Immigration to Italy explained

In 2021, Istat estimated that 5,171,894 foreign citizens lived in Italy, representing about 8.7% of the total population. 98 to 99 percent more of Italy's full population is (caucasioid) as 2024. [1] [2] These figures include naturalized foreign-born residents (about 1,620,000 foreigners acquired Italian citizenship from 1999 to 2020, of whom 130,000 did so in 2020[3]) as well as illegal immigrants, the so-called clandestini, whose numbers, difficult to determine, are thought to be at least 670,000.[4]

In 2021, around 6,260,000 people residing in Italy have an immigration background (around the 10.6% of the total Italian population).[2] [5] [6]

Starting from the early 1980s, until then a linguistically and culturally homogeneous society, Italy began to attract substantial flows of foreign immigrants.[7] [8] After the fall of the Berlin Wall and, more recently, the 2004 and 2007 enlargements of the European Union, large waves of migration originated from the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe (especially Romania, Albania, Ukraine, Moldova and Poland). Another source of immigration is neighbouring North Africa (in particular, Morocco, Egypt and Tunisia), with soaring arrivals as a consequence of the Arab Spring. Furthermore, in recent years, growing migration fluxes from Asia-Pacific (notably China,[9] South Asia, and the Philippines) and Latin America have been recorded.

Since the expansion of the European Union, the most recent wave of migration has been from surrounding European states, particularly Eastern Europe, and increasingly Asia,[10] replacing North Africa as the major immigration area.[7]

Romanians made up the largest foreign community in the country (1,077,876; around 10% of them being ethnic Romani people[11]) followed by Albanians (433,130) and Moroccans (428,940).[12] The fourth largest, but the fastest growing, community of foreign residents in Italy was represented by the Chinese; as of 2021 there were 330,495 foreigners holding Chinese citizenship.[13] [14] The majority of Chinese living in Italy are from the city of Wenzhou in the province of Zhejiang.[15] As of 2021, foreign citizens' origins were subdivided as follows: Europe (47,6%), Africa (22.25%), Asia (22.64%), The Americas (7.49%), and Oceania (0.04%).[16]

The distribution of foreigners is largely uneven in Italy: in 2020, 61.2% of foreign citizens lived in Northern Italy (in particular 36.1% in Northwestern Italy and 25.1% in Northeastern Italy), 24.2% in Central Italy, 10.8% in Southern Italy and 3.9% in Insular Italy.[17]

The children born in Italy to foreign mothers were 102,000 in 2012, 99,000 in 2013 and 97,000 in 2014.[18]

Statistics

On foreigners only, for more information dealing with foreigners who have subsequently acquired Italian citizenship refer to Eurostat site.

Population
20021,341,209 (2.35%)[19]
20031,549,373 (2.70%)
20041,990,159 (3.45%)
20052,402,157 (4.14%)
20062,670,514 (4.59%)
20072,938,922 (5.03%)
20083,432,651 (5.84%)
20093,891,295 (6.58%)
20104,235,059 (7.14%)
20114,570,317 (7.70%)
20124,052,081 (6.81%)[20]
20134,387,721 (7.28%)[21]
20144,922,085 (8.10%)[22]
20155,014,437 (8.25%)
20165,026,153 (8.28%)[23]
20175,047,028 (8.33%)[24]
20185,144,440 (8.51%)[25]
20194,996,158 (8.35%)[26]
20205,039,637 (8.45%)[27]
20215,171,894 (8.73%)[28]
20225,030,716 (8.52%)[29]
20235,141,341 (8.71%)[30]
Foreign citizens (thus not including naturalized Italians and descendants) by country of origin [31] [32] ! Country !! 2004 !! 2005 !! 2006 !! 2007 !! 2008 !! 2009 !! 2010 !! 2011 !! 2012 !! 2013 !! 2014 !! 2015 !! 2016 !! 2017 !! 2018 !2019!! 2020 !2021!2022[33] !2023 [34] ! Regions with significant populations
177,812248,849297,570342,200625,278796,477887,763968,576834,465933,354 1,081,4001,118,7761,151,3951,168,552 1,190,091 1,143,8591,145,718 1,076,412 1,083,771 1,081,836Lazio
270,383316,659348,813375,947401,949441,396466,684482,627450,908464,962495,709478,069467,687448,407440,465423,212421,591 433,171 419,987 416,829Lombardy
253,362294,945319,537343,228365,908 403,592 431,529 452,424 408,667 426,791 454,773 441,104 437,485 420,651 416,531 406,112414,249 428,947 420,172 415,088Lombardy
86,738111,712127,822144,885156,519170,265188,352209,934197,064223,367 256,846 263,659 271,330 281,972 290,681 283,430288,923 330,495 300,216 307,038Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
57,97193,441107,118120,070132,718153,998174,129200,730180,121191,725 219,050 222,039 230,728 234,354 237,047227,867228,560 235,953 225,307 249,613Campania
27,35635,78541,63149,57555,24265,52973,96582,451 81,683 92,695 111,223 113,901 118,790 122,428 131,967131,023138,895 158,020 159,003 174,058Lombardy
44,79154,28861,84769,50477,43291,855105,863121,036118,409128,903 142,453 145,879 150,456 151,430 151,791147,153 153,209 165,512 162,492 167,333Lombardy
72,37282,62589,668101,337105,675113,686123,584134,154129,188139,835 162,655 167,834 165,900 166,459 167,859158,049157,665 165,443 158,997 158,926Lombardy
40,58352,86558,87965,66769,57274,59982,064 90,365 66,932 76,691 96,008 103,471 109,871 112,765 119,513 119,864128,095 139,569 140,322 147,797Lombardy
27,79835,50941,79746,08549,34455,371 64,859 75,720 71,031 80,658 90,615 90,336 101,784 108,204 114,198 116,631121,609 135,520 134,182 144,129Lombardy
26,38331,64734,31037,73340,64144,54448,67453,61348,220 56,476 66,833 70,775 77,264 88,533 106,069 114,096113,049 119,089 119,435 123,646Veneto
46,47853,94157,10159,85762,62067,51072,618 80,989 73,702 80,325 90,863 93,352 98,176 101,207 105,937 105,227106,198 111,092 110,763 112,598Lombardy
39,23145,57250,52856,74561,06468,73875,34381,094 71,573 79,530 95,007 100,368 102,316 104,908 107,967 104,763107,598 112,018 108,069 109,828Veneto
24,64537,97147,63255,80368,59189,424105,600130,948132,175139,734 149,434 143,442 142,266 135,661 131,814 122,762118,516 122,667 114,914 109,804Emilia Romagna
68,63078,23083,56488,93293,601100,112103,678106,29182,99788,29197,31793,79595,64594,06493,79590,61593,350 97,407 99,002 102,422Lazio
43,00953,37859,26966,50670,75577,62987,74798,60393,84199,173109,851108,46598,17699,11097,37991,85991,662 96,546 94,131 98,733Lazio
40,31450,97460,82372,45790,21899,389106,608109,01884,74988,83997,56696,28597,98697,06295,72788,80386,743 77,779 74,981 74,387Sicily
33,50653,22061,95368,88073,23580,07085,94091,62580,33382,79191,86190,68087,42783,12080,37774,66172,644 72,193 66,590 63,211 Lombardy
22,53325,82330,37534,34237,84841,47644,06746,69037,56739,15743,20241,97243,78345,41048,02249,44551,790 50,666 47,318 51,125Lombardy
51,20858,46063,24574,16278,09089,06692,84789,90073,97276,60878,42472,17573,51267,96965,34760,58155,81655,77153,44351,090Tuscany
11,46715,37417,74619,92433,47740,88046,02651,13442,00047,87254,93255,75958,00158,62059,25456,59356,645 50,355 49,205 49,518Lombardy
29,25232,75434,49936,54038,40042,32744,35346,89044,36448,57551,60249,96148,63748,13849,94049,79749,543 50,778 48,280 47,335Emilia Romagna
14,31117,18818,68920,45921,52323,20125,78630,50428,60430,94834,48334,70235,79136,36137,38436,51237,424 39,746 36,982 39,705Lombardy
7,62516,23422,77840,47543,75146,24842,55043,09141,34440,37139,63038,64538,86037,06436,372
34,66435,55936,83438,13540,16341,47642,30242,53134,93635,57638,13631,77636,66136,66036,80635,44235,316 35,091 32,984 34,003Lombardy
57,82653,87552,95443,02243,81646,95841,70842,26439,93739,69035,57833,32232,898 31,342 30,835Lombardy
26,42826,95128,02129,20530,80332,07932,95633,40023,98525,01629,07827,43628,63429,28129,99129,00829,721 31,354 28,735 29,942Lombardy
13,90415,28616,72517,89218,59120,58322,92024,52923,02025,40528,62328,27728,20228,00228,45128,20829,111 30,255 28,812 29,571Lombardy
4475696758111,0121,4822,7346,5207,0839,12312,12413,68814,04514,60315,20315,02115,66718,27222,90729,222Tuscany
11,43513,22814,37815,63717,13219,40821,22222,66520,87823,56325,95325,17425,05626,15930,27131,00130,038 29,673 28,385 28,559Lombardy
14,01914,83715,50316,29217,35418,25819,09419,88715,12917,02120,68221,00122,59323,82824,87024,93625,954 32,637 26,417 27,854Lombardy
20,97222,31823,32424,67326,44828,17429,18429,56022,83923,74426,37725,52326,63427,20828,16827,85729,654 30,325 28,355 27,758Lombardy
10,14911,36312,92714,07314,58115,88316,87817,94716,35017,53819,31619,56020,66220,98621,41821,41722,31122,958 21,49923,531Lombardy
4,2405,0855,5095,8956,1446,5527,2138,7399,23510,44311,80912,97313,00713,49214,62615,43716,27020,03820,60822,693Lombardy
5416286506767488259121,0339411,2441,6303,2718,01613,78019,56722,07521,33622,21321,82622,637 Sicily
5476427027358329921,0901,2631,2522,9464,4706,09810,36914,76819,13420,07819,35020,01520,00821,032Campania
13,98915,84316,81017,64017,89018,61519,57320,57117,08617,88019,66118,95618,77717,96817,95617,53918,05319,84819,02520,856 Lombardy
20,15222,43624,14226,29827,35630,12431,34131,97228,01528,99629,83128,12027,19925,79125,03422,94421,91121,442 21,23420,454Veneto
9,13011,07712,35913,53214,56216,22517,65119,06816,35417,71119,95119,45019,38819,21719,50918,78019,16820,99918,93020,080Lombardy
15,49318,73620,20221,51922,67224,38725,44925,93520,72521,80123,09521,89921,76520,43719,82318,50718,46818,538 17,99818,095 Campania
1721983124421,0632,1983,3723,8113,5124,8136,6357,3308,57411,22411,73810,60011,12112,19913,54716,872Lazio
6,4056,5506,5666,8506,9136,9837,1067,4445,9627,2738,9959,54010,30410,79411,56511,83712,86614,25514,00916,490Lombardy
14,13214,15514,43314,90415,03615,32415,70815,62012,18413,16514,96314,14514,51214,64915,00414,96615,39318,83714,49615,582Lazio
19,89020,71221,23221,36021,30821,51121,26121,07916,70817,05117,99917,37518,05217,69817,57316,59116,28517,36215,75415,514Lombardy
3,6824,6725,5296,2496,9407,9949,17510,3248,83010,07111,88012,29812,73813,30814,52915,17015,32915,58115,01315,443Emilia Romagna
13,17413,72013,90713,42212,49211,84211,33811,2397,8968,0258,6428,1798,2708,0098,0238,1699,1179,09110,52214,662Lombardy
5,5457,0127,9498,5438,96010,49311,78413,05112,75214,00715,30114,79714,65714,30614,43514,05113,97914,23614,16714,204Lombardy
4,2454,5794,9135,1145,2195,3395,5805,8084,7875,1385,5065,5945,8496,3277,3478,98110,31612,13512,03313,548Lombardy
2,5083,6374,1274,8006,0436,7968,85512,26811,77412,35713,91914,38414,24314,07613,95513,27713,14113,27112,92412,930Lombardy
1,2591,6041,8132,0142,2682,6792,9913,3603,2973,8964,3714,4254,9286,89711,24012,72812,21312,25511,79611,880Lombardy
5,9636,0946,2496,4146,2376,6637,7288,1124,5865,2356,8787,6777,9038,2289,1028,6268,5157,6298,3709,349Lazio
2,0952,7913,2583,7674,2655,0625,9526,9756,6547,4468,1778,1958,5298,6368,8858,7048,8089,2698,8119,248Lombardy
6,7876,9897,3567,7528,1658,5218,6518,6957,1637,3787,8567,6168,1068,2438,3448,1848,28310,0928,3678,820Lombardy
4,9005,6347,0908,97211,38611,91112,96713,3688,0748,75211,18710,5709,5979,3949,3438,1418,0356,9126,5756,404
Rest of Europe 118,159119,870128,299132,310143,60280,38186,34287,26169,06674,66181,86873,73463,62262,33466,81781,25484,149
Rest of North Africa and Western/Central Asia 15,54016,71917,54318,56519,36620,44921,57222,78616,81218,97622,77222,75644,52647,51331,29634,572
Rest of South Asia 2663294264665146087018607879281,1891,2581,5161,6301,7291,816
Rest of East and South-East Asia 15,35416,70317,50118,66619,35820,36721,38222,21817,06718,84222,26720,93922,89519,87722,77723,840
Rest of Sub-Saharan Africa 34,10237,59141,01345,63048,56351,61954,09155,27243,54848,29354,28152,84252,59154,50159,38551,00252,056
Rest of Americas 13,06613,95414,71315,49215,71616,56717,32418,74614,51716,02318,31717,64318,40620,79620,10321,785
Europe 904,490 (1.57%)1,111,199 (1.92%)1,249,605 (2.15%)1,380,974 (2.36%)1,771,308 (3.01%)2,067,868 (3.50%)2,251,635 (3.80%)2,422,399 (4.08%)2,134,986 (3.59%)2,298,498 (3.82%)2,564,208 (4.22%)2,546,281 (4.19%)2,601,3132,588,451 (4.28%)2,600,748 (4.31%)2,609,690 (4.33%)2,378,907 (4.03%)2,397,731 (4.06%)
North Africa and Western/Central Asia 409,762 (0.71%)479,691 (0.83%)519,325 (0.89%)559,104 (0.96%)593,606 (1.01%)647,829 (1.10%)691,783 (1.17%)730,833 (1.23%)625,532 (1.05%)666,657 (1.11%)735,035 (1.21%)725,703 (1.19%)741,090729,064 (1.21%)735,681 (1.22%)764,636 (1.30%)783,766 (1.33%)
South Asia 139,614 (0.24%)171,681 (0.30%)196,541 (0.34%)222,817 (0.38%)244,659 (0.42%)284,299 (0.48%)324,103 (0.55%)364,972 (0.61%)346,995 (0.58%)387,527 (0.64%)447,122 (0.74%)459,072 (0.76%)474,736488,486 (0.81%)507,553 (0.84%)579,022 (0.98%)614,036 (1.04%)
East and South-East Asia 174,464 (0.30%)211,040 (0.36%)234,991 (0.40%)264,888 (0.45%)281,552 (0.48%)304,318 (0.51%)333,318 (0.56%)366,306 (0.62%)343,319 (0.58%)382,044 (0.63%)441,768 (0.73%)452,432 (0.74%)459,572471,326 (0.78%)478,417 (0.79%)481,990 (0.82%)489,804 (0.83%)
Sub-Saharan Africa 170,267 (0.30%)195,447 (0.34%)211,283 (0.36%)229,000 (0.39%)244,727 (0.42%)266,965 (0.45%)287,605 (0.49%)309,940 (0.52%)270,444 (0.45%)303,383 (0.50%)345,249 (0.57%)351,240 (0.58%)369,567397,309 (0.66%)444,058 (0.74%)455,620 (0.77%)465,143 (0.79%)
Americas 188,455 (0.33%)230,043 (0.40%)255,661 (0.44%)278,960 (0.48%)293,550 (0.50%)316,676 (0.54%)343,143 (0.58%)372,385 (0.63%)328,590 (0.55%)347,095 (0.58%)385,670 (0.63%)380,828 (0.63%)376,556369,555 (0.61%)373,354 (0.62%)368,061 (0.62%)388,227 (0.66%)
Oceania 2,562 (<0.01%)2,460 (<0.01%)2,486 (<0.01%)2,536 (<0.01%)2,527 (<0.01%)2,547 (<0.01%)2,618 (<0.01%)2,642 (<0.01%)1,821 (<0.01%)1,921 (<0.01%)2,220 (<0.01%)2,015 (<0.01%)2,104 (<0.01%)2,122 (<0,01%)2,170 (<0.01%)2,120 (<0.01%)2,213 (<0.01%)2,256 (<0.01%)1,859 (<0.01%)1,991 (<0.01%)
Total foreigners 1,990,159 (3.45%)2,402,157 (4.14%)2,670,514 (4.59%)2,938,922 (5.03%)3,432,651 (5.84%)3,891,295 (6.58%)4,235,059 (7.14%)4,570,317 (7.70%)4,052,081 (6.81%)4,387,721 (7.28%)4,922,085 (8.10%)5,014,437 (8.25%)5,026,153 (8.28%)5,047,028 (8.33%)5,144,440 (8.51%)4,996,158 (8.35%)5,039,637 (8.45%)5,171,894 (8.73%)5,030,716 (8.52%)5,141,341 (8.71%)
Italians 55,694,841 (96.55%)55,566,843 (95.86%)55,473,486 (95.41%)55,499,078 (94.97%)55,394,349 (94.16%)55,203,705 (93.42%)55,041,941 (92.86%)54,808,683 (92.30%)55,487,919 (93.19%)55,846,279 (92.72%)55,866,915 (91.90%)55,781,563 (91.75%)55,639,847 (91.72%)55,531,972 (91.67%)55,339,560 (91.50%)54,820,515 (91.65%)54,601,851 (91.55%)54,064,319 (91.27%)53,999,417 (91.48%)53,855,860 (91.26%)
Italy 57,685,00057,969,00058,144,00058,438,00058,827,00059,095,00059,277,00059,379,00059,540,00060,234,00060,789,00060,796,00060,666,00060,579,00060,484,00059,816,67359,641,48859,236,21359,030,13358,997,201

Prison population

According to the Ministry of Justice, the Italian prison population in 2019 counted 60,769 and of those 32.7% were foreigners. The largest groups came from Morocco (3,651), Albania (2,402), Romania (2,386), Tunisia (2,020), Nigeria (1,665).

Amongst national origins counting more than 5,000 individuals at national level, Algeria, followed by Gambia and Tunisia, had the biggest proportion of detainees (with, respectively, 25.8, 23.7 and 20.7 inmates per 1,000 residents). On the other hand, Japan, Thailand and the Philippines had the lowest proportion of inmates per 1,000 residents (respectively, 0.13, and 0.50 for both Thailand and the Philippines).[35] [36]

Public opinion

In 2018, a poll by Pew Research found that a majority (71%) wanted fewer immigrants to be allowed into the country, 18% wanted to keep the current level and 5% wanted to increase immigration.[37]

A 2019 poll by Yougov showed that 53% thought authorities should not accept more refugees from conflict areas, 25% were in favour of more refugees and 19% were undecided.[38]

According to poll published by Corriere della Sera in 2019, one of two respondents (51%) approved closing Italy's ports to further boat migrants arriving via the Mediterranean, while 19% welcomed further boat migrants.[39]

In 2021, 77% of Italians thought the current immigrant influx was too high, as underlined by a poll published by La Repubblica and carried out by YouGov.[40]

Mediterranean Sea crossings crisis

Due to the peninsula geographical position and close proximity to the North Africa coast, the crossing of the Mediterranean Sea has historically been the most used route for undocumented migrants. This route has become gradually more prominent, as flow through other routes to the EU gradually faded and political turmoil in Libya caused a general weakening of borders and coastal control, opening opportunities to people smuggling organisations.

The principal destination for sea crossings boats and rafts are the southernmost Italian territories, the Pelagie Islands. These islands are 113 km from Tunisia, 167 from Libya and 207 from Sicily.

The close distance between these islands and the African mainland has caused people smuggling organisations to employ boats and rafts otherwise hardly seaworthy, generally vastly filled above their capacity. Official reports list boats filled up to 2 or 3 times nominal capacity, including the use of rubber dinghies. This has led to several accidents at sea, as in 2007, the 2009, the 2011, the 2013, 2015.[41] These accidents have become harder to document between 2014 and 2017, as people smuggling organisations changed their tactics: instead of aiming for a full crossing of the sea towards Lampedusa, their boats aimed just to exit Libyan territorial waters and then trigger rescue operation from passing mercantile vessels, seek and rescue organisations, Italian and Maltese coastguards and militaries. As per the United Nations Convention of the Sea, of which Italy is a subscriber, people rescued at sea have to be transported to the closest safe harbor: as Libya continues to be in political turmoil this means they are transported to Italy.

Once in Italy, the EU Dublin Regulation requires migrants to apply for legal residence, protection or asylum permits in the first EU country they cross into, effectively barring them from legally crossing internal EU borders until their case has been processed and positively concluded. As the vast majority of migrant people landing in Italy targets destinations in Central and Northern European States, there is a tendency to avoid filing permits applications in Italy and rather try a northwards land journey.[42] As a reaction to the gradual increase in migration flows through the Mediterranean Sea, Italian governments stepped up cooperation with Tunisian and Libyan authorities to halt activities of people smuggling organisation on land, as well as to allow boats rescued from the Italian Military in international waters to be towed back to the port where they left from. This policy, enacted in 2004 and 2005, sparked controversies related in particular to the compatibility with Italian and EU laws, as numerous reports documented acts of violence from Libyan authorities on migrant people. The policy was openly criticised by the EU Parliament.[43]

In 2008, Berlusconi's government in Italy and Gaddafi's government in Libya signed a treaty including cooperation between the two countries in stopping unlawful migration from Libya to Italy; this led to a policy of forcibly returning to Libya boat migrants intercepted by the Italian coast guard at sea.[44] The cooperation collapsed following the outbreak of the Libyan civil war in 2011. In 2012 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Italy had violated the European Convention on Human Rights by returning migrants to Libya, as it exposed the migrants to the risk of being subjected to ill-treatment in Libya and violated the prohibition of collective expulsions.,[45] thus effectively ending the policy.In 2009, as the flow of migrants picked up again, the overcrowded conditions at the Pelagie Islands' temporary immigrant reception centre came under criticism by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The unit, which was originally built for a maximum capacity of 850 people, was reported to be housing nearly 2,000 boat people. A significant number of people were sleeping outdoors under plastic sheeting.[46] A fire started as an inmate riot destroyed a large portion of the holding facility on 19 February 2009.

In 2011, as Arab Spring rebellions in Tunisia and Libya disrupted government control over borders and coasts, by May 2011, more than 35,000 immigrants had arrived on the island of Lampedusa from Tunisia and Libya.[47] By the end of August, 48,000 had arrived.[48] As migration and asylum policies are exclusive responsibilities of each member State, the increased migration pressure at the EU Southern border sparked tensions between EU States on how to differentiate between people migrating due to economic reasons, which in principle are regarded as unlawful immigrants and thus are forced to leave or deported, and people fleeing violence or persecution for religious, sexual orientation, political reasons, who can be granted asylum rights.[49] As the Libyan authoritarian governments struggled to keep control of the country, it allowed an increase in northbound migrant flows as a tactic to pressure Italy and the EU not to militarily intervene in the country, as Gaddafi feared his regime would be overthrown.[48]

Some Italian towns and cities disobeyed instructions from the national government to house migrants.[50] The Mafia Capitale investigation revealed that the Italian Mafia profited from the migrant crisis and exploited refugees.[51] [52] The murder of Ashley Ann Olsen in her Italian apartment by an illegal immigrant from Senegal rapidly acquired political significance in the context of the European migrant crisis. The police chief of Florence addressed safety concerns and "assur[ed] the public that Florence remained safe" in the wake of the Olsen murder.[53] Since 2014, thousands of migrants have tried every month to cross the Central Mediterranean to Italy, risking their lives on unsafe boats including fishing trawlers.[54] Many of them were fleeing poverty-stricken homelands or war-torn countries and sought economic opportunity within the EU.[55] [56] Italy, and, in particular, its southern island of Lampedusa, received enormous numbers of Africans and Middle-Easterners transported by smugglers and NGOs operating along the ungoverned coast of the failed state of Libya.[57]

There were 153,842 Mediterranean sea arrivals to Italy in 2015, 9 percent less than the previous year; most of the refugees and migrants came from Eritrea, Nigeria, and Somalia, whereas the number of Syrian refugees sharply decreased, as most of them took the Eastern Mediterranean route from Turkey to Greece.[58]

The first three months of 2016 saw an increase in the number of migrants rescued at sea being brought to southern Italian ports.[59] [60] [61] In April 2016, nearly 6,000 mostly sub-Saharan African migrants landed in Italy in four days.[62] In June 2016, over 10,000 migrants were rescued in four days.[63] In 2016, 181,100 migrants arrived in Italy by sea.[64]

In April 2017, more than 8,000 migrants were rescued near Libya and brought to Italy in three days.[65] From January to November 2017, approximately 114,600 migrants arrived in Italy by sea.[66] Approximately 5,000 African migrants were rescued in waters off the coast of Libya between 18 and 20 May 2017.[67]

Since 2013, Italy took in over 700,000 migrants,[68] mainly from sub-Saharan Africa.[69]

On September 2023, Boats, carrying roughly 7,000 migrants—more than the total population of Lampedusa—arrived on the island within the span of 24 hours.[70] [71] [72]

In 2023, 155,754 migrants arrived in Italy, up from 103,846 in 2022.[73] [74] [75]

Controversies regarding NGOs

After 2015, as an increased use of unseaworthy vessels by people smuggling organisations caused a marked increase in accidents at sea involving loss of lives, several European NGOs have started seek and rescue operations in close coordination with Italian Navy and coast guard units. These operations often happen close to Libyan territorial waters at the same time in order not to unlawfully enter Libyan jurisdictions and yet ensure migrants' safety. As per UNCLOS, rescued people are brought to the closer safe harbor, which is in most cases on Italian shore. This effectively means NGOs vessels are covering most of the distance between Libyan and Italian coast.Right-wing Italian newspapers and activists picked on that to make various claims, among which that NGOs active in migrants' assistance and rescue at sea would reap financial profits from their collaboration with the Italian authorities,[76] or that some NGOs are part of unlawful people smuggling operations in coordination with operatives on Libyan coast, and funded by international criminal groups and financial institutions interested in developing political turmoil in Italy.[77] The Italian Parliament investigated these claims and has found them to be unsubstantiated, with no further actions.[78] Regardless of this, right-wing newspapers have continued campaigning against Italian and foreign NGOs.

In August 2017 the ship "Iuventa" operated by the German NGO "Jugend Rettet" (youth to the rescue) was impounded on the island of Lampedusa on the order of an Italian prosecutor on suspicion of facilitating illegal immigration. Jugend Rettet is one of the six out of nine NGOs which refused to sign a new code of conduct by the Italian government covering migrant rescues in the Mediterranean. The prosecutor alleged that there were "contacts, meetings and understandings" between the boat's crew and the smugglers. No crew members from the "Iuventa" had been charged and the prosecutor admitted that their motive was likely humanitarian.[79] (Five out of eight refused to sign the new code of conduct, according to a Guardian article, the others refusing to sign being MSF, the Germany groups Sea-Watch, Sea-Eye and Jugend Rettet, and France's SOS Mediterranée '[all of whom] abstained'. 'MSF, SOS Mediterranée and Jugend Rettet... called for clarification of the rules' while MOAS and Spanish group Proactiva Open Arms agreed to the conditions, and Save the Children 'backed the measures'.)[80]

The Conte I Cabinet, influenced by hard-line Interior Minister Matteo Salvini, refused to let migrant ships dock in its waters. On 10 June 2018, Salvini announced the closure of Italian ports, stating that "Everyone in Europe is doing their own business, now Italy is also raising its head. Let's stop the business of illegal immigration."[81] The vessel Aquarius, which is operated jointly by Médecins Sans Frontières and SOS Méditerranée and carried more than 600 migrants, was refused a port of disembarkation by the Italian authorities despite having been told to rescue the migrants by the same co-ordination centre. The Italian authority told the vessel to ask Malta to provide a disembarkation port, but Malta has also refused.[82] On the following day, the new Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez accepted the disputed migrant ship.[83] On 12 June 2019, the Sea Watch 3 ship picked up 53 migrants in the Mediterranean off the Libyan coast. Sea Watch 3 rejected an offer to dock at Tripoli, which is considered unsafe by humanitarian organizations, and headed toward Lampedusa. According to a report by the Süddeutsche Zeitung and NGOs this was the nearest safe harbor per maritime law. On 14 June, Italy closed its ports to migrant rescue ships. Salvini refused to allow the ship to dock until other European nations had agreed to take the migrants. Ten of the migrants, including children, pregnant women, and those who were ill, were allowed to disembark. On 29 June, without authorization, ship's captain Carola Rackete decided to dock. The motivation for this was that according to her the passengers were exhausted. Rackete was arrested by the Italian authorities after docking. Matteo Salvini accused Rackete of trying to sink an Italian patrol boat that was attempting to intercept her, calling the incident an act of war and demanding the Netherlands government intervention. However, on 2 July, Rackete was released from house arrest after a court ruling that she had broken no laws and acted to protect passengers' safety.[84]

In August 2019, Salvini announced a motion of no confidence against Prime Minister Conte, after growing tensions within the majority.[85] Salvini's alleged gambit failed, as Conte successfully negotiated the formation of a new cabinet with centre-left Democratic Party, which completely changed the immigration policy of the previous government,[86] returning to receive NGO ships in Italian ports.[87]

Italian naval mission to Libyan waters

On 2 August 2017, Italy's parliament authorized a limited naval mission to Libyan waters aimed at supporting the country's coastguard in the fight against illegal migration. Italy sent two patrol boats at the request of the UN-backed government in Tripoli and insisted it had no intention of violating Libyan sovereignty. However, General Khalifa Haftar, who controls most of eastern Libya, threatened to use his own forces to repel the Italians.[79] [88]

Comparison with other European Union countries 2023

According to Eurostat 59.9 million people lived in the European Union in 2023 who were born outside their resident country. This corresponds to 13.35% of the total EU population. Of these, 31.4 million (9.44%) were born outside the EU and 17.5 million (3.91%) were born in another EU member state.[89] [90]

CountryTotal population (1000)Total Foreign-born (1000)%Born in other EU state (1000)%Born in a non EU state (1000)%
EU 27448,75459,90213.317,5383.931,3686.3
Germany84,35916,47619.56,2747.410,20212.1
France68,1738,94213.11,9892.96,95310.2
Spain48,0858,20417.11,5803.36,62413.8
Italy58,9976,41710.91,5632.64,8548.2
Netherlands17,8112,77715.67484.22,02911.4
Greece10,4141,17311.32352.29389.0
Sweden10,5222,14420.45485.21,59615.2
Austria9,1051,96321.68639.51,10012.1
Belgium11,7432,24719.19388.01,30911.1
Portugal10,4671,68416.13783.61,30612.5
Denmark5,93380413.62634.45419.1
Finland5,5644618.31312.43305.9
Poland36,7549332.52310.67021.9
Czech Republic10,8287647.11391.36255.8
Hungary9,6006446.73423.63023.1
Romania19,0555302.82021.13281.7
Slovakia5,4292133.91562.9571.0
Bulgaria6,4481692.6580.91111.7
Ireland5,2711,15021.83486.680215.2

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

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