Shapsug dialect explained

Shapsug Adyghe
States:Republic of Adygea, Turkey, Israel (Kfar Kama), Jordan
Speakers:14,000
Familycolor:Caucasian
Fam1:Northwest Caucasian
Fam2:Circassian
Fam3:Adyghe
Isoexception:dialect
Glotto:shap1240
Glottorefname:Shapsug
Ethnicity:Shapsugs
Nativename:шапсыгъабзэ
Script:Cyrillic script (historically)
Date:2010

The Shapsug dialect (Adyghe; Adygei: Шапсыгъабзэ; Kabardian: Шапсыгъэбзэ) is a dialect of Adyghe.[1] The Shapsug dialect is spoken by the Shapsugs, which are one of the largest Circassian population in the diaspora outside Republic of Adygea, alongside Abzakhs. The Shapsug dialect is very similar to the Natukhai dialect and together, they make the Black Sea coast dialects of Adyghe. The Shapsug dialect consists of three main sub dialects: Great Shapsug (North Shapsug), Small Shapsug (South Shapsug) and Hakuchi. The Shapsug dialect is best known as the dialect with palatalized velar stops.

Subdialects

Phonology

LabialAlveolarPost-alveolarAlveolo-
palatal		RetroflexVelarUvularPharyngealGlottal
Plosivepronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Affricatepronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Fricativepronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Nasalpronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Approximantpronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/pronounced as /link/
Trillpronounced as /link/

Palatalized velar stops

In the Shapsug and Natukhai dialects there is a palatalized voiced velar stop pronounced as /[ɡʲ]/, a palatalized voiceless velar stop pronounced as /[kʲ]/ and a palatalized velar ejective pronounced as /[kʲʼ]/ that were merged with дж pronounced as /link/, ч pronounced as /link/ and кӏ pronounced as /link/ in most Adyghe dialects.[2] [3] [4] [5] Note that the Shapsug dialect also has ч pronounced as /link/, дж pronounced as /link/ and кӏ pronounced as /link/ in words like чэмы "cow", джэмышх "spoon" and кӏалэ "boy".

MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
shirtгьанэɡʲaːnaджанэdʒaːna джанэdʒaːna
pantsгъошэгьʁʷaʃaɡʲгъончэджʁʷant͡ʃad͡ʒгъуэншэджʁʷanʃad͡ʒ
nowгьыɡʲəджыdʒəджыdʒə
fur coatгьэдыгу ɡʲadəɡʷджэдыгу dʒadəɡʷджэдыгу dʒadəɡʷ
to study
to read		егьэнjaɡʲanеджэнjadʒanеджэнjadʒan
gameгьэгуɡʲagʷджэгуd͡ʒagʷджэгуd͡ʒagʷ
bitterдыгьыdəɡʲəдыджыdəd͡ʒəдыджdəd͡ʒ
sickсымагьэsəmaːɡʲaсымаджэsəmaːd͡ʒaсымаджэsəmaːd͡ʒa
boldшъхьэгьашъоʂħaɡʲaːʃʷaшъхьэджашъоʂħad͡ʒaːʃʷa
evilбзагьэbzaːɡʲaбзаджэbzaːd͡ʒaбзаджэbzaːd͡ʒa
that's itгьарыɡʲaːrəджарыd͡ʒaːrəджарыd͡ʒaːrə
noonщэгьагъоɕaɡʲaːʁʷaщэджагъоɕad͡ʒaːʁʷaшэджагъуэʃad͡ʒaːʁʷa
infidelгьаурɡʲaːwərджаурd͡ʒaːwərджаурd͡ʒaːwər
to stand upтэгьынtaɡʲənтэджынtad͡ʒənтэджынtad͡ʒən
danceугьwəɡʲуджwəd͡ʒуджwəd͡ʒ
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
swordкьатэkʲaːtaчатэt͡ʃaːtaджатэd͡ʒaːta
throatкьыйkʲəjчыйt͡ʃəjчийt͡ʃəj
chickenкьэт kʲatчэтыt͡ʃatəджэдd͡ʒad
chickкьэтжъыеkʲatʐəjaчэтыжъыеt͡ʃatəʐəjaджэджьейd͡ʒadʑej
catкьэтыуkʲatəwчэтыуt͡ʃatəwджэдыуd͡ʒadəw
glassапкьʔaːpkʲапчʔaːpt͡ʃабджʔaːbd͡ʒ
brushwoodкьы kʲəчы t͡ʃəчы t͡ʃə
crackкьэkʲaчэt͡ʃaчэt͡ʃa
to crackкьэнkʲənчэнt͡ʃənчэнt͡ʃən
shopтукьан təkʲaːnтучан tət͡ʃaːnтучан tət͡ʃaːn
goatlingкьэцӏыkʲat͡sʼəчэцӏыt͡ʃat͡sʼə
gateкьэупчъkʲawəpt͡ɕчэупчъt͡ʃawəpt͡ʂчоубжэt͡ʃawbdʒa
marriageнэкьыхьnakʲəħнэчыхьnat͡ʃəħнэчыхьnat͡ʃəħ
cheerfulкьэфы kʲafəчэфыt͡ʃafəджэхуd͡ʒaxʷ
hovelкьылkʲəlчылt͡ʃəɮчылt͡ʃəɮ
humming topкьынэkʲənaчынэt͡ʃənaчынt͡ʃən
to spinгъэкьэрэзынʁakʲarazənгъэчэрэзынʁat͡ʃrazənгъэджэрэзынʁad͡ʒarazən
to pick (fruit)пыкьынpəkʲənпычынpət͡ʃənпычынpət͡ʃən
to tear (paper)кьэтхъэнkʲatχanчэтхъэнt͡ʃatχanзэфӏэтхъынzafʼatχən
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
tailкӏьэkʲʼaкӏэt͡ʃʼaкӏэt͡ʃʼa
eggкӏьакӏьэkʲʼaːkʲʼaкӏэнкӏэt͡ʃʼant͡ʃʼaджэдыкӏэd͡ʒadət͡ʃʼa
skirtкӏьэпхынkʲʼapxənкӏэпхынt͡ʃʼapxənкӏэпхынt͡ʃʼapxən
Temirgoyкӏьэмгуеkʲʼamɡʷəjaкӏэмгуеt͡ʃʼamɡʷəjaкӏэмгуеt͡ʃʼamɡʷəja
smithyкӏьыщkʲʼəɕкӏыщt͡ʃʼəɕкӏыщt͡ʃʼəɕ
ceilingкӏьашъоkʲʼaːʃʷaкӏашъоt͡ʃʼaːʃʷaкӏафэt͡ʃʼaːfa
ropeкӏьапсэkʲʼaːpsaкӏапсэt͡ʃʼaːpsaкӏапсэt͡ʃʼaːpsa
edgeцакӏьэt͡saːkʲʼaцакӏэt͡saːt͡ʃʼaдзакӏэd͡zaːt͡ʃʼa
to screamкӏьыинkʲʼəjənкӏыинt͡ʃʼəjənкӏыинt͡ʃʼəjən
gunкӏьэрахъоkʲʼaraːχʷaкӏэрахъоt͡ʃʼaraːχʷaкӏэрахъуэt͡ʃʼaraːχʷa
longкӏьэхьыkʲʼaħəкӏыхьэ t͡ʃʼəħaкӏыхьt͡ʃʼəħ
shortкӏьакоkʲʼaːkʷaкӏакоt͡ʃʼaːkʷaкӏагуэt͡ʃʼaːɡʷa
to killукӏьын wkʲʼənукӏын wt͡ʃʼənукӏын wt͡ʃʼən
to move awayӏукӏьынʔʷəkʲʼənӏукӏынʔʷət͡ʃʼənӏукӏынʔʷət͡ʃʼən
keyӏукӏьыбзэʔʷəkʲʼəbzaӏункӏыбзэʔʷənt͡ʃʼəbzaӏункӏыбзʔʷənt͡ʃʼəbz
day after tomorrowнэущымыщкӏьnawɕəməʃkʲʼнеущымыкӏnajwɕəmət͡ʃʼпщэдейpɕadaj
to winkенэкӏьэонjanakʲʼawanенэкӏэонjanat͡ʃʼawanенэкӏэуэнjanat͡ʃʼawan
beardжакӏьэʒaːkʲʼaжакӏэʒaːt͡ʃʼaжьакӏэʑaːt͡ʃʼa
poorтхьэмыщкӏьtħaməɕkʲʼтхьамыкӏtħaːmət͡ʃʼтхьэмыщкӏэtħaməɕt͡ʃʼa
to be ashamedукӏьытэнwəkʲʼətanукӏытэнwət͡ʃʼətanукӏытэнwət͡ʃʼətan

Retroflex affricates

The retroflex affricate consonants чъ pronounced as /link/ and чӏ pronounced as /link/ (that exist in Chemguy and Bzhedug dialects) merged with the palato-alveolar affricate consonants ч pronounced as /link/ and кӏ pronounced as /link/ in the Shapsug and Natukhai dialects.[6]

MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
treeчыгt͡ʃəɣчъыгыʈʂəɣəжыгʒəɣ
to sleepчыенt͡ʃəjanчъыенʈʂəjanжыенʒəjan
coldчыӏэt͡ʃəʔaчъыӏэʈʂəʔaщӏыӏэɕʼəʔa
to runчэнt͡ʃanчъэнʈʂanжэнʒan
to run downечэхынjat͡ʃaxənечъэхынjaʈʂaxənежэхынjaʒaxən
goatачэaːt͡ʃaачъэaːʈʂaажэaːʒa
numberпчагъэpt͡ʃaːʁaпчъагъэpʈʂaːʁaбжагъэbʒaːʁa
doorпчэpt͡ʃaпчъэpʈʂaбжэbʒa
door handleпчэпсыpt͡ʃapsəпчъэпсыpʈʂapsəбжэпсыbʒapsə
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
stands underкӏэтt͡ʃʼatчӏэтʈʂʼatщӏэтɕʼat
sits underкӏэсt͡ʃʼasчӏэсʈʂʼasщӏэсɕʼas
lies underкӏэлъt͡ʃʼaɬчӏэлъʈʂʼaɬщӏэлъɕʼaɬ
areaкӏыпӏэt͡ʃʼəpʼaчӏыпӏэʈʂʼəpʼaщӏыпӏэɕʼəpʼa
debtкӏыфэt͡ʃʼəfaчӏыфэʈʂʼəfaщӏыхуэɕʼəxʷa
earthкӏыгуt͡ʃʼəɡʷчӏыгуʈʂʼəɡʷщӏыгуɕʼəɡʷ
bottomкӏэ t͡ʃʼaчӏэ ʈʂʼaщӏэ ɕʼa
strong, forceкӏуакӏэ kʷʼaːt͡ʃʼaкӏуачӏэ kʷʼaːʈʂʼaкӏуащӏэ kʷʼaːɕʼa
ironгъукӏы ʁʷət͡ʃʼəгъучӏы ʁʷəʈʂʼəгъущӏы ʁʷəɕʼə
dawкъуакӏэ qʷaːt͡ʃʼaкъуанчӏэ qʷaːnʈʂʼaкъуанщӏэ qʷaːnɕʼa
bumblebeeкӏыбжь t͡ʃʼəbʑчӏыбжь ʈʂʼəbʑщӏыбжь ɕʼəbʑ
badgerкӏыкъо t͡ʃʼəqʷaчӏыкъу ʈʂʼəqʷщӏыкъу ɕʼəqʷ
darkкӏапсӏэ t͡ʃʼaːpsʼaчӏапцӏэ ʈʂʼaːpt͡sʼaщӏапцӏэ ɕʼaːpt͡sʼa
to askупкӏэнwəpt͡ʃʼanупчӏэнwəpʈʂʼanупщӏэнwəpɕʼan
gem, jewelмыкӏы mət͡ʃʼəмычӏы məʈʂʼəмыщӏы məɕʼə
clewхъукӏанэ χʷət͡ʃʼaːnaхъучӏанэ χʷəʈʂʼaːnaхъущӏанэ χʷəɕʼaːna
to buryкӏэтӏэнt͡ʃʼatʼanчӏэтӏэнʈʂʼatʼanщӏэтӏэнɕʼatʼan

Dropped consonants

In the Great Shapsug dialect (Like Bzhedug dialect) in some cases the consonants н pronounced as /link/, м pronounced as /link/ and р pronounced as /link/ are dropped and are not pronounced.[7]

MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
calmсабырsaːbərсамбырsaːmbərсамбырsaːmbər
Saturdayшэбэтʃabatшэмбэт ʃambatщэбэтɕabat
fingerӏэпхъабэʔapχaːbaӏэхъуамбэʔaχʷaːmbaӏэпхъуамбэʔapχʷaːmba
toeлъэпхъабэɬapχaːbaлъэхъуамбэɬaχʷaːmbaлъэпхъуамбэɬapχʷaːmba
wideшъуабгъоʃʷaːbʁʷaшъуамбгъоʃʷaːmbʁʷaфабгъуэfaːbʁʷa
peelшъуапӏэʃʷaːpʼaшъуампӏэʃʷaːmpʼaфампӏэfaːmpʼa
boardпхъэбгъу pχabʁʷпхъэмбгъу pχambʁʷпхъэбгъу pχabʁʷ
wormхьэблыуħabləwхьамлыуħaːmɮəwхьэмбылыуħambəɮəw
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
eggкӏьакӏьэkʲʼaːkʲʼaкӏэнкӏэt͡ʃant͡ʃaджэдыкӏэd͡ʒadət͡ʃʼa
sweatпкӏатӏэpt͡ʃʼaːtʼaпкӏантӏэpt͡ʃʼaːntʼaпщӏантӏэpɕʼaːntʼa
broomпхъэкӏыпхъэpχat͡ʃʼəpχaпхъэнкӏыпхъэpχant͡ʃʼəpχaжыхапхъэʒəxaːpχa
mudпсыжъыpsəʐəпсынжъыpsənʐə
flue pipeоджэкъwad͡ʒaqонджэкъwand͡ʒaq
riceпыджpəd͡ʒпынджpənd͡ʒпынжьpənʑ
pillowшъхьатэʂħaːtaшъхьантэʂħaːntaщхьэнтэɕħanta
beanгьэч ɡʲat͡ʃджэнчыd͡ʒant͡ʃəджэшd͡ʒaʃ
pantsгъочэгьʁʷaʃaɡʲгъончэджʁʷant͡ʃad͡ʒгъуэншэджʁʷanʃad͡ʒ
fastпсыкӏэpsət͡ʃʼaпсынкӏэpsənt͡ʃʼaпсынщӏэpsənɕʼa
shovelхьацэħaːt͡saхьанцэħaːnt͡saхьэнцэħant͡sa
blueшъухъуатӏэʃʷχʷaːtʼaшхъуантӏэʃχʷaːntʼaшхъуантӏэʃχʷaːntʼa
keyӏукӏьыбзэʔʷəkʲʼəbzaӏункӏыбзэʔʷənt͡ʃəbzaӏункӏыбзэʔʷənt͡ʃəbza
veinлъытфэɬətfaлъынтфэɬəntfaлъынтхуэɬəntxʷa
heavyотэгъуwataʁʷонтэгъуwantaʁʷуэндэгъуwandaʁʷ
kneeлъэгуаджэɬaɡʷaːd͡ʒaлъэгуанджэɬaɡʷaːnd͡ʒaлъэгуажьэɬaɡʷaːʑa
butterflyхьэтӏрэпӏыйħatˈrapˈəjхьэнтӏэрэпӏыйħantˈarapˈəjхьэндырабгъуэħandəraːbʁʷa
noiseжъотʒʷatжъонтʒʷant
peanutsчӏыдэt͡ʃʼədaчӏындэt͡ʃʼəndaщӏыдэɕʼəda
wrongпхэджpxad͡ʒпхэнджpxand͡ʒпхэнжpxandʒ
chairпхъэтӏэкӏуpχatʼakʷʼпхъэнтӏэкӏуpχantʼakʷʼпхъэнтӏэкӏуpχantʼakʷʼ
slimгъолагъэʁʷalaːʁaгъонлагъэʁʷanɮaːʁa--
to crawlцӏэлъэнt͡sʼaɬanцӏэнлъэнt͡sʼanɬan--
to looseлэлэнɮaɮanлэнлэнɮanɮanлэлэнɮaɮan
to spitужъутхэнwəʒʷətxanужъунтхэнwəʒʷəntxanубжьытхэнwəbʑətxan
to loadузэдынwəzadənузэндынwəzandənузэдынwəzadən
glueпцатхьэpt͡saːtħaпцантхьэpt͡saːntħa--
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
cornнатыфnaːtəfнатрыфnaːtrəfнартыхуnaːrtəxʷ
Nartнатnaːtнартnaːrtнартnaːrt
genderфыкъоfəqʷaфыркъоfərqʷaхукхъуэ xʷərqχʷa
marjмаджmaːd͡ʒмарджmaːrd͡ʒмаржmaːrʒ
to crushпӏытӏынpʼətʼənпӏыртӏын pʼərtʼən
to ripenтӏыгъонtʼəʁʷanтӏыргъонtʼərʁʷanтӏыгъуэнtʼəʁʷan
frogхьантӏыкъуакъуħaːntʼəqʷaːqʷхьантӏаркъуħaːntʼarqʷхьэндыркъуакъуэħandərqʷaːqʷa

Aspirated consonants

In the Shapsug dialect (Like the Bzhedug dialect) there exist a series of aspirated consonants (/pʰ/ /tʰ/ /ʃʰ/ /t͡sʰ/ /t͡ʃʰ/ /t͡ʂʰ/ /t͡ɕʰʷ/ /kʲʰ/ /kʰʷ/ /qʰ/ /qʰʷ/) that became plain consonants in other dialects:[8] [9]

WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillic
sharp pʰaːpsʼa пʰапсӏэ paːpt͡sʼa папцӏэ paːpsʼa paːpt͡sʼa
arrogant пʰагэ paːɣa пагэ paːɣa пагэ
nose пʰэ pa пэ pa пэ
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillic
respect пхъатʰэ pχaːta пхъатэ - -
to give jatʰən етʰын jatən етын jatən етын
to take ʃtʰan штʰэн ʃtan штэн ɕtan щтэн
on tʰajt тʰет tajt тет tat тет
smooth t͡sʼaːʂʷtʰa цӏашъутʰэ t͡sʼaːʃʷta цӏашъутэ t͡sʼaːfta цӏафтэ
to afraid ɕtʰan щтʰэн ɕtan щтэн ɕtan щтэн
pillow шъхьантʰэ ʂħaːnta шъхьантэ ɕħaːta щхьатэ
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillic
wool цʰы t͡sə цы t͡sə цы
eyelash nabzət͡sʰ нэбзыцʰ nabzət͡s нэбзыц - -
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillic
milk шʰэ ɕa щэ ʃa шэ
lame лъашʰэ ɬaːɕa лъащэ ɬaːʃa лъашэ
salt шʰыгъу ɕəʁʷ щыгъуʃəʁʷ шыгъу
cloud pʃʰa пшʰэ pɕa пщэpʃa пшэ
pus шʰыны ɕənə щыны ʃən шын
accordion пшʰынэ pɕəna пщынэ pʃəna пшынэ
fat пшʰэры pɕarə пщэрыpʃar пшэр
wax шʰэфы ʃafə шэфы ʃaxʷə шэху
horse ʃʰə шʰы ʃə шы ʃə шы
sand пшʰахъо pʃaːχʷa пшахъо pʃaːχʷa пшахъуэ
story пшʰысэ pʃəsa пшысэ pʃəsa пшысэ
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillic
spleen kʲʰaкьʰэ t͡ʃa чэ t͡ʃa чэ
brushwood
twig 		kʲʰəкьʰы t͡ʃə чы t͡ʃə чы
to cough pskʲʰan пскьʰэн pst͡ʃan псчэн pst͡ʃan псчэн
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillic
middle кʰу kʷə куkʷə ку
thigh кʰо kʷa коkʷa куэ
WordAdygheKabardian
ShapsugKfar KamaNatukhaiTemirgoy and Abzakh
IPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillic
pig къʰо χʷa хъо q͡χʷa кхъоqʷa къо q͡χʷa кхъуэ
cheese qʰʷaːja къʰуае χʷaːja хъуае q͡χʷaːja кхъуае qʷaːja къуае q͡χʷaj кхъуей
ship qʰʷaħ къʰохь χʷaħ хъохь--qʷəħa къухьэ q͡χʷəħ кхъухь
to fart qaqʰʷəʃʷən къэкъʰун qʷaχʷəʃʷən къэхъушъун --qʷaqʷəʃʷən къэкъушъун qat͡səfən къэцыфын
peer qʰʷəʐə къʰужъы qʷəʐə къужъы --qʷəʐə къужъы q͡χʷəʑə кхъужьы

Others

In some Shapsug and Natukhai dialects there exist an alveolar ejective fricative pronounced as /[sʼ]/ that correspond to pronounced as /link/ in other dialects such as Abzakh, Bzhedug, Temirgoy, and Kabardian.[10]

MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
nameсӏэsʼaцӏэt͡sʼaцӏэt͡sʼa
lieпсӏыpsʼə пцӏыpt͡sʼə пцӏыpt͡sʼə
blackшӏусӏэʃʷʼəsʼaшӏуцӏэʃʷʼət͡sʼaфӏыцӏэfʼət͡sʼa
to yellсӏэсӏэнsʼasʼanцӏэцӏэнt͡sʼat͡sʼanцӏэцӏэнt͡sʼat͡sʼan
nakedпсӏанэpsʼaːna пцӏанэpt͡sʼaːna пцӏанэpt͡sʼaːna
wetсӏынэsʼəna цӏынэt͡sʼəna цӏынэt͡sʼəna
sharpпапсӏэpaːpsʼa папцӏэpaːpt͡sʼa папцӏэpaːpt͡sʼa
to lay eggsкӏьэсӏынkʲʼəsʼənкӏэцӏынt͡ʃʼət͡sʼənкӏэцӏынt͡ʃʼət͡sʼən
dark-skinnedкъуапсӏэqʷaːpsʼaкъуапцӏэqʷaːpt͡sʼaкъуапцӏэqʷaːpt͡sʼa
nit (louse egg)сӏакӏьэsʼaːkʲʼaцӏакӏэt͡sʼaːt͡ʃʼa--
barefootлъапсӏэɬaːpsʼaлъапцӏэɬaːpst͡sʼaлъапцӏэɬaːpst͡sʼa
swallow (bird)псӏашъухъоpsʼaːʃʷχʷaпцӏашхъоpt͡sʼaːʃχʷaпцӏашхъоpt͡sʼaːɕχʷa
to envyенэсӏынjanasʼənенэцӏынjanat͡sʼənенэцӏынjanat͡sʼən
to close eyesгъэупӏысӏэнʁawpʼəsʼanгъэупӏыцӏэнʁawpʼət͡sʼanгъэупӏыцӏэнʁawpʼət͡sʼan
to throw uponхэупсӏэнxawpsʼanхэупцӏэнxawpt͡sʼanхэупцӏэнxawpt͡sʼan
to shitсӏынsʼənцӏынt͡sʼənцӏынt͡sʼən

The labialized retroflex consonants шъу and жъу in the Temirgoy dialect are alveolo-palatal щу and жьу in the Black Sea coast dialects of Adyghe (Shapsug dialect and Natukhai dialect).

MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
honeyщоуɕʷawшъоуʂʷawфоfaw
colorщоɕʷaшъоʂʷaфэfa
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
starжьуагъоʑʷaːʁʷaжъуагъоʐʷaːʁʷaвагъуэvaːʁʷa
rockмыжьоməʑʷaмыжъоməʐʷaмывэməva
wideӏужьуʔʷəʑʷəӏужъуʔʷəʐʷəӏувыʔʷəvə

The Shapsug and Natukhai dialects has many different variants. The following differences apply to some of them.

MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
blueшъухъуатӏэʃʷχʷaːtʼaшхъуантнӏэʃχʷaːntʼaшхъуантӏэʃχʷaːntʼa
to envyшъухъогъонʃʷχʷaʁʷanшхъогъонʃχʷaʁʷanшхъогъуэнʃχʷaʁʷan
swallow (bird)псӏашъухъоpsʼaːʃʷχʷaпцӏашхъоpt͡sʼaːʃχʷaпцӏашхъоpt͡sʼaːʃχʷa
hawkбгъашъухъоbʁaːʃʷχʷaбгъашхъоbʁaːʃχʷaбгъащхъуэbʁaːʃχʷa
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
wrongӏортӏагъʔʷartʼaːʁӏонтӏагъʔʷantʼaːʁӏуэнтӏаʔʷantʼa
to pop / to burstпӏэркӏьынpʼarkʲʼənпӏонкӏынpʷʼant͡ʃʼənпӏэнкӏынpʼant͡ʃʼən
mirrorгъургьэʁʷərɡʲaгъунджэʁʷərd͡ʒaгъуджэʁʷəd͡ʒa
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
to try to smellфэмэнfamanпэмэнpamanпэмэнpaman
raceзэфачэzafaːt͡ʃaзэпачъэzafaːt͡ʂaзэпажэzafaːʒa
MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
to thrustхицэнxit͡sanхисэнxisanхисэнxisan
be carefulфэцакъfat͡saːqфэсакъfasaːqхуэсакъxʷasaːq
snotпэпцыpapt͡səпэпсыpapsəпэпсыpapsə
thinпцыгъоpt͡səʁʷaпсыгъоpsəʁʷaпсыгъуэpsəʁʷa

Grammar differences

Instrumental case

In the instrumental case the noun has the suffix -мгьэ (-mɡʲa) or -гьэ (-gʲa) unlike other dialects that has the suffix -мкӏэ (-mt͡ʃa) or -кӏэ (-t͡ʃa).

Desirement mood

In the Shapsug dialect, the suffix ~рагъу /raːʁʷ/ is added to verbs to indicate the desirement to do that verb. For example:

Upward prefix

In Standard Adyghe, to express that the verb's direction is upward, the prefix дэ- /da-/ and the suffix -е /-ja/ is added to the verb. In Shapsug dialect, the prefix чӏэ- /t͡ʃʼa-/ is added instead.

MeaningStandard AdygheShapsug
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
to go upwardдэкӏоенdakʷʼajanчӏыкӏьынt͡ʃʼəkʲʼən
to run upwardдэчъэенdat͡ʂajanчӏышъутынt͡ʃʼəʃʷtən
to look upwardдэплъыенdapɬəjanчӏыплъынt͡ʃʼəpɬən
to jump upwardдэпкӏыенdapt͡ʃʼəjanчӏыпкӏьынt͡ʃʼəpkʲʼən
to raiseдэщыенdaɕəjanчӏыщынt͡ʃʼəɕən
to carry upwardдэхьыенdaħəjanчӏыхынt͡ʃʼəxən
to fly upwardдэбыбыенdabəbəjanчӏыбыбынt͡ʃʼəbəbən
to throw upwardдедзыенdajd͡zəjanчӏыдзынt͡ʃʼəd͡zən
to shoot upwardдэоенdawajanчӏыунt͡ʃʼəwən
to elevateдэгъэкӏоенdaʁakʷʼajanчӏыгъэкӏьынt͡ʃʼəʁakʲʼən

Demonstratives

Shapsug has six demonstratives: а /ʔaː/, гьэ /ɡʲa/, у /wə/, дыу /dəwə/, дымы /dəmə/ and мы /mə/.

а /ʔaː/

  1. that

Adyghe; Adygei: '''а''' ӏанэ — that table

Adyghe; Adygei: '''а''' пшъашъэ — that girl

Adyghe; Adygei: '''а''' кӏалэм еӏо — that boy is saying

у /wə/ (мо /mo/ in other dialects)

  1. that

Adyghe; Adygei: '''у''' ӏанэ — that table

Adyghe; Adygei: '''у''' пшъашъэ — that girl

Adyghe; Adygei: '''у''' кӀалэм еӀо — that boy is saying

мы /mə/

  1. this

Adyghe; Adygei: '''мы''' ӏанэ — this table

Adyghe; Adygei: '''мы''' пшъашъэ — this girl

Adyghe; Adygei: '''мы''' кӀалэм еӀо — this boy is saying

Adyghe; Adygei: '''мы''' мэгъэ — this year

дыу /dəwə/ (дымо /dəmo/ in other dialects)

  1. that (over there)

Adyghe; Adygei: '''дыу''' ӏанэ — that table over there

Adyghe; Adygei: '''дыу''' пшъашъэ — that girl over there

Adyghe; Adygei: '''дыу''' кӀалэм еӀо — that boy over there is saying

Adyghe; Adygei: '''дыу''' цӀыфэр улъэгъуа? — Do you see that person over there?

дымы /dəmə/

  1. this (over here)

Adyghe; Adygei: '''дымы''' ӏанэ — this table over here

Adyghe; Adygei: '''дымы''' пшъашъэ — this girl over here

Adyghe; Adygei: '''дымы''' кӀалэм еӀо — this boy over here is saying

Adyghe; Adygei: '''дымы''' цӀыфэр улъэгъуа? — Do you see this person over here?

гьэ /gʲa/ (гьэ джэ /d͡ʒa/ in other dialects)

  1. that

Adyghe; Adygei: '''гьэ''' ӏанэ — that table

Adyghe; Adygei: '''гьэ''' пшъашъэ — that girl

Adyghe; Adygei: '''гьэ''' кӏалэм еӏо — that boy is saying

У vs. Мо

MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheKabardian
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
that (abs.)урwərморmawrморmawr
that (erg.)ущwəɕмощmawɕмобыmawbə
using thatущгьэwəɕɡʲaмощкӏэmawɕt͡ʃʼa--
like thatущтэуwəɕtawмощтэуmawɕawмопхуэдэуmawpxʷadaw
that is itуарыwaːrəморыmawrəморашmawraːɕ
thereудэwədaмодэmawdaмодэmawda
thereоуwawмоуmaw--
otherудрэwədraмодрэmawdraмодрэmawdra
thenущгъумwəɕʁʷəmмощгъумmawɕʁʷəm--
like thatущфэдwəɕfadмощфэдmaɕfadмопхуэдmawpxʷad
Sample

Future tense

In the Great Shapsug sub dialect (like Bzhedug) the future tense suffix is ~эт (~at) and in some cases ~ыт (~ət) unlike the Small Shapsug sub dialect that has (like Chemirguy) the Suffix ~щт (~ɕt)).

WordAdygheStandard Kabardian
Small ShapsugGreat ShapsugStandard Adyghe
IPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillic
I will go səkʷʼaɕt сыкӏощт səkʷʼat сыкӏот səkʷʼaɕt сыкӏощт səkʷʼanəwɕ сыкӏуэнущ
you will go wəkʷʼaɕt укӏощт wəkʷʼat укӏот wəkʷʼaɕt укӏощт wəkʷʼanəwɕ укӏуэнущ
he will go rakʷʼaɕt рэкӏощт rakʷʼat рэкӏот kʷʼaɕt кӏощт kʷʼanəwɕ кӏуэнущ
we will go təkʷʼaɕt тыкӏощт təkʷʼat тыкӏот təkʷʼaɕt тыкӏощт dəkʷʼanəwɕ дыкӏуэнущ
you (plural) will go ʃʷəkʷʼaɕt шъукӏощт ʃʷəkʷʼat шъукӏот ʃʷəkʷʼaɕt шъукӏощт fəkʷʼanəwɕ фыкӏуэнущ
they will go rakʷʼaɕtəx рэкӏощтых rakʷʼatəx рэкӏотых kʷʼaɕtəx кӏощтых jaːkʷʼanəwɕ якӏуэнущ

Interrogative words

The word "what" in Standard Adyghe is сыд while in Shapsug it is шъыд and from it derives different terms.

WordAdyghe
Great ShapsugSmall Shapsug
IPACyrillicIPACyrillic
what ʂəd шъыд səd сыд
why ʂədaːшъыда sədaː сыда
when ʂədʁʷa, ʂədəjʁʷa шъыдгъо, шъыдигъо sədəjʁʷa сыдигъо
whenever ɕədʁʷaməj шъыдгъоми sədəjʁʷaməj сыдигъоми
so ʂtaw шъыдэу sədaw сыдэу
with what ʂədɡʲaшъыдгьэ sədt͡ʃʼa сыдкӏэ
how ʂədawɕtaw шъыдэущтэу sədawɕtaw сыдэущтэу
how much ʂəd fadəjz шъыд фэдиз səd fadəjz сыд фэдиз
how much ʂədəχaːt шъыдыхъат - -
always ʂədəʁʷəj шъыдгъуи sədəʁʷəj сыдигъуи

Shapsug has two words for "what":

The word "лӏэу" was lost in other Adyghe dialects. In Shapsug, from it derives different terms :

WordShapsugStandard Adyghe
IPACyrillicIPACyrillic
what ɬʼawлӏэу səd сыд
who, what ɬʼawʑəm лӏэужьым sədəm сыдым
what on earth?! ɬʼawəʑ лӏэужь səd сыд
what could it be? ɬʼawɕət лӏэужьыщт sədəɕt сыдыщт
with whatɬʼawəʑəɡʲa лӏэужьыгьэsədt͡ʃʼa сыдкӏэ
whatever ɬʼawəʑəʁʷaməj лӏэужыгъоми səd ɬʼawəʑəʁʷaməj сыд лӏэужыгъоми
whatever ɬʼawəʑəməj лӏэужьымиsədməj сыдми
whatever ɬʼawəʑaw лӏэужьэуsədaw сыдэу

Shapsugs also have different interrogative words from the word тэ "which":

WordShapsugStandard Adyghe
IPACyrillicIPACyrillic
like what taɕfadтэщ фэд səd fad сыд фэд
how much taɕ fadəzтэщ фэдиз səd fadəz сыд фэдиз
when taɕʁʷəm тэщгъум sədəjʁʷa сыдигъо
how taɕtaw тэщтэуsədawɕtaw сыдэущтэу
which one taːrə тары sədər сыдыр
which one taɕ тэщsədəm сыдым

Location

WordShapsugStandard Adyghe
IPACyrillicIPACyrillic
here məw, məwɡʲa мыу, мыугьэ mət͡ʃʼa мыкӏэ
there (visible) waw, wawɡʲaоу, оугьэ mot͡ʃʼaмокӏэ
there (invisible) aːw, aːwɡʲa ау, аугьэaːt͡ʃʼaакӏэ
there (emphasis) ɡʲaw, ɡʲawɡʲaгьэу, гьэугьэd͡ʒət͡ʃʼa джэкӏэ
where taw, tawɡʲaтэу, тэугьэtət͡ʃʼa тэкӏэ

Big suffix (~фо)

MeaningShapsugStandard AdygheBzhedugh
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
mighty Godтхьэфotħafˠaтхьэшхоtħaʃxʷaтхьэшкоtħaʃkʷa
large houseунэфowənafˠaунэшхоwənaʃxʷaунэшкоwənaʃkʷa

Positional prefix directly (джэхэ~)

MeaningShapsugChemirguy
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
to collide withджэхэхьэнd͡ʒaxaħanжэхэхьэнʒaxaħan
to hit someoneджэхэонd͡ʒaxawanжэхэонʒaxawan
to throw at someoneджэхэдзэнd͡ʒaxad͡zanжэхэдзэнʒaxad͡zan
to look steadily atджэхэплъэнd͡ʒaxapɬanжэхэплъэнʒaxapɬan
to jump on someone for assaultджэхэпкӏьэнd͡ʒaxapkʲʼanжэхэпкӏэнʒaxapt͡ʃʼan

Positional prefix merging (го~)

MeaningAdygheNotes
CyrillicIPA
to throw atгодзэнɡʷad͡zanto throw an object on a steed or someone's neck
to merge toгохьэнɡʷaħanto merge with an object
to look atгоплъэнɡʷapɬanto look at a steed or someone's neck
to fit at
to fall at		гофэнɡʷafanto fit on a steed or someone's neck
an object to fall on a steed or someone's neck
to take fromгохынɡʷaxənto take an object a steed or someone's neck
to come down fromгокӏын ɡʷat͡ʃʼənto get off a steed or someone's neck
to put atголъхьэнɡʷaɬħanto put an object on a steed or someone's neck
to stand onгоуцонɡʷawt͡sʷanto beat up someone
to fall fromгозынɡʷazənto fall from the body of something or someone
цум бжъитӏу гот
цу-м бжъ-итӏу го-т
pronounced as /[t͡sʷəm]/ pronounced as /bʐəjtʷʼ/ pronounced as /ɡʷat]/
ox (erg.) two horns it have on his body
"the ox have two horns."
шыор шым гос
шыо-р шы-м го-с
pronounced as /[ʃəwar]/ pronounced as /ʃəm/ pronounced as /ɡʷas]/
the horseman (abs.) horse (erg.) (s)he is sitting on a body
"the horseman is sitting on the horse."
лӏыжъым зылъакъо готэп
лӏыжъы-м зы-лъакъо го-тэ-п
pronounced as /[ɬʼəʐəm]/ pronounced as /zəɬaːqʷa/ pronounced as /ɡʷatap]/
the old man (erg.) one leg (s)he doesn't have on his body
"the old man doesn't have one leg."
шымзеохьыжьым кӏалэу госэр гозэгъ
шы-мзеохьы-жь-ым кӏалэ-у го-сэ-р го-зэ-гъ
pronounced as /[ʃəm]/ pronounced as /zajwaħəʑəm/ pronounced as /t͡ʃʼaːɮaw/ pronounced as /ɡʷasar/ pronounced as /ɡʷazaʁ]/
house (erg.) to get out of control boy (adv.) the one on the body (s)he fell off the body
"when the horse got out of control the boy sitting on it fell."

Vocabulary

MeaningShapsugStandard Adyghe
CyrillicIPACyrillicIPA
allзэужь, купэzawəʑ, kʷəpaзэкӏэzat͡ʃʼa
to miss someonmeкӏэхъопсынуфэзэщын
everyone
everything		псэумиpsawəməjпстэумиpstawəməj
to chewупэшӏынwəpaʃʼənгъэунэшкӏунʁawnaʃkʷʼən
to pushегукӏэнjagʷət͡ʃʼanеӏункӏэнjaʔʷənt͡ʃʼan
funnyгушӏуагъэgʷəʃʷʼaːʁaщхэныɕxanə
to laughгушӏонgʷəʃʷʼanщхынɕxən
to smileгушӏопсӏынgʷəʃʷʼapsʼənnщхыпцӏынɕxəpt͡sʼən
to get sadзэгожъынzagʷaʐənнэшхъэинnaʃχanjən
to laugh atщыгушӏукӏьнɕʷgʷəʃʷʼəkʲʼəənдэхьащхынdaħaːɕxən
to unbuckleгъэтӏэпкӏьынʁatʼapkʲʼənтIэтэн; птӏэтэн;tʼatan
to lowerгъэшъхъынʁaʂχən--
loweredгъэшъхъыгъэʁaʂχəʁaлъхъанчэɬχaːnat͡ʃa
walnutдэdaдэшхоdaʃxʷa
back of the neckдийdəjпшъэбpʂab
drumдаулэ
домбаз		dawəla
dawmbaz		шъондырыпʃʷandərəp
to fall downетӏэрэхынjatʼaraxənефэхынjafaxən
to arrangeзэгъэфэнzaʁafanгъэкӏэрэкӏэнʁat͡ʃʼarat͡ʃʼan
smellгъуамэʁʷaːmaмэma
stairsлъэугъуаеɬawʁʷaːjaлъэойɬawaj
bucketкъуаоqʷaːwaщалъɕaːɬ
to left (left over)къыдэфэнqədafanкъэнэжьынqanaʑən
thornкъэцыqat͡səпанэpaːna
axeмайтэmaːjtaотычwatət͡ʃ
appleмыеməjaмыӏэрысməʔarəs
intestineныпсӏэnəpsʼaкӏэтӏэйt͡ʃatʼaj
flowerнэкъыгъэnaqəʁaкъэгъагъэqaʁaːʁa
to plantтӏэнtʼanгъэтӏысынʁatʼəsən
bigфуэfwaшхоʃxʷa
tipцыпэt͡səpa--
to crawlцӏэлъэнt͡sʼaɬanпшынpʃən
to breathфэпщэнfapɕənжьы къэщэнɕə qaɕan
sharpчыянt͡ʃʼəjaːnчанt͡ʃʼaːn
cowardщтапхэɕtaːpxaкъэрабгъэqaraːbʁa
to block a holeшъыбынʂəbəntoкудэнkʷədan
jugшъхьахъуʂħaːχʷкъошынqʷaʃən
small thingшъхъэʂχaжъгъэйʐʁaj
softщынэɕənaшъабэʂaːba
clabberщэгъэпсӏагъɕaʁapsʼaːʁщхыуɕa
milkщэзэнɕazanщэɕa
bag; sackщэуалэɕawaːɮaдзыо; къапщыкъd͡zəwa; qapɕəq
shipsхьаджыгъэпсħaːd͡ʒəʁapsщыпсɕəps
matazмэтазэmataːzaпсыхьалыжъоpsəħaːɮəʒʷa
batterflyхьадрэпӏый (or хьатрэпӏый)ħaːdrapʼəjхьампӏырашъуħaːmpʼəraːʃʷ
batпхъэпӏырашъу (or пхъэмпӏырашъу)pχaːpʼəraːʃʷчэщбзэуt͡ʃʼaɕbzaw
moleлъышъутӏэ (or лышъутӏэ)ɬəʃʷtʼaлыпцӏэləpʼt͡sʼa
dollнысэпхъапэnəsapχaːpaнысхъапnəsχaːp
easyӏэшӏэхʔaʃʼaxпсынкӏэpsənt͡ʃʼa
easyӏэбыцуʔabət͡ʃʷӏалъʔaːɬ
easyпэлэлэжъpalalaʐpapsʔaːɬ

Shapsugh alphabet

The alphabet used as the language of writing and literature in Shapsug National Rayon and Kfar Kama between 1924-1945[11] is as follows:

А а Б б В в Г г Гу гу Гъ гъ Гъу гъу Гь гь Д д Дж дж
Дз дз Е е Ж ж Жъ жъ Жъу жъу Жь жь Жьу жьу З з И и Й й
К к Ку ку Къ къ Къу къу Кь кь КӀ кӀ КӀу кӀу КIь кIь Л л Лъ лъ
ЛӀ лӀ М м Н н О о П п ПӀ пӀ ПӀу пӀу Р р С с СӀ сӀ
Т т ТӀ тӀ ТӀу тӀу У у Ф ф Х х Хъ хъ Хъу хъу Хь хь Ц ц
ЦӀ цӀ Ч ч Чу чу КӀ кӀ Ш ш Шъ шъ Щу щу ШӀ шӀ ШӀу шӀу Щ щ
Ы ы Э э Ӏ Ӏ Ъ ъ Ь ь Ӏу Ӏу Я я Ю ю Ё ё

Sample text

Adyghe; Adygei: '''Псэкӏодишъэ Зыгъэхъагъэр''' : Сэтэнай-гуащэ ныо рэхъугъэу, е ыкӏуакӏэ къыщыкӏагъэу, е ынэгу зэлъагъэу цӏыф къыӏуатэу хэти зэхихыгъэп. Зэхихына, — Сэтэнае егъашӏи жъы рэхъугъэп! Мыӏэрысэм ыку фыжьэу тхъу сӏынэм фэдэр ынэгу щифэти; — фыжьыбзэу, ышъо жъыутэхэу къабзэу, моу укъищэу рэхъущтыгъэ; ышъуапӏэ ыжъоу, ащ ыпс ригъашъорэр — ыгугьэ кьэфэу, хьалэлэу, гукӏьегъуфо хэлъэу ышӏэущтыгъ. Ащ фэдэ мыӏэрысэ Нат ябын зэриӏэр Емынэжъ ышӏагъ.; Арыти, нэшъоу зишӏи, лъащэу зишӏи Сэтэнай-гуащэ дэжь къэкӏуагъ. — Сэтэнай! — ыӏуи къегьагъ Емынэжъ, — Шъыд? — ыӏожьыгъ Сэтэнае, — Слъакъомэ сахьыжьырэп, сынэмэ алъэгъужьырэп, сшъхьэ акъыл чыян илъыжьэп, сыгугьэ мэхъаджэ сыхъугъ, гъашӏэу къысфэнэжьыгъэри макӏэ. Джэуап къысфэхъу! — ыӏуагъ Емынэжъы. — Уимыӏэрысэфо ищэнсэн сэмышӏэу уенэгуя?!. — Сэ симыӏэрысэфо ишӏуагъэ къыокӏьыщтэп, — ыӏуагъ Сэтэнай-гуащэ. — О жъалымэгъэ бащэ зэпхьагъ. ӏэзэгъу къыритыгъэп. «Ащ ишӏуагъэ сэ къысэмыкӏьынэу щытмэ, шъори къышъозгъэкӏьынэп!» — ыӏуи, чэщ горэм къекӏуашъи Нат ябын идышъэ мыӏэрысэ чыг Емынэжъы риупкӏыгь. А чыгэр яӏагъэемэ, нэпэ къагу натхэр псэоу, тхъэжьэу, жъы рэмыхъухэу щыӏэнхи!.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/archivage/languages/Shapsug.htm Shapsoug dialect
  2. https://web.archive.org/web/20150713055635/http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/foneticheskie-izmenenija-soglasnykh/palatalizacija-smjagchenie-i-affrikatizacija-soglasnykh/ Палатализация (смягчение) и аффрикатизация согласных
  3. https://web.archive.org/web/20150713055635/http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/soglasnye-bukvy/smychnye-soglasnye/perednejazychnye-mjagkie-shipjashchie-affrikaty-dzh-ch-k1/ Переднеязычные мягкие шипящие аффрикаты дж, ч, к1
  4. https://www.academia.edu/1888554/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2 Консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков
  5. http://apsnyteka.org/file/smeets_ubykh_circassian.pdf Studia Caucasologica I page 11
  6. https://web.archive.org/web/20150713055635/http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/soglasnye-bukvy/smychnye-soglasnye/perednejazychnye-tverdye-shipjashchie-affrikaty-dzh-ch-ch1/ Переднеязычные твердые шипящие аффрикаты дж, чъ, ч1
  7. https://web.archive.org/web/20150713055635/http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/foneticheskie-izmenenija-soglasnykh/narashchenie-sonornykh-soglasnykh/ Наращение сонорных согласных
  8. https://www.academia.edu/1888554/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2 Консонантная система уляпского говора в сопоставлении с аналогами других диалектов адыгских языков
  9. http://apsnyteka.org/file/smeets_ubykh_circassian.pdf Studia Caucasologica I
  10. https://web.archive.org/web/20150713055635/http://adygeya-republic.info/adyghe-language/detalno/foneticheskie-izmenenija-soglasnykh/spirantizacija-affrikat/ Спирантизация аффрикат
  11. Web site: ADİGE DİLİ VE EDEBİYATI -2 . 2024-06-25 . www.circassiancenter.com.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Shapsug dialect".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.