Kedah Explained

Kedah
Official Name:Kedah Darul Aman
Malay: قدح دار الأمان
Settlement Type:State
Translit Lang1:Other
Translit Lang1 Type1:Jawi
Translit Lang1 Info1:Malay: قدح
Translit Lang1 Type2:Chinese
Translit Lang1 Type3:Tamil
Translit Lang1 Info3:Tamil: கடாரம்
Tamil: Keṭā
Established Title:Old Kedah
Established Date:2nd CE
Established Title1:Kedah Sultanate
Established Date1:1136
Established Title2:Siamese control
Established Date2:1821
Established Title3:British control
Established Date3:1909
Established Title4:Japanese occupation
Established Date4:1942
Established Title5:Independence as part of the Federation of Malaya
Established Date5:31 August 1957
Nickname:Malay: Negeri Jelapang Padi
Anthem:Allah Selamatkan Sultan Mahkota

Coordinates:6.1283°N 100.3628°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: Malaysia
Seat Type:Capital
Seat:Alor Setar
Seat1:Sungai Petani
Seat1 Type:Largest City
Parts Type:Royal capital
Parts Style:para
P1:Anak Bukit
Government Type:Parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Leader Title:Sultan
Leader Name:Sallehuddin
Leader Title1:Menteri Besar
Leader Name1:Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor
(PNPAS)
Area Footnotes:[1]
Area Total Km2:9,500
Elevation Max M:1862
Elevation Max Point:Mount Bintang
Population Total:2,171,900
Population As Of:2020
Population Footnotes:[2]
Population Density Km2:199
Population Demonym:Kedahan
Blank Info Sec1: 0.771[3]
high · 14th
Blank1 Info Sec1:2022
Blank2 Name Sec1: • Total
Blank2 Info Sec1: $12.812 billion
(RM 56.373 billion)[4] (10th)
Blank3 Name Sec1: • Per capita
Blank3 Info Sec1: $5,902
(RM 25,967) (13th)
Blank4 Info Sec1:2022
Blank5 Name Sec1: • Total
Blank5 Info Sec1: $32.239 billion (9th)
Blank6 Name Sec1: • Per capita
Blank6 Info Sec1: $16,435 (13th)
Postal Code Type:Postal code
Postal Code:05xxx to 09xxx
Area Code:04
08 (Langkawi)
Area Code Type:Calling code
Iso Code:MY-02
Registration Plate:K (Mainland Kedah)
KV (Langkawi Island)
Image Map1:
Frame-Width:250
Zoom:8

Kedah (in Malay pronounced as /kəˈdah/),[5] also known by its honorific Darul Aman and historically as Queda,[6] is a state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area of over 9,000 km2, and consists of a mainland portion and the Langkawi islands. The mainland has relatively flat terrain, which is used to grow rice, while Langkawi is composed of mostly of uninhabited islands.

Kedah was previously known as Kadaram (; ) by the ancient and medieval Tamils, Kataha or Kalahbar (; or ; ) by the Arabs, and Syburi (Thai: ไทรบุรี;) by the Siamese when it was under their influence.[7] [8]

Kedah borders the state of Perlis to the north and shares an international boundary with the Songkhla and Yala provinces of Thailand. It borders the states of Perak to the south and Penang to the southwest.

The state's capital is Alor Setar and the royal seat is in Anak Bukit. Other major towns include Sungai Petani (its largest urban area by population), and Kulim on the mainland, and Kuah on Langkawi.

History

Early history

Around 788 BC, a large settlement may have been already established around the northern bank of Merbok River. The settlement consisted of a large area of Bujang Valley, covering branches of the Merbok and Muda River that was about 1,000 square miles in area. It was built at the estuary of a branch of Merbok River, now known as Sungai Batu.[9] Archaeological evidence found in the Bujang Valley (Malay: Lembah Bujang) reveals that an animist settlement resided in ancient Kedah possibly as early as 110 AD. The discovery of a temple, jetty remains, iron smelting sites, and clay brick monuments probably dating back to 110 AD shows that a maritime trading route with south Indian Tamil kingdoms was already established since that time.[10] The discoveries in the Bujang Valley also made ancient Kedah perhaps the most ancient settlement in Southeast Asia.[11]

Hindu-Buddhist Era

Ancient Kedah was first mentioned in the Tamil poem Paṭṭiṉappālai written at the end of the second century AD. It described goods from Kadaram "heaped together in the broad streets" of the Chola capital. Apart from Kadaram, Kedah was known by various names at different times in Indian literature: Kataha-Nagara (in Kaumudi Mahotsava drama), Anda-Kataha (in Agni Purana), Kataha-Dvipa (in Samarāiccakahā), and Kataha (in Kathasaritsagara).[12] In Middle Eastern literature, ancient Kedah was referred to as Qilah by Ibn Khordadbeh in the Book of Roads and Kingdoms, Kalah-Bar by Soleiman Siraf & Abu Zaid al Hassan in Silsilat-al-Tawarikh (travels in Asia), and Kalah by Abu-Dulaf Misa'r Ibn Muhalhil in Al-Risalah al-thaniyah.[13] The Tang dynasty Buddhist monk, Yijing who visited the Malay Archipelago between 688 and 695, also mentioned a kingdom known as Ka-Cha in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, which according to him was thirty days sail from Bogha (Palembang), the capital of Sribogha (Srivijaya).[14]

In the seventh and eighth centuries, Kedah was under the loose control of Srivijaya.[15] Indian and Arab sources consider Kedah to be one of the two important sites during the Srivijaya period, often calling the king of the straits "the ruler of Srivijaya and Kataha".[16] In 1025, Rajendra I, the Chola king from Coromandel Coast in South India, captured Kedah in his Chola invasion of Srivijaya and occupied it for some time.[17] A second invasion was led by Virarajendra of the Chola dynasty who conquered Kedah in the late 11th century.[18] During the reign of Kulottunga I Chola overlordship was established over the Srivijayan province of Kedah in the late 11th century.[19]

Kedah Sultanate

See main article: Kedah Sultanate. According to Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa or the Kedah Annals, Kedah was founded by a Hindu king named Merong Mahawangsa. According to the text further, the Sultanate of Kedah started in 1136 when King Phra Ong Mahawangsa converted to Islam and adopted the name Sultan Mudzafar Shah. However, an Acehnese account gave a date of 1474 for the year of the ruler of Kedah's conversion to Islam. This later date accords with an account in the Malay Annals where a raja of Kedah visited Malacca during the reign of its last sultan seeking the honour of the royal band that marks the sovereignty of a Muslim ruler.[20] However, in Thai chronicles it is told that Kedah was a Thai city like Nakhon Si Thammarat and was a part of Siamese kingdom but later was changed into a Malay state after invasion of Muslim kingdoms.[21]

It was later under Siam, until it was conquered by the Malay sultanate of Malacca in the 15th century. In the 17th century, Kedah was attacked by the Portuguese after their conquest of Malacca, and by Aceh. In the hope that Great Britain would protect what remained of Kedah from Siam, the sultan handed over Penang and then Province Wellesley to the British at the end of the 18th century. The Siamese nevertheless invaded Kedah in 1821,[22] and it remained under Siamese control under the name of Syburi. In 1896, Kedah along with Perlis and Setul were combined into the Siamese province of Monthon Syburi which lasted until it was transferred to the British by the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.

Incorporation into Malaya

See also: Si Rat Malai. In World War II, Kedah (along with Kelantan) was the first part of Malaya to be invaded by Japan. The Japanese returned Kedah to their Thai allies who had it renamed Syburi, but it returned to British rule after the end of the war. Kedah became one of the states of the Federation of Malaya in 1948, which then achieved independence in 1957. Malaya was then enlarged to become Malaysia in 1963.[23]

Geography

Kedah is the 8th largest state by land area and 8th most populated state in Malaysia, with a total land area of 9500km2.[24] [25] The terrain is mostly flat in general, as the Kedah–Perlis Plain covers much of the state's land area, from the district of Kuala Muda in the south towards the state of Perlis in the north. Owing to its alluvial properties, most of the plains have been developed for rice farming for centuries. Meanwhile, the northeastern towards the southeastern part of the state is particularly mountainous, especially in the districts of Padang Terap, Sik, Baling, Kulim and Bandar Baharu. The Kedah–Songkhla and Bintang Ranges formed the state's boundary between the Thai provinces of Songkhla and Yala in the northeast, and the state of Penang in the southwest and Perak in the southeast. The Bintang Range is home to Mount Bintang, the state's highest point, located on the border with Perak. Some parts of Kedah are also karstic, with areas punctuated by limestone hills called mogotes.

The major rivers within Kedah include the Kedah, Merbok, Muda and Kerian rivers. The Muda River serves as the southwestern border with Penang, while the Kerian River forms part of the southeastern boundary with Penang and Perak.

Government

Executive

See main article: Kedah State Executive Council.

See also: Menteri Besar of Kedah. Kedah's constitution was promulgated by Sultan Badlishah in July 1950. The various provisions laid down in the constitution include the role and powers of the monarch, the Kedah State Legislative Assembly and the state's civil service.

The Sultan of Kedah is the constitutional ruler of the state. His position is hereditary and he holds his office for life. The sultan is the head of Islam in the state and the executive power of the state government is vested in him. The current sultan is Sallehuddin, who has reigned since 12 September 2017 after his elder brother Sultan Abdul Halim died on 11 September 2017.

The State Executive Council, which along with the Sultan is Kedah's executive branch of government. It is composed of the Menteri Besar, who is its chairman and Kedah's head of government, and ten other members. The Menteri Besar and other members of the council are appointed by the Sultan of Kedah from members of the Kedah State Legislative Assembly (Malay: Dewan Undangan Negeri Kedah).

Legislature

AffiliationCoalition/Party LeaderStatusSeats
2023 electionCurrent
Perikatan NasionalMuhammad Sanusi Md NorGovernment3333

Pakatan Harapan
Barisan Nasional
Bau Wong Bau EkOpposition33
Government majority3030

The Kedah State Legislative Assembly is similar to the Parliament but is limited to making laws relating to the state. Its members are elected in elections which are usually held simultaneously with federal elections. The term of each state assembly member is limited to five years. The state assembly must be dissolved before or once it expires its term for a fresh election.

Departments

Statutory bodies

Administrative divisions

See main article: List of districts in Malaysia and List of local governments in Malaysia. Modern Kedah is divided into 12 administrative districts, 12 local governments and 132 mukims.[47] [48]

Districts in Kedah
Number Districts !Seat Area (km2) Mukim
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Note: 9 of 12 districts have a single local government. Both Kota Setar and Pokok Sena share the same local government – Alor Setar City Council. Kulim has a special local government for its Hi-Tech Industrial Park, in addition to a Municipal Council, which governs most of the district.

Local governments

  1. Alor Setar City Council[49]
  2. Baling District Council[50]
  3. Bandar Baharu District Council[51]
  4. Kubang Pasu Municipal Council[52]
  5. Kulim Hi-Tech Industrial Park Local Authority[53]
  6. Kulim Municipal Council[54]
  7. Langkawi Municipal Council[55]
  8. Padang Terap District Council[56]
  9. Pendang District Council[57]
  10. Sik District Council[58]
  11. Sungai Petani Municipal Council[59]
  12. Yan District Council[60]

Demographics

Kedah is a heterogeneous state with native Kedahan Malays being the majority, along with significant Chinese, Indian, Siamese and Semang minorities. There was also a lesser known ethnic group known as the Sam Sam people, they are culturally Malay Muslim but speak Siamese. Most of these communities have now assimilated into the Kedahan Malay community but few still retain their Siamese language, those communities can be found in Changlun, Kodiang, Jitra, Wang Tepus, Guar Napai, Malau, Ason and Napoh. The Orang Asli in Kedah consists of Kensiu and Kintaq people and are mainly to be found in the Baling district, as their community crosses there into the neighboring state of Perak.[61]

Language

Like most parts of Malaysia, Kedah is home to various languages and dialects. The majority language of Kedah is Kedah Malay, known by locals as Pelat Utagha (Northern dialect), it is a distinct variety of Malay which also serves as the state's main lingua franca and is used by almost all Kedahans regardless of race. Kedah Malay has many sub-dialects which differs from district to district and is also spoken outside of Kedah in places such as Penang, Perlis, northern Perak and even as far as Satun in Thailand and Tanintharyi in Myanmar. Besides Kedah Malay, another distinct variety of Malay known as Baling Malay (Cakak Baling) is mainly spoken in Baling District as well as some parts of the Sik and Yan districts. Baling, along with Grik Malay is part of Reman Malay, an offshoot of Kelantan-Pattani Malay of which it was descended from the people of the Kingdom of Reman of which once ruled the Baling and Grik regions before it was dissolved and became part of three distinct political entities namely Kedah, Perak and Yala (Thailand).

Besides Malay, there are also various minority languages spoken throughout Kedah, Aslian languages such as Jahai, Kensiu and Kintaq are spoken by the small Orang Asli populations mostly in the inland region. The Chinese in Kedah also speaks various varieties of Chinese such as Mandarin, Hokkien and so on. There are also a small but well established Indian community mostly of ethnic Tamil and also smaller number of Telugus, Malayalees and Punjabis who speak Telugu, Malayalam and Punjabi. Kedah is also home to a large community of ethnic Siamese of which it has its own distinct dialect of the Thai language which is different from ones spoken in Kelantan (which also has a large Siamese population) and Standard Thai.

Ethnicity

The population of Kedah in 2015 was 2,071,900. It was made up of 76% Bumiputra (Malays and others), 12.7% Chinese, 6.9% Indian, 0.9% others and 3.4% non-Malaysian. The following is based on 2015 figures from the Department of Statistics Malaysia.

Ethnic groups in Kedah, 2015
Population Percentage
1,574,400 76.0%
263,200 12.7%
143,200 6.9%
Others 19,600 0.9%
Non-Malaysian 71,500 3.4%

Religion

As of 2010 the population of Kedah is 77.2% Muslim, 14.2% Buddhist, 6.7% Hindu, 0.8% Christian, 0.6% unknown / none, 0.3% Taoist or Chinese religion followers, 0.1% followers of other religions, and 0.1% non-religious.

Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 94.3% of the Chinese population are identified as Buddhists, with significant minorities of adherents identifying as Christians (2.4%), Chinese folk religions (2.4%) and Muslims (0.4%). The majority of the Indian population are Hindus (91.7%), with a significant minorities of numbers identifying as Christians (3.7%), Muslims (2.4%) and Buddhists (1.3%). The non-Malay bumiputera community are predominantly Christians (39.7%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (26.9%) and Buddhists (26.3%).[62] All Malays are necessarily Muslims as defined in the Malaysian constitution.[63]

Economy

Kedah is considered the "rice bowl"[64] [65] (Malay: Jelapang Padi) of Malaysia, accounting for about half of Malaysia's total production of rice. In 2008, the state government banned the conversion of paddy fields to housing and industrial lots to protect the rice industry.[66]

Tourism in the state is mainly focused on the island of Langkawi, although there are a few attractions on the mainland as well.

In the 1990s, Kedah began moving its economy towards the automotive and aerospace industries with national motorcycle manufacturer Modenas (established in 1995) and Boeing subsidiary Asian Composites (established in 2001) setting up bases there.[67] [68] One of the main advantages is the low labour costs and the infrastructure in place with the North–South Expressway and the Penang International Airport close by. In 1996, the Kulim Hi-Tech Park was officially opened as the first high technology industrial park in Malaysia. The Park comprises a total land area of approximately 14.5 square kilometres (5.6 mi2).[69]

Under the Ninth Malaysia Plan, Kedah, along with neighbouring Perlis, Penang and Perak formed the Northern Corridor Economic Region (NCER) in 2007.[70]

Transportation

There are four highways in Kedah – the North-South Expressway, Changlun–Kuala Perlis Highway, Butterworth-Kulim Expressway and the Trans Eastern Kedah Interland Highway. Additionally, the Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) West Coast Line runs through mainland Kedah with six stops in total. Kedah has two airports – Sultan Abdul Halim Airport on the mainland and Langkawi International Airport on Langkawi Island. Both the mainland and Langkawi Island are interconnected with ferry services.[71]

Timeline of tallest structures

YearNameHeightFloorsStartCompletedCity
1912–1993 1 1911 1912 Alor Setar
1993–1994 Sentosa Tower 10 1992 1993 Alor Setar
1994–1995 Bina Darulaman Berhad (BDB) Headquarters 11 1993 1994 Alor Setar
1995–1997 Holiday Villa Alor Setar @ City Plaza 20 1994 1996 Alor Setar
1997–present 4 1994 1997 Alor Setar

Education

See also: List of schools in Kedah.

Public universities and colleges

The state has a campus of Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), which is located in Bandar Baru Sintok. It was formally incorporated on 16 February 1984. The university was established with the specific mission of providing a leadership role for management education in the country. The academic establishments at UUM include the College of Business (COB), College of Law, Government and International Studies (COLGIS) and the College of Arts and Sciences (CAS).

Kedah also has several public universities and colleges such as Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) in Merbok, the Malaysian Spanish Institute of the University of Kuala Lumpur (UniKL MSI) and the Polytechnic Institute of Sultanah Bahiyah (PSB) in Kulim, the Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST University) in Bedong, Kolej Universiti Insaniah (KUIN) or UNISHAMS (Kuala Ketil, Baling Kedah) in Mergong and the Polytechnic Institute of Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah (POLIMAS) in Jitra.

There are 2 teacher training institution in Kedah, Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Sultan Abdul Halim (IPGKSAH) in Sungai Petani and Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Darul Aman (IPGKDA) in Bandar Darulaman that are set up by the government to provide teaching courses for trainee teachers.

Private universities and colleges

Private universities and colleges that are located in Kedah include the Open University of Malaysia (OUM) Regional Learning Center for the state of Kedah and Perlis at Sungai Petani, the Albukhary International University in Alor Setar, Pusat Bahasa Titian Jaya the PTPL College and the Cosmopoint College.

Technical institutes

Kedah houses three technical institutes that are affiliated with MARA, that is Institut Kemahiran MARA Sungai Petani, Institut Kemahiran MARA Alor Setar and Institut Kemahiran MARA Sik.

Boarding schools

This state also has several boarding schools such as Sekolah Berasrama Penuh and MARA Junior Science College or MRSM.

National islamic schools

This state also has several secondary Islamic schools (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Agama) such as Tahfiz Model Ulul Albab or TMUA.

Boarding school

Private and public schools

Public secondary schools include SMK Taman Jelutong, Keat Hwa Secondary School, Convent Secondary School (formerly known as St. Nicholas Convent Secondary School), Kolej Sultan Abdul Hamid, Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultan Badlishah, Sin Min Secondary School, Chio Min Secondary School, SMK Sultanah Asma, SMK Convent Father Barre, SMK Khir Johari, SMK Kota Kuala Muda, SMK Tunku Ismail, SMK Aman Jaya, SMK Bedong, SMK Bakar Arang, SMK Darulaman, SMK Ibrahim, K Jit, SMK Mahsuri, SMK Tunku Panglima Besar, Keat Hwa Secondary School, SMK Guar Chempedak and SMK Yan. Private secondary school include Keat Hwa High School, Sin Min High School and SM Sin Min.

Tourism

Tourism is mainly concentrated on Langkawi Island, the largest island in the archipelago, but their are also places of interest on the mainland.

Kedah Mainland

Langkawi

The Langkawi International Airport is located at Padang Matsirat and it is also considered a tourist attraction as the Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition takes place every 2 years near the airport. The airport handled almost 1.2 million passengers and over 41,000 aircraft movements in 2008. Langkawi International Airport is the main point of access to Langkawi.

In 2007, Langkawi Island was given a World Geopark status by UNESCO.[79]

Places of interest[80]

Sports

In 2006, Kedah hosted the 11th Sukma Games. The opening and closing ceremonies were held at the Darul Aman Stadium in Alor Setar. Football and Sepak raga are the most popular sports in Kedah. Kedah Darul Aman F.C. is a professional football team that competes in the Malaysia Super League and represents the state of Kedah under the supervision of the Kedah Football Association. They are the only team in the history of Malaysian football to achieved double treble titles in 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons.

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 . Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia . 27 . 24 January 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180127104935/http://www.reigroup.com.my/wp-content/uploads/pdf/resources2/Housing%20census%202010.pdf . 27 January 2018.
  2. Web site: Population by States and Ethnic Group. Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia. 2015. 12 February 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160212125740/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/info-terkini/19463-unjuran-populasi-penduduk-2015.html. 12 February 2016 . dead.
  3. Web site: Subnational Human Development Index (7.0) [Kedah – Malaysia] ]. . 16 December 2023.
  4. Web site: DOSM . Department of Statistics Malaysia . 2023-09-11 . www.dosm.gov.my.
  5. Web site: Kedah pronunciation. Forvo.
  6. Web site: Enakmen Pentadbiran Undang-Undang Islam (Kedah Darul Aman) 2008 - Enakmen 5 Tahun 2008. www2.esyariah.gov.my. 2020-04-29.
  7. Book: John N. Miksic. Miksic, John Norman . Yian, Goh Geok . Ancient Southeast Asia. 2000. Routledge. 978-0-415-73554-4.
  8. Cyril Skinner, The Civil War in Kelantan in 1839, Kuala Lumpur: Monographs of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society, 1965.
  9. Web site: Sg Batu to be developed into archaeological hub. The Star. 3 October 2020. 8 November 2020.
  10. Web site: New interest in an older Lembah Bujang, 2010/07/25. https://web.archive.org/web/20110629035139/http://www.nst.com.my/nst/articles/26lembahbuj/Article/. dead. 29 June 2011.
  11. Web site: Asia Research News – USM discovers earliest civilisation in Southeast Asia . Asiaresearchnews.com . 10 March 2010 . 2 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170629034059/http://www.researchsea.com/html/article.php/aid/5044/cid/6/research/usm_discovers_earliest_civilisation_in_southeast__asia.html?PHPSESSID=p1epc0djha62ka35ikprp984r5 . 29 June 2017 . dead .
  12. Web site: Kadaram and Kataha. Sabrizain . 2 February 2014.
  13. Web site: R.O Winstedt – History of Kedah – Extracted from No. 81 Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (SBRAS), March 1920 . 2 February 2014.
  14. Book: A Record of the Buddhist Religion As Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671–695). xl – xli. I-Tsing. 978-81-206-1622-6. 2005. Asian Educational Services.
  15. Web site: Early Malay kingdoms . Sabrizain.org . 21 June 2010.
  16. Book: Ancient Southeast Asia . John Norman Miksic . Goh Geok Yian . 978-1-317-27904-4 . 288 . 14 October 2016 . Taylor & Francis .
  17. A history of Malaya, Richard Winstedt, Marican, 1962, p. 36
  18. History of Asia by B.V. Rao p.211
  19. Singapore in Global History by Derek Thiam Soon Heng, Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied p.40
  20. 41559857. Notes on the History of Kedah . Richard . Winstedt. Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 14. 3 (126) . December 1936. 155 - 189 .
  21. Rajanubhab. Damrong. The royal chronicle in Rama II of Rattanakosin era. Vajirayana Digital Library. th.
  22. R. Bonney, Kedah 1771–1821: The Search for Security and Independence (1971), Ch. VII.
  23. Malay Kingship in Kedah: Religion, Trade, and Society by Maziar Mozaffari Falarti p.25
  24. Web site: Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 . Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia . iv . 24 January 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110708202650/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 . 8 July 2011.
  25. Web site: Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 . Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia . iv . 24 January 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180127104935/http://www.reigroup.com.my/wp-content/uploads/pdf/resources2/Housing%20census%202010.pdf . 27 January 2018.
  26. Web site: Kedah State Finance and Treasury Department.
  27. Web site: UTAMA.
  28. Web site: Laman Utama.
  29. Web site: JKM Kedah.
  30. Web site: Kedah Syariah Judiciary Department.
  31. Web site: Portal Rasmi JKR Kedah.
  32. Web site: Jabatan Hal Ehwal Agama Islam Negeri Kedah.
  33. Web site: SPA Kedah.
  34. Web site: Jabatan Pertanian Negeri Kedah Darul Aman.
  35. Web site: Pejabat Pengarah Tanah dan Galian Negeri Kedah.
  36. Web site: Portal Rasmi Jabatan Mufti Kedah Darul Aman.
  37. Web site: PLANMalaysia@Kedah.
  38. Web site: Veterinar Kedah.
  39. Web site: Portal Rasmi Lembaga Maktab Mahmud.
  40. Web site: LKPPK - Lembaga Kemajuan Penanam-penanam Padi Negeri Kedah.
  41. Web site: Kedah State Islamic Religious Council.
  42. Web site: Perbadanan Perpustakaan Awam Kedah.
  43. Web site: Lembaga Sumber Air Negeri Kedah.
  44. Web site: Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Kedah.
  45. Web site: Portal Rasmi Lembaga Muzium Kedah.
  46. Web site: Lembaga Zakat Negeri Kedah Darul Aman.
  47. Web site: Portal PBT Kedah.
  48. Web site: Portal Rasmi Pejabat Daerah & Tanah Negeri Kedah.
  49. Web site: Majlis Bandaraya Alor Setar.
  50. Web site: Majlis Daerah Baling.
  51. Web site: Majlis Daerah Bandar Baharu.
  52. Web site: Majlis Perbandaran Kubang Pasu.
  53. Web site: PBT Taman Perindustrian Hi-Tech Kulim.
  54. Web site: Majlis Perbandaran Kulim.
  55. Web site: Majlis Perbandaran Langkawi Bandaraya Pelancongan.
  56. Web site: Majlis Daerah Padang Terap.
  57. Web site: Majlis Daerah Pendang.
  58. Web site: Majlis Daerah Sik.
  59. Web site: Majlis Perbandaran Sungai Petani.
  60. Web site: Majlis Daerah Yan.
  61. Bishop . Nancy . 1996 . A Preliminary Description of Kensiu (Maniq) Phonology . Mon–Khmer Studies Journal . 25 . 227–253.
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