| Kendhang | |
| Inventors: | Indonesian (Javanese, Sundanese, Balinese, Makassarese, Bugis)[1] [2] [3] |
| Developed: | Indonesia[4] [5] |
A kendang or gendang (Javanese: ꦏꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦁ|translit=kendhang, Sundanese: ᮊᮨᮔ᮪ᮓᮀ|translit=kendang, Balinese: ᬓᬾᬦ᭄ᬤᬂ|translit=kendang, Tausug/Bajau/Maranao: gandang, Bugis: gendrang and Makassar: gandrang or ganrang) is a two-headed drum used by people from the Indonesian Archipelago. The kendang is one of the primary instruments used in the gamelan ensembles of Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese music. It is also used in various Kulintang ensembles in Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. It is constructed in a variety of ways by different ethnic groups. It is related to the Indian double-headed mridangam drum.
The typical double-sided membrane drums are known throughout Maritime Southeast Asia and India. One of the oldest image of kendang can be found in ancient temples in Indonesia, especially the ninth century Borobudur and Prambanan temple.
Among the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese, the Indonesian: kendang has one side larger than the other, with the larger, lower-pitched side usually placed to the right, and are usually placed on stands horizontally and hit with the hands on either side while seated on the floor. Amongst groups like the Balinese, Tausug, and Maranao, both sides are of equal size, and are played on either one or both sides using a combination of hands and/or sticks.
Within Javanese: [[Gamelan]], the Indonesian: kendang is smaller than the Indonesian: [[bedug]], which is placed inside a frame, hit with a beater, but used less frequently. The Indonesian: kendang usually has the function of keeping the tempo (laya) while changing the density (Indonesian: [[irama]]), and signaling some of the transitions (Sundanese: paralihan) to sections and the end of the piece (Javanese: suwuk).
In the dance or Javanese: [[wayang]] performance, the Indonesian: kendang player will follow the movements of the dancer, and communicate them to the other players in the ensemble. In West Java (Sundanese), Indonesian: kendang are used to keep the tempo of Sundanese: [[Gamelan Degung]]. Indonesian: Kendang are also used as main instrument for Jaipongan dances. In another composition called Rampak Kendang, a group of drummers play in harmony.
Among the Makassarese, the Makasar: Ganrang (Indonesian: kendang) drums have much more importance, with it considered the most sacred of all musical instruments, comparable to gongs in Java. This can be seen in local origin stories, accompaniments for local ceremony, dance such as Makasar: Ganrang Bulo, and martial arts, even local government ceremonies are opened by official sounding of a ganrang rather than the usual gong in Java. They are usually played alone with multiple drums playing different patterns creating syncopation. These traditions can be seen across lowland South Sulawesi with Bugis people also sharing similar reverence to the Buginese: Gendrang.
Good kendang instruments are said to be made from the wood of jackfruit, coconuts or cempedak. Buffalo hide is often used for the bam (inferior surface which emits low-pitch beats) while soft goatskin is used for the chang (superior surface which emits high-pitch beats).
The skin is stretched on y-shaped leather or rattan strings, which can be tightened to change the pitch of the heads. The thinner the leather the sharper the sound.
In Gamelan Reog, kendhang are used To accompany the Reog Ponorogo art, the sound produced by Kendhang Reog is very distinctive with the beat of "dang thak dhak thung glhang". The existence of Kendang Reog is currently the largest in the world of the existing types of Kendhang.
In Gamelan Surakarta, four sizes of kendhang are used:[6]
In Sundanese Gamelan, a minimum set consists of three drums.[9]
Many types of Sundanese Kendang are distinguished according to their function in accompaniment :
Each type of drums in Sundanese music has a difference in size, pattern, variety, and motif.
In Balinese: [[Gamelan gong kebyar#Kendang|Balinese Gamelan]], there are two Indonesian: kendang:[10]
Makasar: Ganrang (Makassarese Indonesian: kendangs) can be divided to three types:[11]
Among the Bugis Buginese: Gendrang there are two types of playing techniques based on the position of the Buginese: gendrang. if the Buginese: gendrang is placed on the player's lap it is called Buginese: mappalece gendrang. If the players are standing with the Buginese: gendrangs tied with a shoulder strap it is called Buginese: maggendrang tettong, this position are usually used for sacred ceremony, or for entertainment like beating of rice mortars or Buginese: mappadendang.There are generally three types of beats pattern in Buginese: gendrang playing:[12]