Keio University Explained

Keio University
Latin Name:Universitas Keio
Motto:ペンは剣よりも強し Calamus Gladio Fortior
Mottoeng:'The pen is mightier than the sword'
Type:Private
State:Tokyo
Country:Japan
Faculty:2,791 full-time [1]
Administrative Staff:3,252 full-time [2]
Students:33,437 [3]
Undergrad:28,641
Postgrad:6,222
Free Label:Flag
Colors:Gold, Navy Blue, and Red
Mascot:Keio Unicorn
Sports Free Label:Athletics
Sports Free:43 Varsity Teams
Module:
Child:yes
Headercolor:
  1. FFD700
Kanji:慶應義塾大学
Romaji:Keiōgijuku Daigaku
Hiragana:けいおうぎじゅく

, abbreviated as or, is a private research university located in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

It is the oldest institute of western higher education in Japan. Its founder, Fukuzawa Yukichi, originally established it as a school for Western studies in 1858 in Edo. It was granted university status in 1920, becoming one of the first private universities in the country.

The university is one of the members of the Top Global University Project (Top Type), funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology.[4] Keio University is also one of the member universities of RU11[5] and APRU, and it is one of two Japanese universities (alongside the University of Tokyo) to be a member of the World Economic Forum's Global University Leaders Forum.[6]

Overview

Keio traces its history to 1858 when Fukuzawa Yukichi, who had studied the Western educational system at Brown University in the United States, started to teach Dutch while he was a guest of the Okudaira family. In 1868 he changed the name of the school to Keio Gijuku and devoted his time to education. While Keio's initial identity was that of a private school of Western studies, it expanded and established its first university faculty in 1890. It was the first Japanese university to reach its 150th anniversary in 2008.

Keio has approximately 30 Research Centres located on its five main campuses and at other facilities for advanced research in Japan. Keio University Research Institute at SFC (KRIS) has joined the MIT and the French INRIA in hosting the international W3C.[7]

As of June 2022, Keio University holds the largest endowment fund among all Japanese universities, with ¥78 billion. This is followed by Waseda University at ¥29 billion, Kyoto University at ¥20 billion and the University of Tokyo at ¥15 billion.[8]

History

was first established in 1858 as a School of Western studies located in one of the mansion houses at Tsukiji by founder Fukuzawa Yukichi.[9] Its root is considered as the Han school for Kokugaku studies named Shinshu Kan established in 1796. It later changed its name to "Keio Gijuku" in 1868, which originated from the era name "Keio",[10] with "Gijuku" as the translation of Private school.[11] It moved to its current location in 1871, established a Medical school in 1873, along with the university department of Economics, Law and Literacy studies in 1890.

Year University Development
1858 Establishment of Keio Gijuku
1879 Keio rejected an offer to become a national university. Instead, it became a vocational school funded by daimyōs including Shimazu clan.
1890 Departments of Economics, Law, and Letters established
1906 Graduate studies programs established
1917 School of Medicine established
1920 Keio authorized as a university in the prewar system
1944 School of Technology established
1949 Keio authorized as a university in the post-war system
1957 School of Business and Commerce established
1962 Graduate School of Business Administration established
1981 Department of Science and Technology established
1990 School of Environmental and Information Studies and School of Policy Management established
2001 School of Nursing and Medical Care established
2004 School of Law established
2008 School of Pharmacy established
2008 Graduate School of Media Design established

In 1886, Keio University named Hiromoto Watanabe as the first chancellor of the Imperial University (University of Tokyo). Watanabe was the first chancellor of an officially authorised university in Japan. In 1899, Keio sent 6 students to study abroad. In the same year, it also accepted three international students from India, Qing-dynasty China, and Thailand. Eight international students entered from Taiwan (which had technically been a territory of the Japanese Empire since 1895) the following year. In 1946, Keio University began accepting female students. In 2006, a paper was published in the research journal Science with an undergraduate as its first listed author.[12]

In 1916, Keio was visited by Bengali poet Rabindranath Tagore. Another visit in 1922 included physicist Albert Einstein, who presented a special lecture on the theory of relativity.[13] [14] In 2008, Keio University was visited by Prince Charles. In 2023, Sam Altman provided a lecture on campus.

Presidents

Since the president system was established in 1881, Keio University has had 20 presidents.[15]

PresidentTenurePresidentTenurePresidentTenurePresidentTenure
1. 1881–1887 7. 1933–1947 13. 1969–1973 19. 2017–2021
2. 1887–1890 8. 1946–1947 14. 1973–1977 20. 2021–
3. 1890–1897 9. 1947–1956 15. 1977–1993
4. 1898–1922 10. 1956–1960 16. 1993–2001
5. Ichitaro Fukuzawa 1922–1923 11. 1960–1965 17. 2001–2009
6. 1923–1933 12. 1965–1969 18. 2009–2017

Student body

In 2021, there were 33,469 students at Keio University, with 28,667 undergraduate students and 4,802 graduate students. Although two-thirds of the student body are males, the gender ratio differs between different majors (e.g. 56% of students are female in the Faculty of Letters, whereas in the School of Medicine, three-quarters of students are men.).

Demographics of student body in 2021[16] ! !! Undergraduate !! Graduate (Master) !! Graduate (Doctor) !! Professional !! Total
Total28,667 3,034 1,408 360 33,469
Male18,346 2,044 985 228 21,603
Female10,321 990 423 132 11,866
International874 861 1,735
There were 1,908 international students on May 1, 2021, with 874 undergraduate students (3.1% of total undergraduate students (=28,667)), 861 graduate students (18.0% of total graduate students (=4,802)) and 173 other students. China provided the most international students with 1,016, followed by South Korea (436), France (66), Taiwan (51), the United States (36), Indonesia (34), and Germany (29).

Student life

Societies

In Japanese universities, student societies are known as "circles". There are over 410 circles at Keio University by estimate, including both official and unofficial circles.[17]

Athletics

The interest of Keio's students in baseball stretches back to the early years of the 20th century. In 1913, an American touring team of players from the New York Giants and the Chicago White Sox played an exhibition game against the Keio team.[18] In a 1932 exhibition game, the Keio team beat the University of Michigan team, which was then touring Japan.[19] Keio's baseball team plays in the Tokyo Big6 Baseball League.

Kei-So rivalry

Traditionally, there has been a strong rivalry between Keio and Waseda University. There are annually many matches between the two universities in several sports, such as baseball, rowing, rugby, lacrosse, track and field, American football, association football, aikido, karate, basketball, tennis, swimming, fencing, figure skating, ice hockey, and field hockey. These games are called "Kei–So Sen (慶早戦)" or, more generally, "So–Kei Sen (早慶戦)".

The Kei-So baseball rivalry, which dates back more than a century, is especially famous because of its importance in Japanese baseball history. The most famous Kei-So baseball game, which was played on October 16, 1943, was made into a movie titled "The Last Game – the Final So-Kei Sen -" in 2008.

American football

See main article: Keio Unicorns football.

Scandals

In October 2016, six male students from Keio Advertisement Society, a long-standing student club known for its organisation of the Miss Keio pageant contest, were investigated for gang rape during a club activity.[20] An out-of-court settlement was reached and the students were not prosecuted.[21] In May 2018, another three students were arrested for sexual assaults.[22]

In March 2017, a student tennis club was disbanded after a student died of alcohol poisoning during a club activity. Two other Keio students died due to over-drinking in 2012 and 2013.[23]

In June 2017, the school's election committee unconventionally selected Haseyama Akira, a legal history professor who won second place at the general election among teachers and staff, to be the school's new president, breaking a 50-year convention.[24]

In late 2019, both the American football team and the cheerleading club suspended club activities for "inappropriate behaviours".[25] [26]

In January 2020, it was reported that a former member of the school president's secretarial staff had installed a camera in a female toilet stall on the Mita campus, filming over a thousand videos over 3 months.[27] [28]

Academic rankings

Tsu N:2
Kawai N:6
Jpu N:12
Tr N:13
We N:3
Nikkeibp G:3
Gbudu N:SA
Line 1:0
Qs A:45
The A:164
Line 2:0
Qs W:188
Arwu W:301–400
Ensmp W:3
The W:601–800
Soc 1:0
Law 1:0
Asahi L:2
Be N:3
Be Pr:1
Econ 1:0
Re N:6
Bus 1:0
Ed N:1
Ed W:75
Cpa N:1
Line 1:0
Nstr 1:0
Eng 1:0
Qse W:179

Keio ranks 53rd in the world in the Times Higher Education's Alma Mater Index.[29] It ranks 34th globally in the Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) and 3rd in Asia.[30] Keio is ranked at 58th of the Reuters Top 100 innovative universities worldwide.[31] British Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) company estimates that Keio is ranked the 192nd in QS World University Rankings 2017/18.[32] It is ranked the 45th in QS World University Ranking 2017/18 for Graduate Employability Ranking. In the Asian University Ranking (2015), Quacquarelli Symonds also ranked Keio as 37th in Asia.[32] The Academic Ranking of World Universities (2015), which is compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ranks Keio 151-175 in the world and 37 in Asia.[33] Keio, with Waseda University, is one of the prominent private universities within Japan. The difficulty level of entrance exams at Keio University is one of the highest among private universities in Japan.[34]

Research performance

According to Thomson Reuters, Keio is the 10th best research university in Japan, the only private university within the Top 15. In addition, reported that Keio has the 8th highest research standard in Japan in terms of research fundings per researchers in COE Program, and it is also the only private university within Top 10.[35] The Asahi Shimbun summarized the number of academic papers in Japanese major legal journals by the university, and Keio was ranked 2nd during 2005–2009. Accordingly, Keio is a prominent research university in Japan.

According to The Asahi Shimbun, Keio's been ranked 7th in Japan in the economic research ranking during 2005–2009.[36] More recently, Repec in January 2011 ranked Keio's Economic department as Japan's 6th best economic research university.[37] Keio has provided 3 presidents of Japanese Economic Association in its 42-year history, and this number is 5th largest.[38]

Nikkei Shimbun on 2004/2/16 surveyed about the research standards in Engineering studies based on Thomson Reuters, Grants in Aid for Scientific Research and questionnaires to heads of 93 leading Japanese Research Centers, and Keio was placed 8th in this ranking.[39]

Business

Keio University ranks second in Japan, for the number of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies, according to . Keio University is also ranked 1st in Japan for the number of alumni holding executive positions in listed companies of Japan, with the executive number per student (probability of becoming an executive) placing top.[40] [41]

Keio Business School (KBS) is Japan's first business school and one of four Japanese institutions holding The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) accreditation.[42] Keio was ranked No. 1 in Japan by Nikkei Shimbun.[43] Eduniversal also ranked Keio as the No.1 in Japan (75th in the world).[44] In Eduniversal Keio is one of 3 Japanese schools categorized in "Universal Business schools with major international influence". In 2012, the Keio Business School became a founding member of the university alliance Council on Business & Society.

According to the 2010 rankings and the PRESIDENT's article on 16 October 2006, graduates of Keio University have the 3rd best employment rate in 400 major companies, and 3rd highest average salary in Japan.

Accounting

For over 30 years, Keio graduates have been ranked first in Japan in the number of successful national CPA exam applicants.

Medicine

There have been 4 presidents of Japan Medical Association related to this university (2 Alumni and 2 professors).[45] This number is the 2nd largest among Japanese medical schools.[46] Keio is one of 2 Japanese universities which provided a president for the World Medical Association.[47]

Law

In 2010 and 2015, Keio University Law School ranked highest among all Japanese universities for the Bar Exam passage rate.[48] The number of Members in Parliament who graduated from Keio is the 3rd highest in Japan.[36] [49]

Popularity and selectivity

The number of applicants per place was 11.7 (48260/4098) in 2011 undergraduate admissions.[50] Its entrance difficulty is usually considered the highest with Waseda, among 730 private universities.[51] [52] [53]

Nikkei BP has been publishing a ranking system called "Brand rankings of Japanese universities" every year, composed of various indicators relating to the reputation and brand power of Japanese institutions. Keio University was placed 1st in 2014, and ranked 2nd in 2015 and 2016 in the Greater Tokyo Area.[54] Webometrics (2008) also ranks Keio University as 3rd in Japan, 11th in Asia, and 208th in the world for quantity and quality of web presence and link visibility.[55]

In a unique ranking, TBS ranked Japanese universities by the questionnaire "Which university student do you want to have as your boyfriend?" to 300 girls in Shibuya, and Keio was ranked 1st in this ranking.[56]

Evaluation from Business World

The university ranking of the ratio of "president and chief executive officer of listed company" in Japan! !! Ranking
all universities in Japan3rd[57] out of all the 744[58] universities which existed as of 2006
Source2006 Survey by on the ranking of the universities which produced the high ratio of the graduates who hold the position of "president and chief executive officer of listed company" to all the graduates of each university
The university ranking according to the ratio of the number of officers & managers produced by each university to the number of graduates! !! Ranking
all universities in Japan26th[59] out of all the 778[60] universities which existed as of 2010
Source2010 Survey by on the ranking of universities according to the ratio of the number of the officers & managers produced by each university to the number of graduates
The university ranking according to the order of the evaluation by Personnel Departments of Leading Companies in Japan! !! Ranking
Japan15th[61] (out of 781[62] 　universities in Japan as of 2020)
Source2020 Nikkei Survey[63] to all listed (3,714[64]) and leading unlisted (1,100), totally 4,814 companies

Finance

Operating revenues/expenses in 2010[65] ! Revenues !! (yen in millions) !! ratio !! Expenses !! (yen in millions) !! ratio
Tuition and fees49,204 24.97%Compensation and benefits65,270 33.12%
Investment return4,170 2.12%Education & Research52,148 26.46%
Capital gain20,817 10.56%Investment32,923 16.71%
National appropriation/Grants (Direct)17,082 8.67%Repayment of debt13,236 6.72%
Medical care48,274 24.50%
Debt loan11,680 5.93%
Endowments5,475 2.78%
Total197,061 100.00%Total197,061 100.00%

According to Keio's financial report, there was an operating revenue of 197 billion yen in 2010.[65] The top three largest incomes were from "tuition and fees", "medical care" and "capital gain", with 49 billion yen, 48 billion yen and 21 billion yen respectively. The number of endowments in 2010 was about 5 billion yen. Keio is known for having one of the largest financial endowments of any Japanese university.[66]

On the other hand, the top 3 largest expenses in 2010 were "Compensation and benefits", "Education & Research" and "Investment", with 65 billion yen, 52 billion yen and 33 billion yen respectively. The total asset value in 2010 was about 364 billion yen with an increase of 5 billion yen. In addition, the total amount of assets under management was approximately 109 billion yen in 2010, composed mainly of cash, deposits with banks and marketable securities.[65]

Tuition fees

Tuition fees[67] [68] ! Undergraduate !! 4 years in Total (yen) !! Per year (yen)
Social Science & Humanities4,440,000 1,110,000
Natural Science & Engineering6,280,000 1,570,000
SFC5,320,000 1,330,000
School of Medicine14,440,000 3,610,000
Graduate 2 years in Total (yen) Per year (yen)
Social Science & Humanities1,380,000 690,000
Natural Science & Engineering1,965,000 983,000
SFC2,071,000 1,035,000
School of Medicine2,625,000 1,313,000

At Keio University, tuition fees vary and depends on the course. Social Science & Humanity studies have the lowest fees at approximately 1,110,000 yen per year, with the School of Medicine having the highest fees of around 3,610,000 yen per year.[67] The tuition fees for various graduate schools cost much less than those for undergraduate studies, e.g. 690,000 yen per year for Social Science & Humanities and 1,313,000 yen per year for School of Medicine.[68]

Although it is acceptable to pay twice with half in spring and half in autumn, the "entrance fee" must be paid before enrolment. The entrance fee for undergraduate study is 200,000 yen and the one for graduate study is 310,000 yen.[67] [68]

Scholarship/loan

Scholarship/loan[69] ! 2008 !! the number of students !! ratio !! average amount (yen)
Total using scholarship/loan9,764 30.25%
Total of using scholarship funded by Keio3,000 9.30% 300,000
International students (undergraduate)397 appx. 100% 259,942
International students (graduate)359 appx. 75% 517,473

In 2008, 9,764 students (about 30% of all students) used either scholarships or loans throughout their studies.[69] Additionally, Keio funds over 3,000 students who receive, on average, scholarships of 300,000 yen.[69]

Organization

Faculties

Keio University has ten undergraduate faculties, with each operating independently and offering educational and research activities. The faculties, with a planned annual number of enrolled first-year students in parentheses, are:

Graduate schools

Keio has fourteen graduate schools. Many professors are associated with both an undergraduate faculty and a graduate school.

Media Centers

See main article: Keio Media Centers (Libraries). Keio's Media Centers, with combined holdings of over 4.58 million books and publications, are one of the largest academic information storehouses in the country.[70]

Information technology Centers

Hospital

Keio University Hospital is one of the largest general hospitals in Japan, the number of surgeries for carcinoma uteri in 2007 was top and the one for lung cancer was third among all university hospitals.[71] The number of trainee doctors who selected Keio as their first choice training hospital was 30 (33rd) among all Japanese teaching hospitals in 2010.[72] Established in 1920, it has over 1,000 beds, a leading laboratory, and research and medical information divisions.

Campuses

There are eleven campuses.

Notable alumni

Keio alumni include Japanese Prime Ministers Junichiro Koizumi (2001–2006), Ryutaro Hashimoto (1996–1998), and Tsuyoshi Inukai (1931–1932). Dozens of other alumni have been cabinet members and governors in the post-war period.[73] Keio alumni include 230 CEOs of major companies and 97 CEOs of foreign-affiliated companies.[74] Keio has over 320,000 alumni in 866 alumni associations.[74] [75]

Politicians

Public servants, international Organizations

Central Bank Governors

Astronauts

Finance

Media

Business

Academia

Art

Others

Notable faculty

Bibliography

See also

External links

35.6492°N 139.7428°W

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Academic Staff (As of May 1, 2022). Keio University. 2022-05-01.
  2. Web site: Administrative Staff (As of May 1, 2022). Keio University. 2022-05-01.
  3. Web site: Student Enrollment (As of May 1, 2022). Keio University. 2022-05-01.
  4. Web site: Member University List . Global 30 . 2021-01-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160821171521/http://www.uni.international.mext.go.jp/university_list/Index/ . 2016-08-21.
  5. Web site: Research University 11. August 4, 2024.
  6. Web site: Global University Leaders Forum (GULF) Members. 16 Jan 2020.
  7. Web site: Keio University joins MIT and INRIA in hosting W3C . Abramatic . Jean-Francois . Vezza . Albert . September 9, 1996 . January 20, 2021.
  8. Web site: Otake . Tomoko . 2022-06-22 . Will a ¥10 trillion fund be the savior of Japan's universities? . 2024-05-14 . The Japan Times . en.
  9. Web site: Dictionary of Keio No.4 The origin of Keio . Keio University . October 10, 2011 . ja . March 19, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160319062938/http://www.keio.ac.jp/ja/contents/mamehyakka/4.html . dead .
  10. 1868 is 4th year of Keio
  11. Web site: Dictionary of Keio No.7 The root of the school name. Keio University. October 10, 2011. ja. June 8, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100608195839/http://www.keio.ac.jp/ja/contents/mamehyakka/7.html. dead.
  12. Web site: A paper written by the 4th year student of the Faculty of Science and Technology was placed in "Science"： Keio University Science and Technology . October 10, 2011 . Keio University.
  13. Web site: Vol1. Famous Visitors to Keio University . Keio University . October 10, 2011.
  14. Web site: A paper written by the 4th year student of the Faculty of Science and Technology was placed in "Science"： Keio University Science and Technology . Keio University . October 10, 2011. ja.
  15. Web site: Presidents in Keio. Keio University. October 10, 2011. ja. March 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083750/http://www.keio.ac.jp/ja/about_keio/history/president/index.html. dead.
  16. Web site: 留学生数（Number of International Student）: May 1, 2021. 慶應義塾大学国際センター. 2021-10-30. ja. https://web.archive.org/web/20211030181726/https://www.ic.keio.ac.jp/data/. 2021-10-30. live.
  17. Web site: Keio Campus city. Campus city . October 10, 2011. ja.
  18. Web site: Americans Defeat Great Jap Pitcher; Sugase, Idolized at Keio University, Easy for Giants and White Sox . McGraw, John J. . December 8, 1913 . The New York Times . October 10, 2011.
  19. Web site: Michigan Nine, Touring Japan, Loses to Keio University, 2-1 . September 11, 1932 . The New York Times . October 10, 2011.
  20. Web site: Police investigate students at Tokyo's Keio University over gang rape allegation . The Japan Times Online . 20 January 2020 . 14 October 2016.
  21. Web site: Prosecutors drop rape case against 6 Keio University students . Japan Today . 29 November 2017 . 20 January 2020 .
  22. Web site: 3 Keio University students arrested for sexually assaulting, robbing unconscious woman . Japan Today . 21 November 2018 . 20 January 2020 .
  23. Web site: 慶応男子学生がサークル合宿の飲酒後に死亡 また今年も… . 産経ニュース . 20 January 2020.
  24. Web site: 慶応大塾長選、50年の歴史覆す落選を喫した教授 . 日経ビジネス電子版 . 9 March 2018 . 20 January 2020 . ja.
  25. Web site: 慶大アメフット部を事実上の降格処分 関東学生連盟 部員の不適切行為で . 毎日新聞 . 20 January 2020 . ja.
  26. Web site: 慶応大、今度は応援指導部が「活動自粛」 「盗撮」報道との関係は？広報に聞いた . J-CASTニュース . 20 January 2020 . 4 December 2019 . ja.
  27. Web site: 慶大元塾長秘書課長を逮捕 女子トイレ盗撮容疑―警視庁：時事ドットコム . 時事ドットコム . 20 January 2020 . ja.
  28. News: Keio University racks up 4th voyeur arrest in as many months . Japan Today . 30 January 2020 .
  29. Web site: THE Alma Mater Index（2017 . timeshighereducation.co.uk . Sep 9, 2020.
  30. Web site: Keio University Ranking | CWUR 2014 . 2015-08-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150920084153/http://cwur.org/2014/Keio-University.html . 2015-09-20 . dead .
  31. News: Reuters Top 100 The World's Most Innovative Universities. David. Ewalt. reuters.com. 9 March 2016.
  32. Web site: Keio University. Top Universities. 2017-06-24.
  33. Web site: 慶応義塾大学 世界大学学術ランキング - 2015 World University Rankings - 2015 Shanghai Ranking - 2015. www.shanghairanking.com. 2016-01-25.
  34. Web site: 慶應義塾大学の偏差値 . 2022-01-01 . 2021-07-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182834/https://hensachi.org/keio-univ . dead .
  35. "週刊ダイヤモンド" ダイヤモンド社 2010/2/27 http://web.sapmed.ac.jp/kikaku/infomation/0227daiyamondokiji.pdf
  36. "University rankings 2011" The Asahi Shimbun
  37. Web site: Within Country and State Rankings at IDEAS: Japan. 15 July 2015.
  38. Web site: Japanese Economic Association. 15 July 2015.
  39. Web site: wHw͒i04.2.22j. 15 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150507184047/http://homepage3.nifty.com/katu-kobayashi/doppo/kougaku_kennkyu.htm. 7 May 2015. dead. dmy-all.
  40. Web site: ja:出身大学別上場企業役員数ランキング . 大学ranking.net . http://daigaku-ranking.net/syuusyoku/%E5%87%BA%E8%BA%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%A5%E4%B8%8A%E5%A0%B4%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E5%BD%B9%E5%93%A1%E6%95%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%EF%BC%882009%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89/ . ja . 2010-08-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101206063534/http://daigaku-ranking.net/syuusyoku/%E5%87%BA%E8%BA%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%A5%E4%B8%8A%E5%A0%B4%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E5%BD%B9%E5%93%A1%E6%95%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%EF%BC%882009%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89/ . 2010-12-06 . dead.
  41. Web site: ja:出身大学別上場企業役員数ランキング . 大学ranking.net . http://ranking100.web.fc2.com/yakuin004.html. ja.
  42. Web site: List of AACSB-Accredited Business Schools 2019. www.mba.today.
  43. Web site: Recent News - Hitotsubashi University ICS - MBA Japan. 15 July 2015. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110529172638/http://www.ics.hit-u.ac.jp/community/inthenews.html. 29 May 2011.
  44. Web site: University and business school ranking in Japan. 15 July 2015.
  45. [Kitasato Shibasaburō]
  46. Web site: Japan Medical Association report . Japan Medical Association . ja.
  47. Web site: 世界医師会 . Japanese . World Medical Association . 2021-04-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170704232517/http://www.med.or.jp/jma/international/wma/003453.html . 2017-07-04.
  48. http://laws.shikakuseek.com/data/2010data-2.html 2010年(平成22年)新司法試験法科大学院別合格率ランキング -法科大学院seek
  49. Web site: 閣僚経験者出身大学ランキング―有名人の出身大学ランキング . 2021-04-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170828033616/http://univranking.schoolbus.jp/00000277.htm . 2017-08-28 . dead .
  50. Web site: 入学案内：[慶應義塾]]. https://web.archive.org/web/20090306065007/http://www.admissions.keio.ac.jp/exam/shigansha.html. dead. March 6, 2009. www.keio.ac.jp.
  51. National and Public universities apply a different kind of exams, so it is only comparable between universities in a same category.
  52. e.g. Yoyogi seminar published Hensachi (the indicator showing the entrance difficulties by prep schools) rankings Web site: 「大学ブランド・イメージ調査2016-2017」ランキング . April 2, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110422110816/http://yozemi.ac.jp/rank/gakubu/index.html . 2011-04-22.
  53. Japanese journalist Kiyoshi Shimano ranks its entrance difficulty as SA (most selective/out of 10 scales) in Japan. Book: ja:危ない大学・消える大学 2012年版 . 2011 . YELL books . ja. .
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