| Khorasani Turkic | |
| Nativename: | خراسان تركچیسی, Xorasan Türkçesi |
| States: | Iran |
| Region: | North Khorasan |
| Speakers: | 400,000– |
| Ethnicity: | Khorasani Turks |
| Date: | 2015–2019 |
| Ref: | [1] |
| Familycolor: | Altaic |
| Fam1: | Turkic |
| Fam2: | Common Turkic |
| Fam3: | Oghuz |
| Fam4: | Eastern |
| Script: | Persian alphabet |
| Iso3: | kmz |
| Glotto: | khor1269 |
| Glottorefname: | Khorasan Turkic |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Map2: | Lang Status 80-VU.svg |
Khorasani Turkic or Khorasani Turkish is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken in the North Khorasan Province and the Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Nearly all Khorasani Turkic speakers are also bilingual in Persian.
Khorasani Turkic is spoken in the Iranian provinces of North Khorasan near Bojnord and Razavi Khorasan near Sabzevar, Quchan. The Oghuz dialect spoken in Western Uzbekistan is sometimes considered a dialect of Khorasani Turkic.
Khorasani Turkic is split into North, South and West dialects. The northern dialect is spoken in North Khorasan near Quchan; the southern in Soltanabad, near Sabzevar; the western, around Bojnord.
Khorasani Turkic belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages, which also includes Turkish, Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Balkan Gagauz, Qashqai, Turkmen and Salar.
Khorasani Turkic was first classified as a separate dialect by Iranian Azerbaijani linguist Javad Heyat in the book Tārikh-e zabān o lahcayā-ye Türki (History of the Turkic dialects). According to some linguists, it should be considered intermediate linguistically between Azerbaijani and Turkmen, although it is sufficiently distinct not to be considered a dialect of either. It is considered by Turkic scholars to be most closely related to the other Oghuz varieties spoken in Iran, and a close relationship with Turkmen has been disputed on the basis of the comparisons of the core set of agglutinating morphemes.
Doerfer and Hesche classify Khorasani Turkic into different branches within the Oghuz languages.[2]
According to Robert Lindsay, Khorasani Turkic has four branches:[3]
Glottolog lists seven distinct dialects:[4]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Plosive/ Affricate | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Fricative | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Flap | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| + Vowels | Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Open | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | ||
All vowels have phonemic length distinction. The vowel pronounced as //ɑ// is rounded to pronounced as /[ɒ]/ when followed by the vowels pronounced as //u//, pronounced as //i// (sho& long pronounced as //oː// (Muxabbat pronounced as /[muxɒbbɑt]/ "love", Insan pronounced as /[insɒn]/ "human"). On the other hand, short /o/ & all the remaining vowels do not cause this rounding, not even the mid & close vowels /e ø ɯ y/ & their long counterparts. (Yoldaşlık pronounced as /[joldɑʃlɯk]/ "friendship"). /ɑ/ is always pronounced [ɑ] in plurals (& for some speakers, it is pronounced as such unconditionally)
Pluralization is marked on nouns with the suffix pronounced as //-lar//, which has the two forms pronounced as //-lar// and pronounced as //-lær//, depending on vowel harmony. As mentioned in the phonology section, plural pronounced as //ɑ// is never rounded to [ɒ], even when it follows pronounced as //u//, /oː/ or pronounced as //i//.
Nouns in Khorasani Turkic take a number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and whether they follow a vowel or a consonant:
| Nominative | No Ending | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Genitive | pronounced as /niŋ/nin/ | pronounced as /iŋ/in/ | |
| Dative | pronounced as /ja/jæ/ | pronounced as /a/æ/ | |
| Accusative | pronounced as /ni/nɯ/ | pronounced as /i/ɯ/ | |
| Locative | pronounced as /da/dæ/ | ||
| Ablative | pronounced as /dan/dæn/ | ||
| Instrumental | pronounced as /nan/næn/ | ||
Possession is marked with a suffix on the possessed noun.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | pronounced as /(I)m/ | pronounced as /(I)mIz/ | |
| 2nd Person | pronounced as /(I)ŋ/ | pronounced as /(I)ŋIz/ | |
| 3rd Person | pronounced as /(s)I/ | pronounced as /lArI/ |
Khorasani Turkic has six personal pronouns. Occasionally, personal pronouns take different case endings from regular nouns.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | pronounced as /mæn/ | pronounced as /bɯz/ | |
| 2nd Person | pronounced as /sæn/ | pronounced as /siz/ | |
| 3rd Person | pronounced as /o/ | pronounced as /olar/ |
Verbs are declined for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number. The infinitive form of the verb ends in -max.
| Translation | IPA | Romanization | Arabic script (Iran) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thus, there was a padishah named Ziyad. | pronounced as /ɑl ɣæssa bir zijæːd pæːdiʃæːhiː bæːɾɨdɨ/ | Al ğässa bir Ziyäd pädişähi bärıdı | .ال غسا بیر زياد پدیشهی بـهریدی | |
| Almighty God had given him no son. | pronounced as /xodɒːʷændi æːlæm ona hit͡ʃ ɔɣul ataː elæmɑmiʃdi/ | Xodavändi äläm ona hiç oğul ata elämamişdi. | .خوداوندی آلم اونا هیچ اوغول اتا ایلهمامیشدی | |
| Then, he spoke to his vizier: "O Vizier, I have no son. What shall I do about it?" | pronounced as /bæːdæn vaziːɾæ dədi, ej vaziːɾ, mændæ ki ɔɣul joxdɨ, mæn næ t͡ʃaːɾæ ejlem/ | Bädän vazirä dedi: "Ey vazir, mändä ki oğul yoxdı. Män nä çarä eylem?" | بدن وازیره دهدی: «ای وازیر, منده کی اوغول یوخدی. من نه چاره ایولیم»؟ | |
| The vizier said: "Ruler of the whole world, what will you do with this possession?" | pronounced as /vaziːɾ dedi, pɒːdiʃaː-i ɢɨblæ-ji ɒːlæm, sæn bu mɒːlɨ-æmwɒːlɨ næjlijæsæn/ | Vazir dedi: "Padişai qıbläyi aläm, sän bu malıämvalı näyliyäsän?" | وازیر دهدی: «پادیشای قیبلنهیی آلم, سن بو مالیموالی نیلیسن»؟ |
Khorasani Turkic is not often written, but it may be with the Persian alphabet in the Perso-Arabic script.[5]
| Letter | Romanization | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| {{nq|ا | a | pronounced as //ɑ//, pronounced as //æ//, pronounced as //o//, pronounced as //Ø// | |
| {{nq|ب | b | pronounced as //b// | |
| {{nq|پ | p | pronounced as //p// | |
| {{nq|ت | t | pronounced as //t// | |
| {{nq|ث | (s) | pronounced as //s// | |
| {{nq|ج | x | pronounced as //d͡ʒ// | |
| {{nq|چ | č | pronounced as //t͡ʃ// | |
| {{nq|ح | (h) | pronounced as //h// | |
| {{nq|خ | x | pronounced as //x// | |
| {{nq|د | d | pronounced as //d// | |
| {{nq|ذ | (z) | pronounced as //z// | |
| {{nq|ر | r | pronounced as //r// | |
| {{nq|ز | z | pronounced as //z// | |
| {{nq|ژ | ž | pronounced as //ʒ// | |
| {{nq|س | s | pronounced as //s// | |
| {{nq|ش | ş | pronounced as //ʃ// | |
| {{nq|ص | (s) | pronounced as //s// | |
| {{nq|ض | (d) | pronounced as //d// | |
| {{nq|ط | (t) | pronounced as //t// | |
| {{nq|ظ | (z) | pronounced as //z// | |
| {{nq|ع | ə, ‘ | pronounced as //æ//, pronounced as //Ø// | |
| {{nq|غ | ǧ | pronounced as //ɣ// | |
| {{nq|ف | f | pronounced as //f// | |
| {{nq|ق | q | pronounced as //q// | |
| {{nq|ک | k | pronounced as //k// | |
| {{nq|گ | g | pronounced as //ɡ// | |
| {{nq|ل | l | pronounced as //l// | |
| {{nq|م | m | pronounced as //m// | |
| {{nq|ن | n | pronounced as //n~ŋ// | |
| {{nq|و | w | pronounced as //v~w//, pronounced as //o//, pronounced as //ø//, pronounced as //u//, pronounced as //y// | |
| {{nq|ه | h | pronounced as //h// | |
| {{nq|ی | y, ı, i, e | pronounced as //j//, pronounced as //ɯ//, pronounced as //i//, pronounced as //e// | |
| {{nq|ء | ʿ | pronounced as //ʔ// | |
| {{nq|نگ | ng | pronounced as //ŋ(g)// |