Cambodian names (or Khmer names; Central Khmer: ឈ្មោះខ្មែរ) are names used or originating in Cambodia which usually consist of two elements including a patronymic, which serves as a common family name for siblings, followed by a given name (i.e. following the Eastern name order).[1] An example is singer Sinn Sisamouth, his surname (last name) is Sinn and his given name (first name) is Sisamouth (in Western sources, the two are sometimes reversed).[2]
The use of surnames in Cambodia is relatively recent and was not mandated by law until imposed by the French in 1910.[3] Surnames are typically derived from the father's given name.[4]
Other Austroasiatic indigenous people groups within Cambodia have similar naming customs, while the Sino-Khmer and Viet-Khmer may follow Chinese and Vietnamese naming patterns, respectively. Chams in Cambodia may have either Khmer or Cham names or a combination of both. Cham name order is the reverse of the Khmer; the given name is followed by the father's given name.[5]
Generally, women are given names relating to beauty, while men are given names of virtues.[6] [7] Some Khmer given names are unisex names.
Historically, Khmer practiced cognatic kinship and reckoned descent bilaterally, and surnames were not used to trace descent. Surnames became mandatory only by legal decree during the French colonial era in 1910, but was rarely used outside of legal and administrative matters. After the passage of the law, parents often gave their children the father, grandfather or great-grandfather's given name as a surname. Some Khmer may also have surnames from the mother or two given names with one used as a surname. This heterogeneous naming practice continued into the 1970s and 1980s.[8] [9] When they were used, they were usually taken from the father's given name and are generally monosyllabic.[10] Khmer surnames are sometimes identical to Chinese or Vietnamese surnames.[10] Women do not adopt their husbands' surnames.[6]
The earliest attested names among Khmer either have indigenous origins or were drawn from Sanskrit. The use of Sanskrit and Indic words as names continues to the present.
The meanings of Khmer names are generally very simple and reference positive attributes. Cambodian people are called by their given names without a title (informal) or by their given names with a title (formal); the full name, including both family name and given name is often used[11] (Surnames are used as a form of address, however, in the case of names that originated as revolutionary aliases).
Different naming traditions exist among ethnic groups other than the Khmer majority. The Cambodian population is 90% Buddhist and names are often taken from Buddhism. Among the Muslim minority, Arabic names are often used as family names.[1]
Khmer names are usually pronounced with the stress (emphasis) placed on the last syllable.[12] Khmer uses a glottal stop (the brief stop in uh-oh) and other stops: pronounced as /p/, pronounced as /t/, pronounced as /c/ and pronounced as /k/ which may or may not occur with aspiration. In romanizations of Khmer script, aspiration (i.e., a breath sound) is usually marked with an h. Final r, d, g, s, b, and z sounds are not heard: Ngor is pronounced Ngow. Some final consonants are written but not pronounced.[13]
Although historically, surnames were chosen from the father, grandfather, or great-grandfather's given name, in modern practice, surnames are now usually transmitted from father to children. Other ethnic groups, particularly Chinese-Cambodians and Vietnamese-Cambodians, may have a family name that is taken by each generation, in which case the name is pronounced similarly to the language of origin but within the bounds of Khmer phonology. Below is a list of some common family names,[14] some of which are also found as given names.
| Khmer | Common spellings | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| កូយ | /kouy/ | Koy | Koy | |
| កឹម | /kəm/ | Kœ̆m | Koem | |
| កែប | /kaep/ | Kêb | Kaep, Kep | |
| កែវ | /kaew/ | Kêv | Kev, Kaev, Keo | |
| កាំង | /kaŋ/ | Kăng | Kang | |
| ខាត់ | /kʰat/ | Khăt | Khat | |
| ខាយ | /kʰaːy/ | Khay | Khay | |
| ខៀវ | /kʰiəw/ | Khiĕv | Khiev, Kheav | |
| ខ្លូត | /kʰlout/ | Khlot | Khlot | |
| គ្រី | /kriː/ | Kri | Kri, Kry, Kree | |
| គឹម | /kɨm/ | Kœ̆m | Koem, Kim | |
| គួច | /kuəc/ | Kuŏch | Kuoch | |
| ឃាង | /kʰiəŋ/ | Khéang | Kheang | |
| ឃិន | /kʰɨn/ | Khĭn | Khin | |
| ឃីម | /kʰiːm/ | Khim | Khim | |
| ចន្ទ | /can/ | Chăn | Chan | |
| ចាន់ | /can/ | Chăn | Chan | |
| ចាប | /caːp/ | Chab | Chap | |
| ចេង | /ceːŋ/ | Chéng | Cheng | |
| ចេន | /ceːn/ | Chén | Chen, Jen | |
| ឆន | /cʰɑːn/ | Chhân | Chhan, Chhorn | |
| ឆាយ | /cʰaːy/ | Chhay | Chhay | |
| ជា | /ciə/ | Chéa | Chea | |
| ជាម | /ciəm/ | Chéam | Cheam | |
| ជិន | /cɨn/ | Chĭn | Chin, Jin | |
| ជី | /ciː/ | Chi | Chi, Chy | |
| ជឹម | /cɨm/ | Chœ̆m | Choem | |
| ជ័យ | /cɨj/ | Chey | Chey, Jey | |
| ឈិត | /cʰɨt/ | Chhĭt | Chhit | |
| ឈិន | /cʰɨn/ | Chhĭn | Chhin | |
| ឈឹម | /cʰɨm/ | Chhœ̆m | Chhoem | |
| ញឹក | /ɲɨk/ | Nhœ̆k | Nhoek | |
| ដួង | /ɗuəŋ/ | Duŏng | Duong | |
| ឌិត | /ɗɨt/ | Dĭt | Dit, Dith | |
| ឌិន | /ɗɨn/ | Dĭn | Din | |
| ឌី | /ɗiː/ | Di | Di, Dy, Dee | |
| ឌុល | /ɗul/ | Dŭl | Dul | |
| ឌួង | /ɗuəŋ/ | Duŏng | Duong | |
| តក់ | /tɑk/ | Ták | Tak | |
| តាង | /taːŋ/ | Tang | Tang | |
| តាត | /taːt/ | Tat | Tat, Tath | |
| តូច | /touc/ | Toch | Toch, Touch | |
| តាំង | /taŋ/ | Tăng | Tang | |
| ថន | /tʰɑːn/ | Thân | Than, Thorn | |
| ថៃ | /tʰaj/ | Thai | Thai | |
| ទាវ | /tiəw/ | Téav | Teav | |
| ទី | /tiː/ | Ti | Ti, Ty, Tee | |
| ទុំ | /tum/ | Tŭm | Tum | |
| ទ្រី | /triː/ | Tri | Tri, Try | |
| ទេព | /teːp/ | Tép | Tep | |
| ធី | /tʰiː/ | Thi | Thi, Thy, | |
| នី | /niː/ | Ni | Ni, Ny, | |
| ប្រាក់ | /prak/ | Prăk | Prak | |
| ប៉ាង | /paːŋ/ | Pang | Pang | |
| ប៉ុក | /pok/ | Pŏk | Pok | |
| ប៊ុន | /bun/ | Bŭn | Bun | |
| ប៉ែន | /paen/ | Pên | Pen, Paen | |
| ផាន | /pʰaːn/ | Phan | Phan | |
| ពិជ | /pɨc/ | Pĭch | Pich | |
| ពេជ្រ | /peːc/ | Péch | Pech | |
| ភី | /pʰiː/ | Phi | Phi, Phy | |
| មា | /maː/ | Ma | Ma | |
| មាន | /miən/ | Méan | Mean | |
| មាស | /miəh/ | Méas | Meas | |
| មួយ | /muəy/ | Muŏy | Muoy | |
| មូល | /muːl/ | Mul | Mul, Moul | |
| មេង | /meːŋ/ | Méng | Meng | |
| ម៉ៅ | /maw/ | Mau | Mau, Mao | |
| យស់ | /yuh/ | Yós | Yos, Yoh | |
| យុន | /yun/ | Yŭn | Yun | |
| យូ | /yuː/ | Yu | Yu, You | |
| រស់ | /rʊəh/ | Ruŏs | Ruos, Ruoh, Ros | |
| រួយ | /rʊəj/ | Ruŏy | Ruoy | |
| លន់ | /lun/ | Lón | Lon | |
| លិម | /lim/ | Lĭm | Lim, Lym | |
| លី | /liː/ | Li | Li, Ly, Lee | |
| លីវ | /liːw/ | Liv | Liv | |
| លីម | /liːm/ | Lim | Lim | |
| វ៉ាង | /ʋaːŋ/ | Vang | Vang | |
| វង្ស | /ʋuŋ/ | Vóng | Vong | |
| ស | /sɑː/ | Sâ | Sa, Sar, Sor | |
| សង | /sɑːŋ/ | Sâng | Sang, Song | |
| សន | /sɑːn/ | Sân | San, Sorn | |
| ស៊ន | /sɔːn/ | Sôn | Son, Sorn | |
| សម | /sɑm/ | Sám | Sam, Som | |
| សរ | /sɑːØ/ | Sâ | Sa, Sar, Sor | |
| សាង | /saːŋ/ | Sang | Sang | |
| សាត | /saːt/ | Sat | Sat, Sath | |
| សាន | /saːn/ | San | San | |
| សាន់ | /san/ | Săn | San | |
| សាយ | /saːj/ | Say | Say | |
| សិន | /sən/ | Sĕn | Sen, Sin | |
| សឺន | /səɨn/ | Sœn | Soen, Seun, Son | |
| សុខ | /sok/ | Sŏk | Sok | |
| សុង | /soŋ/ | Sŏng | Song | |
| សុន | /son/ | Sŏn | Son | |
| ស៊ុន | /sun/ | Sŭn | Sun | |
| ស៊ុយ | /suj/ | Sŭy | Suy | |
| សូ | /soː/ | So | So | |
| ស៊ូ | /suː/ | Su | Su | |
| សួន | /suən/ | Suŏn | Suon | |
| សឿង | /sɨəŋ/ | Sœăng | Soeang | |
| សៀង | /siəŋ/ | Siĕng | Sieng, Seang | |
| សេង | /seːŋ/ | Séng | Seng | |
| សេន | seːn | Sén | Sen | |
| សោម | /saom/ | Saôm | Saom, Som | |
| សៅ | /saw/ | Sau | Sau, Sao | |
| ហាក់ | /hak/ | Hăk | Hak | |
| ហុង | /hoŋ/ | Hŏng | Hong | |
| ហ៊ុន | /hun/ | Hŭn | Hun | |
| ហូ | /hou/ | Ho | Ho | |
| ហេង | /heːŋ/ | Héng | Heng | |
| ឡាយ | /laːj/ | Lay | Lay | |
| ឡុង | /loŋ/ | Lŏng | Long | |
| អាង | /ʔaːŋ/ | Ang | Ang | |
| អិម | /ʔim/ | Ĕm | Em, Im, Yim | |
| អុង | /ʔoŋ/ | Ŏng | Ong | |
| អ៊ុច | /ʔuc/ | Ŭch | Uch | |
| អ៊ុយ | /ʔuj/ | Ŭy | Uy | |
| អៀម | /ʔiəm/ | Iĕm | Iem, Eam, Iam | |
| អៀវ | /ʔiew/ | Iĕv | Iev, Eav, Eaw | |
| អ៊ុំ | /ʔum/ | Ŭm | Um | |
| ឯក | /ʔaek/ | Êk | Ek, Aek | |
| ឱ | /ʔaːo/ | Aô | Ao, Or | |
| ឱក | /ʔaːok/ | Aô | Aok | |
| ឱម | /ʔaːom/ | Aôm | Aom, Om |
Unlike Khmer family names, given names may have multiple syllables and differ greatly. Given names were influenced greatly by Sanskrit.
| Khmer | IPA | Common spellings | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| បទុម | [ɓɔtom] | Bâtŭm | Batum | Padum | Botum | |
| ចន្ថា | [cɑntʰaː] | Chântha | Chantha | Canthā | Chantha | |
| ជា | [ciə] | Chéa | Chea | Jā | Chea | |
| ជាតា | [ciətaː] | Chéata | Cheata | Jātā | Cheata | |
| ឆេង | [cʰeːŋ] | Chhéng | Chheng | Cheng | Chheng | |
| ឈៀង | [cʰiəŋ] | Chhiĕng | Chhieng | Chiang | Chhieng, Chheang | |
| តា | [taː] | Ta | Ta | Tā | Ta | |
| តារា | [taːraː] | Tara | Tara | Tārā | Tara, Dara | |
| ឡេង | [leːŋ] | Léng | Leng | Ḷeng | Leng | |
| ណារ៉ុង | [naːroŋ] | Narŏng | Narong | Ṇār"ung | Narong | |
| និមល | [nimɔl] | Nĭmôl | Nimol | Nimal | Nimol | |
| ភួង | [pʰuəŋ] | Phuŏng | Phuong | Bhuang | Phuong | |
| សារឿន | [saːrɨən] | Sarœăn | Saroean | Sārẏan | Saroeun | |
| ស្រី | [srəj] | Srei | Srei | Srī | Srey, Srei | |
| សន | [sɑːn] | Sân | San | San | Sorn, Son, San | |
| បុប្ផា | [ɓopʰaː] | Bŏbpha | Bobpha | Pupphā | Bopha | |
| បុរី | [ɓorəj] | Bŏri | Bori | Purī | Borey, Borei | |
| ចិន្ដា | [cənɗaː] | Chĕnda | Chenda | Cenṭā | Chenda | |
| ឈួន | [cʰuən] | Chhuŏn | Chhuon | Jhuan | Chhuon | |
| ខាន់ | [kʰan] | Khăn | Khan | Khân | Khan | |
| កុសល | [kosɑl] | Kŏsál | Kosal | Kusal | Kosal | |
| គុន្ធា | [kuntʰiə] | Kŭnthéa | Kunthea | Gunṭhā | Kunthea | |
| ឡាយ | [laːj] | Lay | Lay | Ḷāy | Lay | |
| លំអង | [lom.ʔɑŋ] | Lum'âng | Lum'ang | Laṃ'ang | Lom Ang, Lom Ong | |
| ម៉ាលី | [maːliː] | Mali | Mali | M"ālī | Mali, Maly | |
| ម៉ី | [məj] | Mei | Mei | M"ī | Mey, Mei | |
| ណារី | [naːriː] | Nari | Nari | Ṇārī | Nary, Nari | |
| បញ្ញា | [paɲaː] | Bânhnhéa | Banhnhea | Paññā | Panha, Pagna | |
| ពិសិដ្ឋ | [pisɨt] | Pĭsĕdth | Pisedth | Bisiṭṭh | Piseth | |
| ផល្លា | [pʰɑllaː] | Phâlléa | Phallea | Phallā | Phalla | |
| ភារៈ | [pʰiəreaʔ] | Phéareă | Pheareak | Bhārà | Pheareak, Phireak | |
| ភិរុណ | [pʰiron] | Phĭrŭn | Phirun | Bhiruṇ | Phirun | |
| ពៅ | [pɨw] | Pŏu | Pov | Bau | Pov | |
| រស្មី | [reasməj] | Rôsmei | Rosmei | Rasmī | Rasmey, Raksmey, Reaksmey | |
| រិទ្ធិ | [rɨt] | Rĭtthĭ | Ritthi | Riddhi | Rith, Rit | |
| រី | [riː] | Ri | Ri | Rī | Ry, Ri | |
| សម្បត្តិ | [sɑmˈɓat] | Sâmbâttĕ | Sambatte | Sampatti | Sambath | |
| សម្ផស្ស | [sɑmˈpʰɔəh] | Sâmphâss | Samphass | Samphass | Samphors, Somphors | |
| សំណាង | [sɑmˈnaːŋ] | Sâmnang | Samnang | Saṃṇāng | Samnang, Somnang | |
| សារិទ្ធ | [saːrɨt] | Sarĭtth | Saritth | Sāriddh | Sarith, Sarit | |
| សុខា | [sokʰaː] | Sŏkha | Sokha | Sukhā | Sokha | |
| សុធា | [sotʰiə] | Sŏthéa | Sothea | Sudhā | Sothea | |
| សុផល | [sopʰɑl] | Sŏphâl | Sophal | Suphal | Sophal | |
| សុផាត | [sopʰɑt] | Sŏphat | Sophat | Suphat | Sophat | |
| សុភា | [sopʰiə] | Sŏphéa | Sophea | Subhā | Sophea | |
| សុភាព | [sopʰiəp] | Sŏphéap | Sopheap | Subhāb | Sopheap | |
| សួន | [suən] | Suŏn | Suon | Suan | Suon | |
| ទី | [tiː] | Ti | Ti | Dī | Ti, Ty | |
| វណ្ណា | [ʋanaː] | Vônna | Vonna | Vaṇṇā | Vanna | |
| វាសនា | [ʋiəsnaː] | Véasânéa | Veasanea | Vāsanā | Veasna | |
| វិបុល | [ʋibol] | Vĭbŏl | Vibol | Vipul | Vibol | |
| វុឌ្ឍី | [ʋutʰiː] | Vŭdthi | Vudthi | Vuḍḍhī | Vuthy |
At times, many families combine shorter names to create a longer name. This happens often among the wealthier class of Cambodians.