Ken Saro-Wiwa Explained

Ken Saro-Wiwa
Birth Name:Kenule Beeson Saro-Wiwa
Birth Date:1941 10, df=yes
Birth Place:Bori, Colonial Nigeria
Death Place:Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Death Cause:Execution by hanging
Movement:Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
Children:5, including Ken Wiwa, Zina and Noo
Father:Jim Wiwa
Relatives:Owens Wiwa (brother)

Kenule Beeson "Ken" Saro-Wiwa (10 October 1941 – 10 November 1995) was a Nigerian writer, teacher, television producer, and environmental activist. Saro-Wiwa was a member of the Ogoni people, an ethnic minority in Nigeria whose homeland, Ogoniland,[1] in the Niger Delta, has been targeted for crude oil extraction since the 1950s and has suffered extreme environmental damage from decades of indiscriminate petroleum waste dumping.[2]

Initially as a spokesperson, and then as the president, of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), Saro-Wiwa led a nonviolent campaign against environmental degradation of the land and waters of Ogoniland by the operations of the multiple international oil companies, especially the Royal Dutch Shell company.[3] He criticized the Nigerian government for its reluctance to enforce environmental regulations on the foreign petroleum companies operating in the area.[4]

At the peak of his non-violent campaign, he was tried by a special military tribunal[5] for allegedly masterminding the murder of Ogoni chiefs at a pro-government meeting, and hanged in 1995 by the military dictatorship of General Sani Abacha.[6] His execution provoked international outrage and resulted in Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations for over three years.[7]

Biography

Early life

Kenule Saro-Wiwa was born in Bori, near Port-Harcourt, Nigeria on 10 October 1941. He was the son of Chief Jim Wiwa, a forest ranger who held a title in the Nigerian chieftaincy system, and his third wife Widu. He officially changed his name to Saro-Wiwa after the Nigerian Civil War. He was married to Maria Saro Wiwa.[8] His father's hometown was the village of Bane, Ogoniland, whose residents speak the Khana dialect of the Ogoni language. He spent his childhood in an Anglican home and eventually proved himself to be an excellent student. He received primary education at a Native Authority school in Bori, then attended secondary school at Government College Umuahia. A distinguished student, he was captain of the table tennis team and amassed school prizes in History and English.

On the completion of his secondary education, he obtained a scholarship to study English at the University of Ibadan. At Ibadan, he plunged into academic and cultural interests, he won departmental prizes in 1963 and 1965 and worked for a drama troupe. The travelling drama troupe performed in Kano, Benin, Ilorin and Lagos and collaborated with the Nottingham Playhouse theater group.

He briefly became a teaching assistant at the University of Lagos and later at University of Nigeria, Nsukka. He was an African literature lecturer in Nsukka when the civil war broke out, he supported the Federal Government and had to leave the region for his hometown at Bori. On his journey to Port-Harcourt, he witnessed the multitudes of refugees returning to the East, a scene he described as a "sorry sight to see". Three days after his arrival to Bonny, it fell to federal troops. He and his family then stayed in Bonny, he travelled back to Lagos and took a position at the University of Lagos which did not last long as he was called back to Bonny.[9]

He was called back to become the Civilian Administrator for the port city of Bonny in the Niger Delta. During the Nigerian Civil War he positioned himself as an Ogoni leader dedicated to the Federal cause. He followed his job as an administrator with an appointment as a commissioner in the old Rivers State. His best known novel, (1985), tells the story of a naive village boy recruited to the army during the Nigerian Civil War of 1967 to 1970, and intimates the political corruption and patronage in Nigeria's military regime of the time. His war diaries, On a Darkling Plain (1989), document his experience during the war. He was also a successful businessman and television producer. His satirical television series, Basi & Company, was wildly popular, with an estimated audience of 30 million.[10]

In the early 1970s, he served as the Regional Commissioner for Education in the Rivers State[11] Cabinet. But was dismissed in 1973 because of his support for Ogoni autonomy.[12] In the late 1970s, he established a number of successful business ventures in retail and real estate, and during the 1980s concentrated primarily on his writing, journalism and television production. In 1977, he became involved in the political arena running as the candidate to represent Ogoni in the Constituent Assembly. He lost the election in a narrow margin. It was during this time he had a fall out with his friend Edwards Kobani.[13]

His intellectual work was interrupted in 1987 when he re-entered the political scene, having been appointed by the newly installed dictator Ibrahim Babangida to aid the country's transition to democracy.[14] But he resigned because he felt Babangida's supposed plans for a return to democracy were disingenuous. His sentiments were proven correct in the coming years, as Babangida failed to relinquish power. In 1993, Babangida annulled Nigeria's general elections that would have transferred power to a civilian government, sparking mass civil unrest and eventually forcing him to step down, at least officially, that same year.[15]

Works

Saro-Wiwa's works include TV, drama and prose writing.[16] His earlier works from 1970s to 1980s were mostly satirical displays that portray a counter-image of Nigerian society.[17] But his later writings were more inspired by political dimensions such as environmental and social justice than satire.[18]

Transistor Radio, one of his best known plays, was written for a revue during his university days at Ibadan but still resonated well with Nigerian society and was adapted into a television series. Some of his works drew inspiration from the play. In 1972, a radio version of the play was produced and in 1985, he produced Basi and Company, a successful screen adaption of the play. He included the play in Four Farcical Plays and Basi and Company: Four Television Plays. Basi and Company, an adaptation of Transistor Radio, ran on television from 1985 to 1990. A farcical comedy, the show chronicles city life and is anchored by the protagonist, Basi, a resourceful and street-wise character looking for ways to achieve his goal of obtaining millions which always ends to become an illusive mission.

In 1985, the Biafran Civil War novel Sozaboy was published.[19] The protagonist's language was written in nonstandard English or what He called "Rotten English",[20] a hybrid language of pidgin English,[21] standard English and broken English.[22] [23]

Activism

In 1990, he began devoting most of his time to human rights and environmental causes, particularly in the land settled by the Ogoni people. He was one of the earliest members of the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), which advocated for the rights of the Ogoni people. The Ogoni Bill of Rights, written by MOSOP, set out the movement's demands, including increased autonomy for the Ogoni people, a fair share of the proceeds of oil extraction, and remediation of environmental damage to Ogoni lands.[24] In particular, MOSOP struggled against the degradation of Ogoni lands by Royal Dutch Shell.[25]

In 1992, He was imprisoned for several months, without trial, by the Nigerian military government.[26] [27]

He was Vice Chairman of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) General Assembly from 1993 to 1995.[28] UNPO is an international, nonviolent, and democratic organisation (of which MOSOP is a member).[29] Its members are indigenous peoples, minorities, and under-recognised or occupied territories who have joined together to protect and promote their human and cultural rights, to preserve their environments and to find nonviolent solutions to conflicts which affect them.[30]

In January 1993, MOSOP organised peaceful marches of around 300,000 Ogoni people[26] – more than half of the Ogoni population – through four Ogoni urban centres, drawing international attention to their people's plight. The same year the Nigerian government occupied the region militarily.[31]

Arrest and execution

He was arrested again and detained by Nigerian authorities in June 1993 but was released after a month.[32] On 21 May 1994, four Ogoni chiefs (all on the conservative side of a schism within MOSOP over strategy) were brutally murdered.[33]

Saro-Wiwa had been denied entry to Ogoniland on the day of the murders, but he was arrested and accused of inciting them. He denied the charges but was imprisoned for more than a year before being found guilty and sentenced to death by a specially convened tribunal.[34] The same happened to eight other MOSOP leaders who, along with Saro-Wiwa, became known as the Ogoni Nine.[35]

Some of the defendants' lawyers resigned in protest against the alleged rigging of the trial by the Abacha regime. The resignations left the defendants to their own means against the tribunal, which continued to bring witnesses to testify against Saro-Wiwa and his peers. Many of these supposed witnesses later admitted that they had been bribed by the Nigerian government to support the criminal allegations. At least two witnesses who testified that Saro-Wiwa was involved in the murders of the Ogoni elders later recanted, stating that they had been bribed with money and offers of jobs with Shell to give false testimony, in the presence of Shell's lawyer.[36]

The trial was widely criticised by human rights organisations, and six months later, Saro-Wiwa received the Right Livelihood Award for his courage, as well as the Goldman Environmental Prize.[37]

On 8 November 1995, a military ruling council upheld the death sentences.[38] The military government then immediately moved to carry them out. The prison in Port Harcourt was selected as the place of execution. Although the government wanted to carry out the sentences immediately, it had to wait two days for a gallows to be built. Within hours of the sentences being upheld, nine coffins were taken to the prison, and the following day a team of executioners was flown in from Sokoto to Port Harcourt.[39]

On 10 November 1995, Saro-Wiwa and the remainder of the Ogoni Nine were taken from the army base where they were being held to Port Harcourt prison.[40] They were told that they were being moved to Port Harcourt because it was feared that the army base they were being held in might be attacked by Ogoni youths. The prison was heavily guarded by riot police and tanks, and hundreds of people lined the streets in anticipation of the executions. After arriving at Port Harcourt prison, Saro-Wiwa and the others were herded into a single room and their wrists and ankles were shackled. They were then led one by one to the gallows and executed by hanging, with Saro-Wiwa being the first. It took five tries to execute him due to faulty equipment.[39] His last words were: "Lord take my soul, but the struggle continues." After the executions, the bodies were taken to the Port Harcourt Cemetery under armed guard and buried.[41] [42] Anticipating disturbances as a result of the executions, the Nigerian government deployed tens of thousands of troops and riot police to two southern provinces and major oil refineries around the country. The Port Harcourt Cemetery was surrounded by soldiers and tanks.[43] [39]

The executions provoked a storm of international outrage. The United Nations General Assembly condemned the executions in a resolution which passed by a vote of 101 in favor to 14 against and 47 abstentions.[44] [45] The European Union condemned the executions, which it called a "cruel and callous act", and imposed an arms embargo on Nigeria.[46] [47] The United States recalled its ambassador from Nigeria, imposed an arms embargo on Nigeria, and imposed travel restrictions on members of the Nigerian military regime and their families.[48] The United Kingdom recalled its high commissioner in Nigeria, and British Prime Minister John Major called the executions "judicial murder."[49]

South Africa took a primary role in leading international criticism, with President Nelson Mandela urging Nigeria's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations. Zimbabwe and Kenya also backed Mandela, with Kenyan President Daniel arap Moi and Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe backing Mandela's demand to suspend Nigeria's Commonwealth membership, but a number of other African leaders criticized the suggestion. Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations was ultimately suspended, and Nigeria was threatened with expulsion if it did not transition to democracy in two years. The US and British governments also discussed the possibility of an oil embargo backed by a naval blockade of Nigeria.[46] [50]

Ken Saro-Wiwa Foundation

The Ken Saro-Wiwa foundation was established in 2017 to work towards improved access to basic resources such as electricity and Internet for entrepreneurs in Port Harcourt.[51] The association founded the Ken Junior Award, named for Saro-Wiwa's son Ken Wiwa, who died in October 2016.[52] The award is presented to innovative start-up technology companies in Port Harcourt.

Family lawsuits against Royal Dutch Shell

See main article: Wiwa family lawsuits against Royal Dutch Shell. Beginning in 1996, the Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR), Earth Rights International (ERI), Paul Hoffman of Schonbrun, DeSimone, Seplow, Harris & Hoffman and other human rights attorneys have brought a series of cases to hold Shell accountable for alleged human rights violations in Nigeria,[53] including summary execution, crimes against humanity, torture, inhumane treatment and arbitrary arrest and detention. The lawsuits are brought against Royal Dutch Shell and Brian Anderson, the head of its Nigerian operation.[54]

The cases were brought under the Alien Tort Statute, a 1789 statute giving non-US citizens the right to file suits in US courts for international human rights violations, and the Torture Victim Protection Act, which allows individuals to seek damages in the US for torture or extrajudicial killing, regardless of where the violations take place.[55]

The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York set a trial date of June 2009. On 9 June 2009, Shell agreed to an out-of-court settlement of US$15.5 million to victims' families. However, the company denied any liability for the deaths, stating that the payment was part of a reconciliation process.[56] In a statement given after the settlement, Shell suggested that the money was being provided to the relatives of Saro-Wiwa and the eight other victims, to cover the legal costs of the case and also in recognition of the events that took place in the region.[57] Some of the funding is also expected to be used to set up a development trust for the Ogoni people, who inhabit the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.[58] The settlement was made just days before the trial, which had been brought by Saro-Wiwa's son, was due to begin in New York.[57]

Legacy

His death provoked international outrage and the immediate suspension of Nigeria from the Commonwealth of Nations,[59] as well as the calling back of many foreign diplomats for consultation. The United States and other countries considered imposing economic sanctions.[60] [61] [62]

The execution of Saro-Wiwa marked the beginning of the international business and human rights (BHR) movement.[63]

Tributes

Tributes to Saro-Wiwa include:

Artwork and memorials

Awards

Literature

Naming

Documentaries

A BBC World Service Radio Documentary, "Silence Would Be Treason", was broadcast in January 2022. It is presented by his daughter Noo Saro-Wiwa and voiced by Ben Arogundade.[73]

Personal life

He and his wife Maria had five children, who grew up with their mother in the United Kingdom while their father remained in Nigeria. They include Ken Wiwa and Noo Saro-Wiwa, both journalists and writers, and Noo's twin Zina Saro-Wiwa, a journalist and filmmaker.[74] [75] In addition, Saro-Wiwa had two daughters (Singto and Adele) with another woman. He also had another son, Kwame Saro-Wiwa, who was only one year old when his father was executed.[76]

Biographies

Bibliography

A collection of handwritten letters and poems by Saro-Wiwa and audio recordings of visits and meetings with family and friends after his death were donated to Maynooth University by Sister Majella McCarron.[80] The letters are now in the Digital Repository of Ireland (DRI).[81]

See also

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Refugees . United Nations High Commissioner for . Refworld Nigeria: Information on the Ogoni people including where they live, names of towns and villages, languages spoken and a detailed map of Ogoni areas . 2023-04-27 . Refworld . en.
  2. News: 11 November 2019. Ogoni 9 execution anniversary: Who be Ken Saro-Wiwa. pcm. BBC News Pidgin. 27 May 2020.
  3. Web site: Ken Saro-Wiwa. live. 27 May 2020. FantasticFiction. 3 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200803003915/https://www.fantasticfiction.com/s/ken-saro-wiwa/.
  4. Web site: 16 November 2015. Environmentalist Leader – Ken Saro-Wiwa (1941–1995). live. 27 May 2020. Tunza Eco Generation. 2 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200802234836/https://tunza.eco-generation.org/resourcesView.jsp?boardID=forum1420131317&viewID=13655.
  5. Web site: Ken Saro-Wiwa's battle for justice . 28 March 2022 . aljazeera.com . en.
  6. Web site: 23 October 2021 . Buhari mulls pardon for Saro-Wiwa, others 26 years after execution . 1 March 2022 . Punch Newspapers . en-US.
  7. Web site: 10 November 2020 . 10 Quick Facts On Ken Saro-Wiwa . 28 February 2022 . The Guardian Nigeria News. en-US.
  8. Web site: Ndege. Yvonne. 10 November 2015. Ken Saro-Wiwa's widow talks about execution 20 years on. live. Al Jazeera. 2 March 2021. 28 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210228192101/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/10/ken-saro-wiwas-widow-talks-about-execution-20-years-on.
  9. Web site: Spotlight On Ken Saro-Wiwa -- Environmental Rights Activist . 1 March 2022 . nigerdeltaconnect.com . 16 October 2021 . en-US.
  10. News: Brooke. James. Enugu Journal; 30 Million Nigerians are Laughing at Themselves. The New York Times. 24 July 1987. 10 February 2017. 4 November 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161104144631/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/24/world/enugu-journal-30-million-nigerians-are-laughing-at-themselves.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm. live.
  11. Web site: Saro-Wiwa, Kenule 1941–1995 Encyclopedia.com . 28 February 2022 . www.encyclopedia.com.
  12. Web site: Ken Saro Wiwa Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries. 26 February 2022. zodml.org.
  13. Web site: Spotlight On Ken Saro-Wiwa -- Environmental Rights Activist . 28 February 2022 . nigerdeltaconnect.com . en-US.
  14. Web site: 10 November 2014 . Remembering Ken Saro-Wiwa, 19 years after . 28 February 2022 . TheCable . en-US.
  15. Encyclopedia: 2010. Saro-Wiwa, Kenule Beeson. Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. 19 July 2021. Bennett. Eric. Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Gates J.. Henry Louis. 2. 10.1093/acref/9780195337709.001.0001. 978-0-19-533770-9 .
  16. McIntyre . Joe A. . 1996 . The Writer as Agitator: Ken Saro-Wiwa . Afrika Spectrum . en . 31 . 3 . 295–311.
  17. Book: Schulze-Engler, Frank. Of Minstrelsy and Masks : the legacy of Ezenwa-Ohaeto in Nigerian writing. 2006. Rodopi. 9042021683. Matzke. Christine. Amsterdam. 267–292. Civil Society and the Struggle for Democratic Transition in Modern Nigerian Drama. Raji-Oyelade. Aderemi. Davis. Geoffrey V..
  18. News: Analysis The complex life and death of Ken Saro-Wiwa . en-US . Washington Post . 23 March 2022 . 0190-8286.
  19. Web site: Uzoatu . Uzor Maxim . 15 November 2020 . The Literary Lives and Times of Ken Saro-Wiwa . 1 March 2022 . THISDAYLIVE . en-US.
  20. North. Michael. 2001. Ken Saro-Wiwa's Sozaboy: The Politics of "Rotten English". Public Culture. 13. 1. 97–112. 10.1215/08992363-13-1-97 . 145292672 . 1527-8018. 31 March 2021. 2 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201202073757/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/26234. live.
  21. Web site: Ken Saro-Wiwa Nigerian author and activist Britannica . 28 February 2022 . www.britannica.com . en.
  22. Encyclopedia: 6 November 2020. Ken Saro-Wiwa. Encyclopedia Britannica. 19 July 2021. 1 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210601214856/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ken-Saro-Wiwa#ref1041816. live.
  23. Uwasomba. Chijioke. 1 December 2011. War, violence and language in Ken Saro-Wiwa's Sozaboy. Neohelicon. en. 38. 2. 487–498. 10.1007/s11059-010-0085-2. 154975289 . 1588-2810.
  24. Web site: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Refworld The Ogoni Crisis: A Case-Study of Military Repression in Southeastern Nigeria . 28 February 2022 . Refworld . en.
  25. Web site: Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al.. live. 10 November 2011. Center for Constitutional Rights. 9 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120309035008/http://wiwavshell.org/about/about-wiwa-v-shell/.
  26. Web site: 10 November 2019 . Ken Saro-Wiwa: A foremost environmentalist . 28 February 2022 . The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News . en-US.
  27. Web site: A Month and a Day . 27 September 2022 . www.goodreads.com.
  28. Web site: Clean the Niger Delta – 'We all stand before history', Ken Saro-Wiwa, 1995. 19 October 2010. UNPO. 10 November 2011. 5 November 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111105090113/http://www.unpo.org/article/11820. live.
  29. Web site: UNPO: Ogoni . 28 February 2022 . unpo.org.
  30. Web site: UNPO: About UNPO. 19 July 2021. unpo.org. 28 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210428151856/https://unpo.org/section/2. live.
  31. Book: Saro-Wiwa, Ken. Genocide in Nigeria: the Ogoni tragedy. 1992. Saros International Publishers. 1-870716-22-1. London, UK. 27043040.
  32. Web site: The Life & Death of Ken Saro-Wiwa: The Struggle for Justice in the Niger Delta. adiama.com. 3 December 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20160219162941/http://adiama.com/ancestralconnections/2009/11/22/the-life-death-of-ken-saro-wiwa-the-struggle-for-justice-in-the-niger-delta/. 19 February 2016. dead.
  33. Web site: Refugees . United Nations High Commissioner for . Refworld Nigeria: Information on a demonstration or rally organized by the Movement for the Survival of Ogoni People (MOSOP) in Ogoniland in May 1994 which preceded the killing of four Ogoni chiefs . 28 February 2022 . Refworld . en.
  34. Web site: Ken Saro Wiwa Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries . 28 February 2022 . zodml.org.
  35. News: Shell pays out $15.5m over Saro-Wiwa killing . The Guardian . London . Ed . Pilkington . 9 June 2009 . 7 May 2010 . 6 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130906192049/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/08/nigeria-usa . live .
  36. Web site: Entine . Jon . Seeds of NGO Activism: Shell Capitulates in Saro-Wiwa Case . NGO Watch . 18 June 2009 . 14 November 2011 . 8 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150508150554/http://www.aei.org/publication/seeds-of-ngo-activism-shell-capitulates-in-saro-wiwa-case/ . live .
  37. Web site: Ken Saro-Wiwa . The Goldman Environmental Prize . 1995 . 14 November 2011 . 5 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150405205945/http://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/ken-saro-wiwa/ . live .
  38. Web site: The Death of Ken Saro-Wiwa . 27 September 2022 . en-GB.
  39. Web site: Aigbogun. Frank. 13 November 1995. Nigerian Activist's Last Words: 'The Struggle Continues'. live. AP NEWS. 2 March 2021. 14 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201114193018/https://apnews.com/article/b67c33cdb8573a29a2391d0754c0349b.
  40. Web site: NIGERIA . 1 March 2022 . www.hrw.org.
  41. Web site: AP. 11 November 1995. Nigeria's Military Leaders Hang Playwright And 8 Other Activists. live. 7 July 2014. Deseretnews.com. Deseret News Publishing Company. 27 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140727171443/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/450161/NIGERIAS-MILITARY-LEADERS-HANG-PLAYWRIGHT-AND-8-OTHER-ACTIVISTS.html?pg=all.
  42. News: Aigbogun. Frank. It took five tries to hang Saro-Wiwa. live. 22 October 2011. The Independent. 13 November 1995. 20 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151220084703/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/it-took-five-tries-to-hang-saro-wiwa-1581703.html.
  43. Web site: Crawshaw. Steve. Maier. Karl. 11 November 1995. World fury as Nigeria sends writer to gallows. live. 22 October 2011. The Independent. 24 November 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091124033125/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world-fury-as-nigeria-sends-writer-to-gallows-1581289.html.
  44. Web site: 22 December 1995. ASSEMBLY CONDEMNS ARBITRARY EXECUTION OF KEN SARO-WIWA AND EIGHT CO-DEFENDANTS IN NIGERIA BY VOTE OF 101-14-47. live. www.un.org. 25 June 2020. 15 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200615144444/https://www.un.org/press/en/1995/19951222.ga9046.html.
  45. Web site: ASSEMBLY CONDEMNS ARBITRARY EXECUTION OF KEN SARO-WIWA AND EIGHT CO-DEFENDANTS IN NIGERIA BY VOTE OF 101-14-47 UN Press . 27 September 2022 . press.un.org.
  46. News: Plaut. Martin. 31 December 2019. UK and US considered Nigeria naval blockade over Saro-Wiwa execution. BBC News. 19 July 2021. 11 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210411001549/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50892306. live.
  47. Web site: Press corner. European Commission - European Commission. 2 March 2021. 27 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210427065403/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en. live.
  48. News: Hartman. Carl. 11 November 1995. U.S. Recalls Ambassador After Nigeria Executes Nine Activists. Associated Press. 19 July 2021. 19 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210719061314/https://apnews.com/article/0f5de90d3224dc88e8f9b807fd5206a3. live.
  49. Book: Olukotun, Ayo. Repressive State and Resurgent Media Under Nigeria's Military Dictatorship, 1988-98. 2 March 2004. Nordic Africa Institute. 9789171065247 . Google Books. 29 June 2020. 4 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804072117/https://books.google.com/books?id=qz9BlWO7ExwC&pg=PA129. live.
  50. Web site: COMMONWEALTH-NIGERIA: Suspended With a Two-Year Stay of Expulsion. 12 November 1995. Inter Press Service. 25 June 2020. 2 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200802230302/http://www.ipsnews.net/1995/11/commonwealth-nigeria-suspended-with-a-two-year-stay-of-expulsion/. live.
  51. Web site: Apply Now: Ken Saro Wiwa Foundation Ken Junior Award For Innovation 2017. Asika. Obiageli. 23 August 2017. DailyDigest Nigeria. en-US. 29 August 2019. 29 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190829115052/https://www.dailydigest.ng/apply-now-ken-saro-wiwa-foundation-ken-junior-award-innovation-2017/. live.
  52. Web site: Ken Saro-Wiwa Foundation award for innovation. Alexander Sewell. SDN. 6 March 2018 . en-GB. 29 August 2019. 29 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190829115030/https://www.stakeholderdemocracy.org/the-ken-junior-award-for-innovation/. live.
  53. Web site: Factsheet: Shell's Environmental Devastation in Nigeria . 1 March 2022 . Center for Constitutional Rights . en.
  54. Web site: Wiwa et al v. Royal Dutch Petroleum et al.. Center for Constitutional Rights. 15 May 2009. 26 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150326065947/http://wiwavshell.org/. live.
  55. Web site: The Alien Tort Statute – CJA . 1 March 2022 . en-US.
  56. News: Shell settles Nigeria deaths case . BBC . 9 June 2009 . 9 June 2009 . 10 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090610020947/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8090493.stm . live .
  57. News: Shell to Pay $15.5 Million to Settle Nigerian Case . New York Times . 9 June 2009 . 9 June 2009 . Jad . Mouawad . 8 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160208154951/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/09/business/global/09shell.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss . live .
  58. News: Shell agrees $15.5m settlement over death of Saro-Wiwa and eight others . . 9 June 2009 . 9 June 2009 . London . Christine . Seib . 11 June 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110611165158/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article6459634.ece . live .
  59. Web site: Ken Saro-Wiwa's battle for justice . 1 March 2022 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
  60. Web site: Wiwa. Ken. 10 November 2015. Finally it seems as if Ken Saro-Wiwa, my father, may not have died in vain . 31 March 2021. The Guardian. en. 14 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414130632/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/nov/10/ken-saro-wiwa-father-nigeria-ogoniland-oil-pollution. live.
  61. Web site: Deutsche Welle . Why Nigerian activist Ken Saro-Wiwa was executed . 9 November 2015. 31 March 2021. en-GB. 14 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210314143809/https://www.dw.com/en/why-nigerian-activist-ken-saro-wiwa-was-executed/a-18837442. live.
  62. Web site: NGOs and BBC targeted by Shell PR machine in wake of Saro-Wiwa death. 31 March 2021. Business & Human Rights Resource Centre. en. 1 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210501130849/https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/ngos-and-bbc-targeted-by-shell-pr-machine-in-wake-of-saro-wiwa-death/. live.
  63. Book: Research Handbook on Human Rights and Business . David Birchall . Surya Deva . Edward Elgar Publishing Limited . 2020 . 9781786436405 . 24–25.
  64. News: Remembering Ken Saro-Wiwa . The Guardian . London . 7 May 2010 . 23 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120923130655/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/flash/page/0,,1944783,00.html . live .
  65. Web site: UNPO: Ogoni: Saro Wiwa Sculpture Finds New Home in London . 1 March 2022 . unpo.org.
  66. Web site: 2012 Association of Nigerian Authors [ANA] Prizes: CALL FOR ENTRIES]. Kabura Zakama Randomised. 18 March 2012 . 6 November 2013. 23 August 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120823142223/http://writezakama.wordpress.com/2012/03/18/2012-association-of-nigerian-authors-ana-prizes-call-for-entries/. live.
  67. Web site: Ken Saro-Wiwa . The My Hero Project . 5 December 2016 . 20 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074917/http://myhero.com/hero.asp?hero=k_sarowiwa . live .
  68. Kenner, David. (7 October 2009). "Nobel Peace Prize Also-Rans". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 15 March 2023
  69. News: James. Frank. Nobel Peace Prize's Notable Omissions. NPR. 9 October 2009. 15 March 2023.
  70. Web site: Richard North Patterson author interview. BookBrowse.com. 29 December 2015. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120358/https://www.bookbrowse.com/author_interviews/full/index.cfm/author_number/290/richard-north-patterson. live.
  71. Web site: 11 July 2015 . Elected Governor Wike Renames Rivers State Polytechnic . 28 February 2022 . Nigeria Universities - Polytechnics and College of Education news . en-US.
  72. Web site: 22 June 2016 . Street named after Ken Saro Wiwa in Amsterdam (photos) . 1 March 2022 . Linda Ikeji's Blog . en.
  73. News: McGreevy . Ronan . Last letters of Nigerian activist published . 1 March 2022 . The Irish Times . en.
  74. News: Nigerian activist Ken Saro-Wiwa's daughter remembers her father. Henley. Jon. 30 December 2011. The Guardian. 12 February 2015. 13 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150213021821/http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2011/dec/31/noo-saro-wiwa-kens-daughter-nigeria. live.
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  76. Web site: From 'Silence Would Be Treason' - the last writings of Ken Saro-Wiwa. openDemocracy. 2 March 2021. 16 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116232747/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/from-silence-would-be-treason-last-writings-of-ken-saro-wiwa/. live.
  77. Web site: 21 October 2005 . The Politics of Bones: Dr. Owens Wiwa and the Struggle for Nigeria's Oil . 1 March 2022 . Quill and Quire . en.
  78. Book: Ogoni's Agonies: Ken Saro Wiwa and the Crisis in Nigeria. 1998. Africa World Press. 0865436479. Na'Allah. Abdul Rasheed.
  79. Book: Okome, Onookome . Before I Am Hanged: Ken Saro-Wiwa—Literature, Politics, and Dissent. 1999. Africa World Press.
  80. Web site: Ken Saro Wiwa Audio Archive | Maynooth University. www.maynoothuniversity.ie. 14 January 2017. 15 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161215040032/https://www.maynoothuniversity.ie/library/collections/ken-saro-wiwa-audio-archive. live.
  81. Web site: Ken Saro-Wiwa - Digital Repository of Ireland. repository.dri.ie. 14 January 2017. 3 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150703124327/http://repository.dri.ie/catalog/5999r405z. live.

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