| Keolu Fox | |
| Nationality: | Kānaka Maoli, American |
| Occupation: | Genome scientist |
| Alma Mater: | Washington (PhD), Maryland (BA) |
| Thesis Title: | Next Generation ABO Genetics and Genomics |
| Thesis Year: | 2016 |
| Discipline: | Genomics |
| Workplaces: | University of California, San Diego |
| Doctoral Advisor: | Debbie Nickerson |
| Known For: | Genome sequencing, Benefit sharing, Indigenous data sovereignty |
| Awards: | TED Fellow (2016), National Geographic Wayfinder (2017), Emerson Collective Fellow (2020), ENRICH Global Chair (2022) |
Keolu Fox is an American scientist and human geneticist at the University of California, San Diego. He is an assistant professor in the anthropology department at the University of California, San Diego[1] and an Affiliate Investigator in the Human Genomics Division at the J Craig Venter Institute. Fox's research is focused on developing and applying new technologies in genomics. Fox is recognized as a global leader in Indigenous data sovereignty and the implementation of benefit sharing in biomedical research.[2]
Fox has been an advocate for the community-based participatory research or CBPR model as a strategy for increasing collaboration between the field of genetics and Indigenous communities.[3] He has also examined the potential use of data trusts, federated machine intelligence, and blockchain technologies for Indigenous data sovereignty.[4] Fox is the first Native Hawaiian to receive a PhD in genome sciences.
As a graduate student, Fox focused on improving the accuracy of blood type matching for transfusions and organ transplants to prevent fatal reactions. His thesis, "Next Generation ABO Genetics and Genomics," explored genetic variations in the ABO gene, which determines A, B, or O blood types. Recognizing the limitations of current serological methods, Fox utilized next-generation sequencing (NGS) to analyze these variations in diverse populations. His goal was to develop better tools for identifying blood types from NGS data, aiding in the understanding of links between ABO blood types and diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. Fox's research led to the discovery of new ABO blood types and the ability to predict the haplotype structures and blood types of ancient hominids, including Neanderthals and Denisovans, from ancient genome sequencing data for the first time.[5] [6]
Fox has also studied the introduction of leprosy in Oceania using Ancient DNA.[7] [8] He has also worked to empower Native American communities with technologies for mobile genome sequencing.[9]
In their 2019 Nature article, Fox and John Hawks were among the first scholars to highlight the lack of rules and regulations in the field of ancient DNA (aDNA) research, describing it as colonial and extractive, and a violation of Indigenous rights. They called for accountability and transparency in tracking the use and movement of ancient remains, akin to the management of natural resources.[10]
In a single author New England Journal of Medicine article titled "The Illusion of Inclusion — The 'All of Us' Research Program and Indigenous Peoples’ DNA," Fox critiqued the NIH’s All of Us program for exploiting Indigenous genetic data without proper safeguards. He emphasized the need for greater Indigenous participation in data governance and equitable benefit-sharing to prevent the misuse of genetic information and uphold Indigenous rights.[11]
In 2021, Fox and others demonstrated how genomic studies of Indigenous peoples, particularly Pacific Islanders, can reveal their migratory histories, enhance understanding of disease susceptibility due to colonial impacts, and support claims for land repatriation and Indigenous rights.[12] [13]
In 2024, Fox participated in groundbreaking research in French Polynesia, identifying new mutations in Pacific Islander populations and reconstructing their voyaging histories using genome sequence data. Fox and colleagues conducted the first comprehensive study on gout prevalence and population genetics in French Polynesia. This study revealed that nearly one in five adults in French Polynesia suffer from gout and hyperuricaemia and identified specific mutations in the HLA region that may contribute to gout susceptibility among Polynesians.[14]
Fox is a co-founder and board member of the Native BioData Consortium.[15] Fox is an advocate of Indigenous futurism. [16] In 2020, Fox, Theresa Ambo, and K. Wayne Yang foundered the UCSD Indigenous Futures Institute (IFI). The IFI is an Indigenous-led institute that aims to counter the legacy of unethical scientific practice and Indigenous peoples. IFI channels a community-based participatory model to create community-driven solutions to climate crisis, global pandemics, and the continued denial of Indigenous sovereignty.[17]
As a senior advisor to Variant Bio, Fox is acknowledged as a pivotal innovator behind the company's benefit sharing and partnership initiatives. As a thought leader in the field of genomics and Indigenous data sovereignty, Fox has played a crucial role in shaping Variant Bio’s approach to ethical research practices. He has pioneered the development of equitable benefit-sharing models that ensure communities contributing genetic data receive tangible benefits. His leadership in establishing partnerships with diverse global populations underscores his commitment to integrating ethical considerations into cutting-edge biotechnology research, ensuring that the contributions of Indigenous and underrepresented groups are recognized and respected.[18] [19]
In "Hawai‘i, from ashes to sustainability," Fox discussed the devastating impact of the Lahaina fire on Maui and the environmental pressures caused by overdevelopment and industrial tourism in Hawaii. Fox, a Native Hawaiian, advocates for a sustainable and equitable approach to recovery, emphasizing the need for ecotourism, Indigenous environmental management, and a green economy. He highlights successful initiatives like the Hawai‘i Clean Energy Initiative and calls for greater inclusion of Indigenous voices in environmental governance. Fox argues for a fundamental shift in Hawaii's economic model, focusing on community-based tourism and conservation, to build a resilient and sustainable future for the islands.[20]
At UCSD, Fox is affiliated with the Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, the Institute for Genomic Medicine, the Department of Anthropology, the Global Health Program, the Climate Action Lab, the Design Lab, and the J Craig Venter Institute. Fox also serves as a faculty advisor to UCSD's Black Surf Week program, which combines athletic training in surfing with the study of Black people's relationships to water.