kicked rotator. It was later understood[5] [6] [7] [8] that this is a manifestation of a quantum dynamical localization effect that parallels Anderson localization. There is a general argument[9] [10] that leads to the following estimate for the breaktime of the diffusive behavior
Where
is the classical diffusion coefficient. The associated localization scale in momentum is therefore
.
Link with Anderson tight-binding model
The quantum kicked rotor can actually formally be related to the Anderson tight-binding model a celebrated Hamiltonian that describes electrons in a disordered lattice with lattice site state
, where Anderson localization takes place (in one dimension)
where the
are random on-site energies, and the
are the hoping amplitudes between sites
and
.
In the quantum kicked rotator it can be shown,[11] that the plane wave
with quantized momentum
play the role of the lattice sites states. The full mapping to the Anderson tight-binding model goes as follow (for a given eigenstates of the Floquet operator, with quasi-energy
)
Dynamical localization in the quantum kicked rotator then actually takes place in the momentum basis.
The effect of noise and dissipation
If noise is added to the system, the dynamical localization is destroyed, and diffusion is induced.[12] [13] [14] This is somewhat similar to hopping conductance. The proper analysis requires to figure out how the dynamical correlations that are responsible for the localization effect are diminished.
Recall that the diffusion coefficient is
, because the change
in the momentum is the sum of quasi-random kicks
. An exact expression for
is obtained by calculating the "area" of the correlation function
C(n)=\langle\sin(x(n))\sin(x(0))\rangle
, namely the sum
. Note that
. The same calculation recipe holds also in the quantum mechanical case, and also if noise is added.
In the quantum case, without the noise, the area under
is zero (due to long negative tails), while with the noise a practical approximation is
where the coherence time
is inversely proportional to the intensity of the noise. Consequently, the noise induced diffusion coefficient is
D ≈ Dclt*/tc [assumingtc\ggt*]
Also the problem of quantum kicked rotator with dissipation (due to coupling to a thermal bath) has been considered. There is an issue here how to introduce an interaction that respects the angle periodicity of the position
coordinate, and is still spatially homogeneous. In the first works
[15] [16] a quantum-optic type interaction has been assumed that involves a momentum dependent coupling. Later
[17] a way to formulate a purely position dependent coupling, as in the Calderia-Leggett model, has been figured out, which can be regarded as the earlier version of the DLD model.
Experimental realization with cold atoms
The first experimental realizations of the quantum kicked rotator have been achieved by Mark G. Raizen group[18] [19] in 1995, later followed by the Auckland group,[20] and have encouraged a renewed interest in the theoretical analysis. In this kind of experiment, a sample of cold atoms provided by a magneto-optical trap interacts with a pulsed standing wave of light. The light being detuned with respect to the atomic transitions, atoms undergo a space-periodic conservative force. Hence, the angular dependence is replaced by a dependence on position in the experimental approach. Sub-milliKelvin cooling is necessary to obtain quantum effects: because of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the de Broglie wavelength, i.e. the atomic wavelength, can become comparable to the light wavelength. For further information, see.[21] Thanks to this technique, several phenomena have been investigated, including the noticeable:
- quantum Ratchets;[22]
- the Anderson transition in 3D.[23]
See also
External links
Notes and References
- Zheng. Yindong. Kobe. Donald H.. Anomalous momentum diffusion in the classical kicked rotor. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals. 28. 2. 2006. 395–402. 0960-0779. 10.1016/j.chaos.2005.05.053. 2006CSF....28..395Z.
- Book: Ott, Edward . Chaos in dynamical systems . 2008 . Cambridge Univ. Press . 978-0-521-81196-5 . 316041428.
- Zheng. Yindong. Kobe. Donald H.. Momentum diffusion of the quantum kicked rotor: Comparison of Bohmian and standard quantum mechanics. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals. 34. 4. 2007. 1105–1113. 0960-0779. 10.1016/j.chaos.2006.04.065. 2007CSF....34.1105Z.
- G. Casati, B.V. Chirikov, F.M. Izrailev and J. Ford,in Stochastic Behaviour in classical and Quantum Hamiltonian Systems, Vol. 93 of Lecture Notes in Physics, edited by G. Casati and J. Ford (Springer, N.Y. 1979), p. 334
- Fishman. Shmuel. Grempel. D. R.. Prange. R. E.. Chaos, Quantum Recurrences, and Anderson Localization. Physical Review Letters. 49. 8. 1982. 509–512. 0031-9007. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.509. 1982PhRvL..49..509F.
- Grempel. D. R.. Prange. R. E.. Fishman. Shmuel. Quantum dynamics of a nonintegrable system. Physical Review A. 29. 4. 1984. 1639–1647. 0556-2791. 10.1103/PhysRevA.29.1639. 1984PhRvA..29.1639G.
- Fishman. Shmuel. Prange. R. E.. Griniasty. Meir. Scaling theory for the localization length of the kicked rotor. Physical Review A. 39. 4. 1989. 1628–1633. 0556-2791. 10.1103/PhysRevA.39.1628. 9901416. 1989PhRvA..39.1628F.
- Fishman. Shmuel. Grempel. D. R.. Prange. R. E.. Temporal crossover from classical to quantal behavior near dynamical critical points. Physical Review A. 36. 1. 1987. 289–305. 0556-2791. 10.1103/PhysRevA.36.289. 9898683. 1987PhRvA..36..289F.
- B.V. Chirikov, F.M. Izrailev and D.L. Shepelyansky, Sov. Sci. Rev. 2C, 209 (1981).
- Shepelyansky. D.L.. Localization of diffusive excitation in multi-level systems. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 28. 1–2. 1987. 103–114. 0167-2789. 10.1016/0167-2789(87)90123-0. 1987PhyD...28..103S.
- Fishman . Shmuel . Grempel . D. R. . Prange . R. E. . 1982-08-23 . Chaos, Quantum Recurrences, and Anderson Localization . Physical Review Letters . 49 . 8 . 509–512 . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.509. 1982PhRvL..49..509F .
- Ott. E.. Antonsen. T. M.. Hanson. J. D.. Effect of Noise on Time-Dependent Quantum Chaos. Physical Review Letters. 53. 23. 1984. 2187–2190. 0031-9007. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.2187. 1984PhRvL..53.2187O.
- Cohen. Doron. Quantum chaos, dynamical correlations, and the effect of noise on localization. Physical Review A. 44. 4. 1991. 2292–2313. 1050-2947. 10.1103/PhysRevA.44.2292. 9906211. 1991PhRvA..44.2292C.
- Cohen. Doron. Localization, dynamical correlations, and the effect of colored noise on coherence. Physical Review Letters. 67. 15. 1991. 1945–1948. 0031-9007. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.1945. 10044295. chao-dyn/9909016. 1991PhRvL..67.1945C.
- Dittrich. T.. Graham. R.. Quantization of the kicked rotator with dissipation. Zeitschrift für Physik B. 62. 4. 1986. 515–529. 0722-3277. 10.1007/BF01303584. 1986ZPhyB..62..515D. 189792730.
- Dittrich. T. Graham. R. Long time behavior in the quantized standard map with dissipation. Annals of Physics. 200. 2. 1990. 363–421. 0003-4916. 10.1016/0003-4916(90)90279-W. 1990AnPhy.200..363D.
- Cohen. D. Noise, dissipation and the classical limit in the quantum kicked-rotator problem. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General. 27. 14. 1994. 4805–4829. 0305-4470. 10.1088/0305-4470/27/14/011. 1994JPhA...27.4805C.
- Moore . F. L. . Robinson . J. C. . Bharucha . C. F. . Sundaram . Bala . Raizen . M. G. . 1995-12-18 . Atom Optics Realization of the Quantum $\ensuremath$-Kicked Rotor . Physical Review Letters . 75 . 25 . 4598–4601 . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.4598. 10059950 .
- Klappauf. B. G.. Oskay. W. H.. Steck. D. A.. Raizen. M. G.. Observation of Noise and Dissipation Effects on Dynamical Localization. Physical Review Letters. 81. 6. 1998. 1203–1206. 0031-9007. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.1203. 1998PhRvL..81.1203K.
- Ammann. H.. Gray. R.. Shvarchuck. I.. Christensen. N.. Quantum Delta-Kicked Rotor: Experimental Observation of Decoherence. Physical Review Letters. 80. 19. 1998. 4111–4115. 0031-9007. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.4111. 1998PhRvL..80.4111A.
- M. Raizen in New directions in quantum chaos, Proceedings of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi, Course CXLIII, Edited by G. Casati, I. Guarneri and U. Smilansky (IOS Press, Amsterdam 2000).
- Gommers. R.. Denisov. S.. Renzoni. F.. Quasiperiodically Driven Ratchets for Cold Atoms. Physical Review Letters. 96. 24. 2006. 240604. 0031-9007. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.240604. 16907228. cond-mat/0610262. 2006PhRvL..96x0604G. 36630433.
- Chabé. Julien. Lemarié. Gabriel. Grémaud. Benoît. Delande. Dominique. Szriftgiser. Pascal. Garreau. Jean Claude. Experimental Observation of the Anderson Metal-Insulator Transition with Atomic Matter Waves. Physical Review Letters. 101. 25. 2008. 0031-9007. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.255702. 0709.4320. 19113725. 255702. 2008PhRvL.101y5702C. 773761.