Khakas Explained

Group:	Khakas
Native Name:	Хакас
Population:	80,000 (est.)
Popplace:	Russia (primarily Khakassia)
Region1:	: 63,643 : 4,102 : 877 : 664 : 451 : 401 : 298
Pop1:	72,959
Ref1:	^[1]
Region2:	Ukraine
Pop2:	162
Ref2:	^[2]
Region3:	(Heilongjiang)
Pop3:	About 1,500
Rels:	Predominantly Orthodox Christianity (Russian Orthodoxy) Also shamanism (Tengrism)
Langs:	Khakas, Russian
Related:	Chulyms, Kumandins, Siberian Tatars, Shors, Teleuts, Tofalar, Tuvans, Dukha, Soyot, Fuyu Kyrgyz, Kyrgyz

The Khakas are a Turkic indigenous people of Siberia, who live in the republic of Khakassia, Russia. They speak the Khakas language.

The Khakhassian people are direct descendants of various ancient cultures that have inhabited southern Siberia, including the Andronovo culture, Samoyedic peoples, the Tagar culture, and the Yenisei Kyrgyz culture.^{[3] [4]}

Although some populations traditionally called Khakhassian are not related to Khakhassians or any other ethnic group present in the area.^[5]

Etymology

The Khakas people were historically known as Kyrgyz, before being labelled as Tatar by the Imperial Russians following the conquest of Siberia. The name Tatar then became the autonym used by the Khakas to refer to themselves, in the form Tadar. Following the Russian Revolution, the Soviet authorities changed the name of the group to Khakas, a newly-formed name based on the Chinese name for the Kyrgyz people, Xiaqiasi.^[6]

History

The Yenisei Kyrgyz were made to pay tribute in a treaty concluded between the Dzungars and Russians in 1635.^[7] The Dzungar Oirat Kalmyks coerced the Yenisei Kyrgyz into submission.^{[8] [9]}

Some of the Yenisei Kyrgyz were relocated into the Dzungar Khanate by the Dzungars, and then the Qing moved them from Dzungaria to northeastern China in 1761, where they became known as the Fuyu Kyrgyz.^{[10] [11] [12]} Sibe Bannermen were stationed in Dzungaria while Northeastern China (Manchuria) was where some of the remaining Öelet Oirats were deported to.^[13] The Nonni basin was where Oirat Öelet deportees were settled. The Yenisei Kyrgyz were deported along with the Öelet.^[14] Chinese and Oirat replaced Oirat and Kyrgyz during Manchukuo as the dual languages of the Nonni-based Yenisei Kyrgyz.^[15]

In the 17th century, the Khakas formed Khakassia in the middle of the lands of Yenisei Kyrgyz, who at the time were vassals of a Mongolian ruler. The Russians arrived shortly after the Kyrgyz left, and an inflow of Russian agragian settlers began. In the 1820s, gold mines started to be developed around Minusinsk, which became a regional industrial center.

The names Khongorai and Khoorai were applied to the Khakas before they became known as the Khakas.^{[16] [17] [18] [19]} Khakas refer to themselves as Tadar.^{[20] [21] [22]} Khoorai (Khorray) has also been in use to refer to them.^{[23] [24] [25]} Now the Khakas call themselves Tadar^{[26] [27]} and do not use Khakas to describe themselves in their own language.^[28] They are also called Abaka Tatars.^[29]

During the 19th century, many Khakas accepted the Russian ways of life, and most were converted en masse to Russian Orthodox Christianity. Shamanism, however, is still common;.^[30] Many Christians practice shamanism with Christianity.^[31] In Imperial Russia, the Khakas used to be known under other names, used mostly in historic contexts: Minusinsk Tatars (Russian: минуси́нские тата́ры), Abakan Tatars (абака́нские тата́ры), and Yenisei Turks.

During the Revolution of 1905, a movement towards autonomy developed. When Soviets came to power in 1923, the Khakas National District was established, and various ethnic groups (Beltir, Sagai, Kachin, Koibal, and Kyzyl) were artificially "combined" into one - the Khakas. The National District was reorganized into Khakas Autonomous Oblast, a part of Krasnoyarsk Krai, in 1930.^[32] The Republic of Khakassia in its present form was established in 1992.

Khakas account for only about 12% of the total population of the republic (78,500 as of 1989 Census). Khakas traditionally practiced nomadic herding, agriculture, hunting, and fishing. The Beltir people specialized in handicraft as well. Herding sheep and cattle is still common, although the republic became more industrialized over time.

Genetics

Paternal lineages

Genetic research has identified 4 primary paternal lineages in the Khakhas population.^[33]

• Haplogroup N is the predominant paternal haplogroup in the Khakhas population. It represents roughly 64% of Khakas male lineages, mainly N1b (P43) and N1c (M178). It has been proposed that haplogroup N1b (specifically N2a1-B478) in the Khakassians may represent descent from Samoyedic speakers who were assimilated by Turkic speakers.^[34]
• Haplogroup R1a is the second most common haplogroup in Khakhas populations; representing 27.9-33% of the total. Haplogroup R1a has the predominant paternal haplogroup in the Altai region since the appearance of the Andronovo culture. It represents a migration of Indo-European speakers who migrated east and settled in central Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Age periods, such as the Indo-Iranian Andronovo culture and the Tagar culture.

Other paternal haplogroups in Khakassians include Haplogroup Q, which is probably the "original" Siberian lineage in Khakassians. It has a frequency of approximately 4.8% in the Khakassian population. Minor frequencies of haplogroups R1b, C3, and E1 were also reported.

Maternal lineages

Over 80% of Khakassian mtDNA lineages belong to East Eurasian lineages, although a significant percentage (18.9%) belong to various West Eurasian mtDNA lineages.^[35]

Religion

At present, the Khakas predominantly are Orthodox Christians (Russian Orthodox Church).

Also there is traditional shamanism (Tengrism), including following movements:^[36]

• Khakas Heritage Center—the Society of Traditional Religion of Khakas Shamanism "Ah-Chayan" (Russian: Центр хакасского наследия — общество традиционной религии хакасского шаманизма "Ах-Чаян"|r=|p=);
• Traditional religion of the Khakas society "Izykh" (Russian: Общество традиционной религии хакасского народа "Изых"|r=|p=);
• Traditional religion society "Khan Tigir" (Russian: Общество традиционной религии "Хан Тигир"|r=|p=).

See also

• Music of Khakassia

External links

• • NUPI - Centre for Asian Studies profile
• The Sleeping Warrior: New Legends in the Rebirth of Khakass Shamanic Culture
• Abakan city streets views
• http://www.pdx.edu/turkish_studies_center/books Beyaz Arif Akbas, "Khakassia: The Lost Land", Portland State Center for Turkish Studies, 2007.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Окончательные итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года . https://web.archive.org/web/20110803165104/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php . 3 August 2011 . dead . (All Russian census, 2010)
2. http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=100&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=5 State statistics committee of Ukraine - National composition of population, 2001 census
3. Book: Carl Skutsch. Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. 7 November 2013. Routledge. 978-1-135-19388-1. 705–.
4. Book: Paul Friedrich. Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia, China. 14 January 1994. G.K. Hall. 978-0-8161-1810-6.
5. Web site: Shtygasheva, Khamina . Genetic diversity of the Khakass gene pool: Subethnic differentiation and the structure of Y-chromosome haplogroups . live.
6. Kara . Dávid Somfai . Somfai Kara David . 2018 . The Formation of Modern Turkic ‘Ethnic’ Groups in Central and Inner Asia . The Hungarian Historical Review . 7 . 1 . 98–110 . 2063-8647 . 26571579 . The remaining Turkic clans (Yenisei Kyrgyz) were called the Tatars of Minusinsk by the Russians, and soon this became their autonym (tadarlar). In Soviet times, their official name (exonym) changed. They became Khakas after their Chinese name “xiaqiasi,” or Kyrgyz..
7. https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA89 Millward 2007
8. Book: Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. 6 April 2010. Elsevier. 978-0-08-087775-4. 611–.
9. Book: E. K. Brown. R. E. Asher. J. M. Y. Simpson. Encyclopedia of language & linguistics. 2006. Elsevier. 978-0-08-044299-0. 224.
10. https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA110 Tchoroev (Chorotegin) 2003
11. https://books.google.com/books?id=LbmP_1KIQ_8C&pg=PA113 Pozzi & Janhunen & Weiers 2006, p. 113.
12. Book: Giovanni Stary. Alessandra Pozzi. Juha Antero Janhunen . Michael Weiers . Tumen Jalafun Jecen Aku: Manchu Studies in Honour of Giovanni Stary. 2006. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 978-3-447-05378-5. 112–.
13. Book: Juha Janhunen. Manchuria: An Ethnic History. 1996. Finno-Ugrian Society. 978-951-9403-84-7. 112.
14. Book: Juha Janhunen. Manchuria: An Ethnic History. 1996. Finno-Ugrian Society. 978-951-9403-84-7. 111–112.
15. Book: Juha Janhunen. Manchuria: An Ethnic History. 1996. Finno-Ugrian Society. 978-951-9403-84-7. 59.
16. Book: Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer. Culture Incarnate: Native Anthropology from Russia. 1995. M.E. Sharpe. 978-1-56324-535-0. 75–.
17. Book: Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 1994. M.E. Sharpe Incorporated. 42.
18. Book: Edward J. Vajda. Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia. 29 November 2004. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 978-90-272-7516-5. 215–.
19. Book: Sue Bridger. Frances Pine. Surviving Post-Socialism: Local Strategies and Regional Responses in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. 11 January 2013. Routledge. 978-1-135-10715-4. 55–.
20. Book: Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer. Culture Incarnate: Native Anthropology from Russia. 1995. M.E. Sharpe. 978-1-56324-535-0. 71–.
21. Book: Edward J. Vajda. Languages and Prehistory of Central Siberia. 29 November 2004. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 978-90-272-7516-5. 215–.
22. Book: Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism: Revue Canadienne Des Études Sur Le Nationalisme. 1997. University of Prince Edward Island.. 149.
23. Book: James B. Minahan. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z [4 Volumes]. 30 May 2002. ABC-CLIO. 978-0-313-07696-1. 979–.
24. Book: James Minahan. Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K. 1 January 2002. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-32110-8. 979–.
25. Book: James B. Minahan. Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. 10 February 2014. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-61069-018-8. 140–.
26. Book: Sue Bridger. Frances Pine. Surviving Post-Socialism: Local Strategies and Regional Responses in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. 11 January 2013. Routledge. 978-1-135-10715-4. 55–.
27. Book: Folia orientalia. 1994. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. 157.
28. Book: Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 1994. M.E. Sharpe Incorporated. 38.
29. Book: Paul Friedrich. Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Russia and Eurasia, China. 14 January 1994. G.K. Hall. 978-0-8161-1810-6. 186.
30. Stepanoff . Charles . Drums and virtual space in Khakas shamanism . Gradhiva . January 2013 . 17 . 1 . 144–169 . 10.4000/gradhiva.2649. free .
31. Book: Singing Story, Healing Drum: Shamans and Storytellers of Turkic Siberia. Kira Van Deusen. McGill-Queen's University Press. 8–9. 2003. 0-7735-2617-X.
32. Book: James Forsyth. A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990. 8 September 1994. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-47771-0. 300–.
33. Khar’kov . V. N. . Genetic diversity of the Khakass gene pool: Subethnic differentiation and the structure of Y-chromosome haplogroups . Molecular Biology . 2011 . 45 . 3 . 404–416 . 10.1134/S0026893311020117 . 37140960 .
34. Book: Xu . Dan . Li . Hui . Languages and Genes in Northwestern China and Adjacent Regions . 2017 . Springer . 978-981-10-4169-3 . 43 . en. "From a generic perspective, N1b-P43 samples in Samoyed and Tuvan populations belong to a specific subclade named N2a1-B478. The expansion time of N2a1-B478 is only about 3600 years ago, as shown in Fig. 2. Hence, we propose that the southern part of Samoyed populations may have changed their language to a Turkic language at various historical periods, bringing haplogroup N2a1-B478 in to Tuvan, Khakhassian and Shors populations."
35. Derenko . MV . Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in South Siberia . Annals of Human Genetics . September 2003 . 67 . 5 . 400 . 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00035.x . 12940914 . 28678003 .
36. Book: 2006. Bourdeaux . Michael . Filatov . Sergei . Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания . Contemporary Religious Life of Russia. Systematic description experience . Moscow . Keston Institute

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