Kharruba Explained

Kharruba
Native Name:خروبة
Native Name Lang:ar
Etymology:The carob, or locust tree[1]
Pushpin Map:Mandatory Palestine
Pushpin Mapsize:200
Coordinates:31.9122°N 34.9606°W
Grid Name:Palestine grid
Grid Position:146/146
Subdivision Type:Geopolitical entity
Subdivision Name:Mandatory Palestine
Subdivision Type1:Subdistrict
Subdivision Name1:Ramle
Established Title1:Date of depopulation
Established Date1:July 12–15, 1948[2]
Established Title2:Repopulated dates
Population As Of:1945
Population Total:170[3]
Blank Name Sec1:Cause(s) of depopulation
Blank Info Sec1:Military assault by Yishuv forces

Kharruba was a Palestinian Arab village in the Ramle Subdistrict of Mandatory Palestine, near Modi'in. It was located 8 km east of Ramla. It was depopulated on July 12, 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

History

The name Kharruba, in its current form, is an Arabic one: "a carob tree".[4]

It may be Kfar Hariba or Kfar Haruba mentioned in the Jerusalem Talmud as home of two brothers who fought the Romans during the Bar Kokhba revolt.[5]

Ottoman era

In 1552, Kharruba was a cultivated place (mazra'a). Part of the tax revenues of Kharruba were endowed to the Haseki Sultan Imaret in Jerusalem, founded by Haseki Hürrem Sultan, the favourite wife of Suleiman the Magnificent. Administratively, Kharruba belonged to the Sub-district of Ramla in the District of Gaza.[6]

Kharruba appeared in Ottoman tax registers compiled in 1596 under the name of Harnuba, in the Nahiyas of Ramla, of the Gaza Sanjak. It was indicated as empty (hali), though 25% taxes were paid on agricultural products. These included wheat, barley, summer crops, vineyards, fruit trees, sesame, goats, beehives, in an addition to occasional revenues; a total of 4,000 akçe.[7]

In 1838, it was noted as a Muslim village, Khurrubeh, in the Ibn Humar area in the District of Er-Ramleh.[8]

In 1863, Victor Guérin described Kharruba as a hamlet of a few huts. He noticed the remains of a medieval fort and suggested it might be the Crusader castle Arnaldi.[9] The following decade, the PEF's "Survey of Western Palestine" found only ruins.[10]

By the beginning of the 20th century, residents from Beit Iksa resettled the site, establishing it as a dependency – or satellite village – of their home village.[11]

British Mandate era

During the British Mandate period, Kharruba was one of the key areas of Lime production for the developing urban centers along Palestine's coastal plain.[12]

At the time of the 1931 census, Kharruba had 21 occupied houses and a population of 119 inhabitants, all Muslims.[13]

In the 1945 statistics, the village had a population of 170 Muslims.[14] The total land area was 3,374 dunams,[3] of this, a total of 1,620 dunums were used for cereals, 25 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[15] while 3 dunams were classified as built-up public areas.[16]

1948, aftermath

It was depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War on July 12, 1948, by the Yiftach Brigade which reported that it had blown up the houses and "cleared the village".[17]

In 1992 the village site was described: "The site is covered with the stone rubble of the destroyed houses, overgrown with vegetation. Many of the plants that grow on the site are the ones that Palestinians traditionally planted near their homes: cactuses, castor oil (ricinus) plants, and cypress, Christ's thorn, and olive trees. The surrounding land is used by the Israelis as grazing ground."[18]

Archaeology

A site called Haruba is mentioned in the Copper Scroll, the only one of the Dead Sea Scrolls engraved on copper rather than written on parchment. Modern scholars do not believe it to be the site mentioned in the scroll.[19]

In 2012, five suspected antiquities robbers were caught at Kharruba, after damaging a mikveh (ritual bath) dating to the Second Temple period and trenches used as hiding places during the Bar Kokhba revolt.[19]

Bibliography

External links

Notes and References

  1. Palmer, 1881, p. 299
  2. Morris, 2004, p. xix, village No. 242. Also gives cause of depopulation
  3. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 67
  4. Marom . Roy . Zadok . Ran . 2023 . Early-Ottoman Palestinian Toponymy: A Linguistic Analysis of the (Micro-)Toponyms in Haseki Sultan’s Endowment Deed (1552) . Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins . en . 139 . 2.
  5. Finkelstein and Lederman, 1997, p. 200
  6. Marom . R.. Roy Marom. 2022-11-01 . Jindās: A History of Lydda's Rural Hinterland in the 15th to the 20th Centuries CE . Lod, Lydda, Diospolis . 1 . 8.
  7. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 152
  8. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, Appendix 2, p. 121
  9. Guérin, 1868, pp. 317–318. However, the modern identification of Arnaldi is Yalo.(Denys Pringle . Survey of Castles in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1989: Preliminary Report . Levant . XXIII . 1991 . 87–91 . 10.1179/lev.1991.23.1.87.)
  10. Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 104
  11. Marom . Roy . Roy Marom . 2022 . Lydda Sub-District: Lydda and its countryside during the Ottoman period . Diospolis – City of God: Journal of the History, Archaeology and Heritage of Lod . 8 . 124.
  12. Marom . Roy . 2023-05-13 . The Arab Lime Industry around Modi'in during the British Mandate from the Craftsmen's Perspective . Diospolis . en . 9 . 70–83 . eScholership.
  13. Mills, 1932, p. [//ia800304.us.archive.org/18/items/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas/PalestineCensus1931.pdf 21]
  14. Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 29
  15. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 115
  16. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 165
  17. Morris, 2004, p. 435
  18. Khalidi, 1992, p. 388
  19. The document is said to provide clues to the whereabouts of the legendary treasures of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. The scroll states: "In the ruin (Hurba) that is in the valley of Achor, under/the steps, with the entrance at the East,/a distance of 40 cubits: a strongbox of silver and its vessels / with a weight of 17 talents." In consequence, many treasure hunters have flocked to Kharruba over the years, No gold in them hills, Haaretz

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