Kenya Army Explained

Unit Name:Kenyan Army
Native Name:Jeshi la Nchi Kavu
Start Date:1964
Country: Kenya
Command Structure:Kenya Defence Forces
Garrison:Waterworks Camp, Hurlingham, Nairobi, Kenya[1]
Garrison Label:Headquarters
Motto:"Ngao Ya Taifa"
Battles:
Commander1:President Dr William Ruto
Commander1 Label:Commander-in-Chief
Commander2:Lieutenant General David Kimaiyo Tarus
Commander2 Label:Commander, Kenya Army
Identification Symbol Label:Flag

The Kenya Army is the land arm of the Kenya Defence Forces.

History

The origins of the present day Kenya Army can be traced back to the British Army's King's African Rifles.[2] In the last quarter of the 19th Century, the British began actively enforcing the abolition of the slave trade in East Africa. Concurrently, other European nations were establishing spheres of influence in Africa. To safeguard British interests, the Imperial British East Africa Company was established. As these interests developed and expanded, a more formidable force became necessary, (to safeguard these interests and expansion), leading to the creation of the first British land forces in Kenya.

In June 1873 the Sultan of Zanzibar, Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar, signed the final treaty to abolish slave trade throughout his territories.[3] Enforcing the abolition became the task of the Royal Navy; within three weeks Admiral Arthur Cumming, Commander-in-Chief, East Indies, arrived at Zanzibar. In 1877 a Royal Navy officer, Lieutenant Lloyd Matthews, serving on formed a small force of 300 Zanzibaris to combat the slave trade. In 1878 Lieutenant Matthews was given leave to serve under the Sultan who appointed him Brigadier General in command of the newly established force. By 1880 the force had grown to 1300 men who were all armed with Snider rifles donated to the Sultan by the British Government.

On 8 September 1888 the Imperial British East Africa Company was granted a royal charter and was charged with the responsibility of administering British East Africa on the lines of a Crown colony. In 1893 the three-year contract with the Indian contingent came to an end. During the same period the company was experiencing serious financial problems that had led to the abandonment of Uganda and Jubaland in fact, the company could barely police the coast. The then British Consul in Zanzibar, Sir Arthur Hardinge, notified the Foreign Office of his intention of taking over East Africa from the company. The British government accepted. On 1 July 1895 a British protectorate was declared over all the areas previously administered by the company. The company troops were subsequently reorganized under Captain Hatch.

In August 1895 the British government sanctioned the establishment of a force composed of 300 Punjabi, 300 Swahili, 100 Sudanese, and 200 soldiers from various ethnic groups in the region. This force was renamed the East African Rifles and was formed from the former Imperial British East Africa Company force in Mombasa (Fort Jesus).

Before the Second World War, British colonial forces in Kenya, the now-King's African Rifles, in the main, were small:[4]

There was no conscription and the army was extremely selective, recruiting soldiers from ethnic groups with supposedly inherent military qualities, the so-called "martial races." In the 1920s and 1930s, martial races included the Kamba, Kalenjin, and Somali, pastoral semi-pastoral groups from impoverished regions. In contrast, Kikuyu and Meru of central Kenya were hardly found in the army. The Second World War brought a massive expansion of military personnel. From an interwar strength of less than 1,000 men, the armed forces increased to 75,000 by 1943. Thus, every tenth adult man was serving in the military, representing about 20 percent of the wage labor force. The huge demand for able-bodied and skilled men was met by extending the recruitment pool to communities the British did not consider martial. Additionally, the military offered wages above civilian levels. In 1941 the pay ranged between 17 and 60 shillings per month for a newly trained private in the East African Military Labour Service and East African Army Service Corps respectively, whereas civil wages for unskilled labor averaged between 8 and 12 shillings.22 The military offered additional pulls such as uniforms, housing, food, professional training, and promotion.

As part of the King's African Rifles, indigenous soldiers from Kenya Colony fought in several campaigns during World War II. They fought against the Italians in Italian East Africa during the East African Campaign, against the Vichy French in Madagascar during the Battle of Madagascar, and against the Japanese in Burma during the Burma Campaign. Initially, the KAR was deployed as the 1st East African Infantry Brigade and the 2nd East African Infantry Brigade. The first brigade was responsible for coastal defence and the second for the defence of the interior. By the end of July 1940, two additional East African brigades were formed, the 3rd East African Infantry Brigade and the 6th East African Infantry Brigade. Initially a Coastal Division and a Northern Frontier District Division were planned, but, instead, the 11th African Division and the 12th African Division was formed.

The two divisions included East African, Ghanaian, Nigerian, and South African troops. A Nigerian brigade, together with two East African brigades (the King's African Rifles brigades) and some South Africans, formed the 11th African Division. The 12th African Division was similarly formed, but with the Ghanaian brigade instead of the Nigerian brigade. The 11th African Division was disbanded in November 1941 and the 12th African Division was disbanded in April 1943. In 1943, the 11th (East Africa) Division was formed and it fought in Burma. In addition, two independent infantry brigades were sent from East Africa to India for service in Burma. The 22 (East Africa) Infantry Brigade served in the Arakan under command of XV Indian Corps, while the 28th (East Africa) Infantry Brigade served under IV Corps, playing a crucial role in the crossing of the Irrawaddy River.

Mau Mau Uprising and independence

The KAR fought against the Mau Mau rebels under the command of British officers in the 1950s and on the side of loyalist Kenyans and those who advocated a peaceful transition to independence, such as Jomo Kenyatta. KAR battalions listed included 3 KAR (Kenya), 4 KAR (Uganda), 5 KAR (Kenya), 6 KAR (Tanganiyka), 7 & 23 KARs (Kenya), 26 KAR (Tanganyika).[5]

As stipulated in the Kenya Military Forces (Naming of Units) Order 1964, 3 Battalion KAR, 5 Battalion KAR, 11 Battalion KAR, three attached training companies, Headquarters 70th (East African) Infantry Brigade, 1 Signal Squadron, 91 General Transport Company, workshops, and a variety of other Combat service support units were handed over to the new Kenya Army during the process of independence for Kenya in December 1963 and January 1964.

Kenyan authorities quickly began considering a parachute capability. "On October 14, 1964, the first batch of 40.. were sent to Britain for Parachute Basic Training course" at RAF Abingdon.[6] Similar numbers ..followed until about 200 Kenyan troops qualified to form the 1st Independent Parachute Company on April 24, 1965."

In 1977 (probably during the Ogaden War) a Somali force crossed the border into northern Kenya. The same year Kenya placed an order with Vickers Defence Systems in the UK for 38 Vickers Main Battle Tank Mark 3 main battle tanks plus three armoured recovery vehicles (ARVs) which were all delivered by 1980, forming Kenya's initial tank battalion. Another order was placed in December 1980 for a further 38 Mark 3s, plus four ARVs, which were all completed at the works, if not delivered, by December 1982.

After Kenya invaded Somalia in Operation Linda Nchi in 2011, 6 Brigade became "fully fledged" in 2012. 6 Brigade was installed on the outskirts of Garissa town after Modika Barracks there was "launched" by President Uhuru Kenyatta on Friday 13 December 2019. Also moved there from Embakasi in Nairobi was 17 Kenya Rifles ("One Seven"). The other battalions of the brigade were 19 KR at Nyali Barracks just north of Mombasa and 21 KR at Mariakani Barracks.[7]

By 2021, the International Institute for Strategic Studies listed 31 Type-92 wheeled armoured personnel carriers and 105 South African PUMA M26-15 Protected patrol vehicles in service.[8]

On 1 May 2021, The Nation wrote that about 1,600 Army troops drawn from 20th Para, 30 Special Forces, and the Long Range Surveillance unit of the Directorate of Military Intelligence, would be dispatched to serve with MONUSCO [in the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]], with second rotation replacements coming from "the American-trained 40 Rangers Strike Force (40RSF), the Special Boat unit of the Kenya Navy and the Clearance Diving Unit," while the "newly formed Marine Commandos" also expected to be sent at some point. Congolese President Tshisekedi said "Kenya will voluntarily be part of the Rapid Intervention Brigade." The Kenyan contingent was "expected to replace South African troops.. and will be working alongside soldiers from Nepal." "A majority of the Kenyan soldiers will be part of MONUSCO."[9]

Peacekeeping missions

Kenya Army involvement in international peacekeeping, Peace Support Operations was first considered in 1973. That year the United Nations requested Kenya to contribute forces to UNEF II which was to separate Israel and the Arab states after the October War. Though Kenya acceded to the UN request, the troops were not deployed.

Kenya's first actual participation in Peace Support Operations was in 1979, when the Commonwealth requested the Republic of Kenya to contribute troops for the Commonwealth Monitoring Force in Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). The Monitoring Force supervised the arrival and cantonment of the rebel Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army and Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) forces, and included 51 Kenya Army personnel under Colonel Jack Munyao who ran one of the 14 Assembly Points.[10]

Subsequently, the Kenya Army contributed officers towards operations in Chad in 1982 on the request of the Organization of African Unity. In 1989 the Army sent military observers and an infantry battalion to the United Nations Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG) in Namibia. Kenya has ranked number 6 out of the 90 countries who contribute military and civilian police to the UN operations.

Since 1989, Kenya has contributed military observers, staff officers, civilian police monitors, and infantry troops to various missions.[2] [11] Force commanders, chief military observers, and chiefs of staff have also been sent to the following UN and African Union missions:

A varierty of senior personnel have also served with the related warfighting mission AMISOM in Somalia.

To date, Kenyan United Nations peacekeepers have served in 16 different countries in Africa, the Middle East, the Balkans, and Asia. The period of deployment of the personnel has varied from mission to mission, in accordance with the complexities of each conflict situation. Missions have ranged from one to eight years. After the invasion of Somalia in Operation Linda Nchi in 2011, Kenya Army troops have been involved in heavy fighting against Al-Shabaab since. Incorporated into the AU-led AMISOM in 2012, Kenyan troops have been in Somalia since - a ongoing total of 13 years.

Commanders of the Kenya Army

See main article: Commander, Kenya Army.

On 9th of March, 2024 Lieutenant General David Kimaiyo Chemwaina Tarus MGH, MBS, OGW was sworn in as the new Kenya army commander[13] and is currently the Kenya army commander. He had previous served as the deputy service commander of the Kenya Army under then Kenya army commander, LIEUTENANT GENERAL Peter Mbogo Njiru MGH CBS ‘rcds’ (UK) ‘psc’ (K) who was famed for being a former aide de camp to former president Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta.

Structure

The Kenya Army is made up of various formations and services. These formations and services are divided between two operational commands, the Western Command (WestCom) headquartered in Lanet and Eastern Command (EastCom) based at Embakasi Garrison.[14] The Eastern Command was established in 1997 and its role is to defend the Eastern region of Kenya against external and internal threats. These areas include the capital itself and the former Central, Eastern, North Eastern and Coast provinces. Western Command is tasked with defending the Western region of the country and includes the former Rift Valley, Western and Nyanza provinces. In recent times there have been plans to set up a Nairobi Metropolitan Command for the capital and the surrounding metropolitan area of Machakos County, Kiambu County and Kajiado County.[15] This realignment would have Eastern Command relocated to Garissa but it remains unclear whether Nairobi Metropolitan Command was established.

By 2020 Border Protection Command was active at Wajir under General Officer Commanding, Major General William Shume.[16] In July 2021 Shume became Deputy Commander Kenya Army and Brigadier Stephen Otieno was promoted to major-general and took over as GOC BSC.[17]

Kenya Army Formations

Kenya Army services

This Corps mainly deals with maintenance of motor and mechanical equipment that is used in the Kenya Army. It is based at Kahawa Garrison along Thika Road.

Training institutions include the Kenya Military Academy, and the Recruits Training School (Kenya), located 22 kilometres from Eldoret Town, Uasin Gishu County.[26]

Equipment

The acquisition of T-72s has caused significant controversy. Thirty-three vehicles ordered from Ukraine were hijacked by Somali pirates.[27] The Ukrainian Defence Minister Yury Yekhanurov confirmed 33 Soviet-made T-72 tanks and "a substantial quantity of ammunition" were aboard the captured cargo ship, called the Faina". The ship they were being carried in, MV Faina was released and the tanks unloaded in the port city of Mombasa in February 2009. There have been doubts expressed as to whether the T-72s imported by Kenya are intended for use by the Kenyan Army. Instead, popular opinion is that they were being clandestinely imported for the (South) Sudan People's Liberation Army, which has an arms embargo against it.[28]

The KDF attempted to dispel speculation by publicly showing these tanks (and other hardware) as part of its arsenal on 22 August 2010, during rehearsals for the passing of the new Constitution of Kenya.[29] Nevertheless, a cloud of doubt hung over the intent of the tank acquisition. The United States diplomatic cables leak indicated that an ongoing process of armaments purchases on behalf of the Southern Sudanese government by the Kenyan government was "a badly kept secret."[30] The leaks go on to speculate that these clandestine operations were motivated by the Kenya political leadership's desire to support Southern Sudan, but not in a way that would openly provoke Khartoum or potentially threaten South Sudan's eventual independence.

The KDF is interested in the US Army-approved version of the Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES) combat simulation system.

Small arms

width=16%Namewidth=10%Imagewidth=15%Caliberwidth=12%Typewidth=10%Originwidth=28%Notes
Pistols
Browning Hi-Power[31] 9×19mmSemi-automatic pistol
Beretta 929×19mmSemi-automatic pistol
Glock 179×19mmSemi-automatic pistol
Glock 199×19mmSemi-automatic pistol
CZ-759×19mmSemi-automatic pistol
Submachine guns
Sterling9×19mmSubmachine gun
Uzi9×19mmSubmachine gun
Heckler & Koch MP5[32] 9×19mmSubmachine gun
CZ Scorpion Evo 3[33] 9×19mmSubmachine gun
Rifles
AKM[34] 7.62×39mmAssault rifle
Zastava M707.62×39mmAssault rifle
Vz. 587.62×39mmAssault rifle
Type 567.62×39mmAssault rifle
M16[35] 5.56×45 mmAssault rifle
M4[36] 5.56×45mmCarbine
Assault rifle
IWI Tavor5.56×45mmBullpup
Assault rifle
FN SCAR7.62×51mm NATOBattle rifle1000
FN FAL7.62×51mmBattle rifle
Heckler & Koch G37.62×51mmBattle rifle
Lee-Enfield.303 BritishBolt-action rifle
Sniper rifles
IWI Galatz5.56×45mmDesignated marksman rifle
Machine guns
Bren[37] 7.62×51mmLight machine gun
IWI Negev[38] 5.56×45mmLight machine gun
Browning M19197.62×51mmMedium machine gun
PKM7.62×54mmRGeneral-purpose machine gun
Heckler & Koch HK217.62×51mmGeneral-purpose machine gun
FN MAG7.62×51mmGeneral-purpose machine gun
AA-527.62×51mmGeneral-purpose machine gun
M607.62×51mmGeneral-purpose machine gun
DShK[39] 12.7×108mmHeavy machine gun
Browning M2.50 BMGHeavy machine gun
Grenade launchers
M20340×46mm SRGrenade launcher
M7940×46mmGrenade launcher

Anti-tank weapons

width=16%Namewidth=21%Imagewidth=15%Typewidth=12%Originwidth=10%Caliberwidth=26%Notes
Carl Gustav[40] Recoilless rifle84mm
MILANAnti-tank missile
483 in service.
BGM-71 TOWAnti-tank missile

Vehicles

Tanks

width=14%Namewidth=20%Imagewidth=14%Typewidth=12%Originwidth=10%Quantitywidth=06%Statuswidth=24%Notes
Vickers Mk.3Main battle tank78[41]
T-72AVMain battle tank11077 T-72AV from Ukraine in 2007. 33 delivered in Feb 2009 may bring total to 110.

Reconnaissance

width=14%Namewidth=20%Imagewidth=14%Typewidth=12%Originwidth=10%Quantitywidth=06%Statuswidth=24%Notes
Panhard AML-60/90Armored car72
Alvis SaladinArmored car10
Shorland S52Armored Car8

Scout cars

width=14%Namewidth=20%Imagewidth=14%Typewidth=12%Originwidth=10%Quantitywidth=06%Statuswidth=24%Notes
BOV M11Scout car20[42]
Daimler FerretArmored car Scout car12
BRDM-3Armored car Scout car8[43]

Armored personnel carriers

width=14%Namewidth=20%Imagewidth=14%Typewidth=12%Originwidth=10%Quantitywidth=06%Statuswidth=24%Notes
UR-416Armoured personnel carrier52
Panhard M3Armoured personnel carrier10
ACMAT BastionArmoured personnel carrier12
WZ-551Armored personnel carrier35

Mine-Resistant Ambush Protected

width=14%Namewidth=20%Imagewidth=14%Typewidth=12%Originwidth=10%Quantitywidth=06%Statuswidth=24%Notes
PUMA M26-15150
Katmerciler Hızır118[44] [45]

Engineering vehicles

width=14%Namewidth=20%Imagewidth=14%Typewidth=12%Originwidth=10%Quantitywidth=06%Statuswidth=24%Notes
Vickers Mk.3 ARVArmored recovery vehicle7
Bosena-5Mine clearing vehicleUnknown

Utility vehicles

width=14%Namewidth=20%Imagewidth=14%Typewidth=12%Originwidth=10%Quantitywidth=06%Statuswidth=24%Notes
HumveeLight utility vehicle8[46]
Land Rover Series IIAUtility vehicleUnknown
Land Rover DefenderUtility vehicleUnknown
Trucks
KamAZ-6350Utility truckUnknown
FMTVUtility truckUnknown
Mercedes-Benz KurzhauberUtility truckUnknown
Mack R seriesUtility truckUnknown

Artillery

width=14%Namewidth=20%Imagewidth=14%Typewidth=12%Originwidth=10%Quantitywidth=06%Statuswidth=24%Notes
Self-propelled artillery
Nora B-52Self-propelled artillery18
Mortars
MO-120-RT-61Towed mortar12
Field artillery
L118Field gun4040 bought from United Kingdom during 1983-84.
M119Field gun6[47] 6 donated by the United States in 2019.
OTO Melara Mod 56Howitzer7

Air defense

Towed anti-aircraft guns

width=14%Namewidth=20%Imagewidth=14%Typewidth=12%Originwidth=10%Quantitywidth=06%Statuswidth=24%Notes
Bofors L/70Autocannon13

Aircraft

ModelOriginTypeNumberPhotoNotes
Helicopters
MD 500 DefenderLight attack / utility helicopter39
Z-9Light attack helicopter3
Unmanned aerial vehicles
RQ-11 RavenUnmanned aerial vehicle8[48]
ScanEagleUnmanned aerial vehicle4[49]

Ranks and Insignia

Officers

//*/*

Enlisted personnel

Notes

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Protected Areas Order . 12 January 2021 . 14 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210114145036/http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/ken106270.pdf . dead .
  2. Web site: Ministry of Defence – Kenya . 13 August 2017.
  3. https://www.pdavis.nl/Frere.htm Early History of Zanzibar
  4. Alexander. Moradi . Towards an Objective Account of Nutrition and Health in Colonial Kenya: A Study of Stature in African Army Recruits and Civilians, 1880–1980. The Journal of Economic History. September 2009. 69. 3. 724–725. 10.1017/S0022050709001107 . 40263941 . 14882403 .
  5. David A. Percox, Britain, Kenya and the cold war: imperial defence, colonial security and decolonisation, Volume 13 of International library of African studies, Tauris Academic Studies, I.B. Tauris, 2004,,, p. 90
  6. Web site: 2020-07-02 . The Special Forces of Kenya's military . 2022-12-16 . Nation . en.
  7. Sgt Hesborn Gichuru, "Modika Barracks: An Oasis in the Desert," Majeshi Yetu [Kenya Defence Forces], 2019, Volume 14, p.23.
  8. IISS Military Balance 2021, p472.
  9. Web site: Inside Kenya's plan to deploy military to the DR Congo. The Nation. 2021-05-01.
  10. Brigadier J.H. Learmont. Reflections from Rhodesia. 125. 4. RUSI Journal. December 1980. 49.
  11. Web site: Peacekeeping Operations . 2013-04-25 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927100320/http://www.un.int/kenya/peacekeeping.htm . 2013-09-27 .
  12. Africa Research Bulletin, Vol 49, No 12, 1–31 December 2012.
  13. Web site: Kenya Army – Ministry of Defence – Kenya . 2024-03-09 . mod.go.ke.
  14. Web site: Kenya Army History .
  15. https://nation.africa/kenya/news/Raychelle-Omamo-Nairobi-Metropolitan-Command-Police-Security/1056-2106769-view-asAMP-tjuhc1/index.html
  16. Web site: COMMISSIONING OF THE WAJIR TRAUMA CENTER AND HEALTH FACILITY . 2024-06-16 . www.facebook.com.
  17. Web site: 2021-07-24 . Uhuru names Francis Ogolla KDF vice chief in military changes . 2024-06-16 . Nation . en.
  18. 1344963208927453185. kdfinfo. C’ Company of the 9th Battalion, Kenya Rifles (9KR) trounced all 2 Brigade Company's to emerge winners . 1 January 2021.
  19. Web site: New Kenya military bosses appointed . 3 July 2020 .
  20. Web site: Home .
  21. Web site: Terror level in Northern Kenya currently very high. 20 December 2019 . Zadock . Angira . People Daily Kenya.
  22. https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2022-07-21-four-retirements-caused-uhurus-military-changes/
  23. Web site: 2022-12-12 . Ruto's first trooping of colour as Commander-in-Chief of KDF . Mary . Wambui . 2022-12-16 . Nation . en.
  24. "Ngao ya Taifa", Vol. 2, 2020, page 28, published by Kenya Army, 2020.
  25. Web site: Gisesa . Nyambega . 2020-09-25 . Kenya: After Meat, Kenyatta Set to Hand Over Choppers to Military . 2022-04-01 . allAfrica.com . en.
  26. Kenya Army, "Ngao ya Taifa," Volume 1, 2019, 10, 11.
  27. News: Africa | Pirates 'want $35m for tank ship' . . 27 September 2008 . 10 July 2017.
  28. Web site: Cargo prompts doubts on hijacked ship's destination . Los Angeles Times . 4 March 2009 . 10 July 2017.
  29. Web site: IN PICTURES: MILITARY ALL SET FOR 27 AUG – Daily Nation . Nation.co.ke . 17 August 2010 . 10 July 2017.
  30. Web site: Sudan "arm-twisted govt" to get tanks. All Africa.com. 10 December 2010. 4 October 2011.
  31. Jones, Richard D. Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (January 27, 2009). .
  32. Web site: Germany's Unseen Hand in Kenya Crisis . The African Executive . 2008-02-06 . 2012-12-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130516171135/http://www.africanexecutive.com/modules/magazine/articles.php?article=2868 . 2013-05-16 . dead .
  33. Web site: CZ Skorpion Evo 3, Kenya police issued new select fire switch sophisticated guns to fight crime. 8 June 2022. 22 January 2019.
  34. Web site: Al-Shabab gunmen remain holed up in Nairobi mall after deadly shooting. america.aljazeera.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20220520022458/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/9/21/gunmen-open-fireatnairobismostupscalemall.html. May 20, 2022.
  35. Web site: AR 15 (M16/M4). SALW Guide.
  36. Web site: Jeremy . Binnie. Erwan. de Cherisey. https://web.archive.org/web/20170622123315/http://www.janes.com/images/assets/520/71520/New-model_African_armies.pdf. New-model African armies. Jane's. 2017. 22 June 2017.
  37. Web site: CPL Jeff Sisto, USMC . Lance Corporal (LCPL) Seamus Conner, USMC, M249 Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) GUNNER, Golf Company, Battalion Landing Team, 2nd Battalion, 2nd Marines (BLT 2/2), 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) (MEU SOC), fires the Bren Light Machine Gun (LMG) during a cross training portion of Exercise EDGED MALLET 2003 in Manda Bay, Kenya . catalog.archives.gov . . 27 November 2021 . 9 December 2002.
  38. Web site: Kenya Army's Negev light machine guns and Galil sniper rifles Delivered by Israel Weapon Industries (IWI) – Strategic Intelligence Service . 6 January 2012 . 10 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052619/http://intelligencebriefs.com/kenya-armys-negev-light-machine-guns-and-galil-sniper-rifles-delivered-by-israel-weapon-industries-iwi/ . 11 January 2018 . live .
  39. Web site: World Armies . Kenyan Army . flicker . 2012-10-08 . 2017-04-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170406203031/https://www.flickr.com/photos/world_armies/8067708063/in/album-72157628862405391/ . 2017-04-06 . live .
  40. Book: [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]. 2021. The Military Balance. 472. Taylor & Francis . 9781032012278.
  41. Book: The Military Balance . The International Institute of Strategic Studies . 2022 . 978-1032279008 . 477.
  42. Web site: Trade Registers. armstrade.sipri.org.
  43. Web site: Кения получила из России партию бронемашин БРДМ-3 и вертолетов Ми-171. 2012-02-18. ru.
  44. Web site: Turkish Hizir vehicles exported to East Africa. 2021-01-25. Janes.com. 11 August 2020 . en.
  45. Web site: KDF to buy 118 top military vehicles to fight al Shabaab. 2021-01-25. The Star. en-KE.
  46. Web site: US donates vehicles to Ethiopia, Kenya . 2020-09-20 . 2021-11-26 . defenceWeb.
  47. Web site: Trade Registers . 2022-06-25 . armstrade.sipri.org.
  48. News: U.S. to Provide Kenya With Drones to Fight Militants. The Wall Street Journal. 10 July 2017.
  49. Web site: ScanEagle to be delivered to Cameroon, Kenya and Pakistan . 2015-10-01 . 2021-11-26 . FlightGlobal.