| Kayoa | |
| Native Name: | Pulau Urimatiti |
| Coordinates: | 0.0667°N 152°W |
| Archipelago: | Maluku Islands |
| Total Islands: | 66 |
| Area Km2: | 179.97 |
| Highest Mount: | Mount Tigalalu |
| Elevation M: | 422 |
| Country: | Indonesia |
| Country Admin Divisions Title: | Province |
| Country Admin Divisions: | North Maluku |
| Population: | 22,864 |
| Population As Of: | mid 2022 |
| Density Km2: | 127.0 |
Kayoa (also Kaioa), or in the native language Pulau Urimatiti, is a group of 66 islands, part of the Maluku Islands. It is located in South Halmahera Regency, part of North Maluku Province of Indonesia.
The Kayoa Islands are near the southern end of a chain of volcanic islands off the western coast of Halmaherato (Halmahera region), to the south of Makian and to the north of Bacan.[1] The 66 islands cover a land area of 179.97 km2. The main island is about 10 miles (16 km) long, about 9 miles (14.5 km) south of Makian with a line of hills along most of its length.[2] The group forms four districts within South Halmahera Regency (although Kayoa Barat District - comprising Muari Island and 4 smaller islands - is actually closer to the Bacan Islands than to Kayoa Island), and it had a total population of 20,176 at the 2010 Census[3] and 23,111 at the 2020 Census.[4] The official estimate for mid 2022 was 22,864.[5]
| Name of District | English name | Area in km2 | Pop'n Census 2010 | Pop'n Census 2020 | Pop'n Estimate mid 2022 | Admin centre | No. of villages | Post code | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kayoa Barat (= Pulau Muari) | West Kayoa (= Muari Island) | 27.07 | 3,469 | 4,336 | 4,225 | Busua | 4 (a) | 97781 | |
| Kayoa | 87.62 | 8,180 | 9,057 | 8,959 | Guruapin | 14 (b) | 97780 | ||
| Kayoa Selatan | South Kayoa | 26.06 | 5,856 | 6,822 | 6,825 | Laluin | 6 (c) | 97780 | |
| Kayoa Utara | North Kayoa | 39.22 | 2,671 | 2,896 | 2,855 | Laromabati | 6 (d) | 97781 |
Notes: (a) the desa of Bokimiake (with 10.4 km2 and 834 inhabitants in mid 2022), Hatejawa (with 6.1 km2 and 532 persons in mid 2022), Busua (with 6.1 km2 and 2,648 persons in mid 2022), and Fofao (with 4.5 km2 and 334 persons in mid 2022).
(b) the desa of Ligua, Kida, Buli, Lelei, Talimau, Tawabi, Guruapin, Bajo, Gunange, Karamat, Laigoma, Gafiu, Siuko and Dorolamo. (c) the desa of Laluin, Ngute-Ngute, Orimakurunga, Pasir Putih, Posi-Posi and Sagawele.
(d) the desa of Ake Jailolo, Gayap, Laromabati, Modayama, Ngokomalako and Wayasipang.
The islands were for centuries the only place in the world where cloves were produced. Kayoa lies on the equator and is subject to regular heavy rain in the two monsoon seasons, which are December to March and June to July.[6]
The stratovolcano Mount Tigalalu lies at the western end of Kayoa, partly flanked by coral limestones.[7] However, Kayoa Island differs from its neighbours in being composed mainly of sedimentary rather than volcanic rock. Its western side consists of terraces of raised coral limestone with pumice and beach sand.[6]
There are two native languages on Kayoa island, as well as Indonesian. The language named West Makian, spoken by about 12,000 people in Kayoa and its outlying islands, is one of the North Halmahera languages, which appear to fall within the West Papuan family.[8] The language named Taba or East Makian is one of the Austronesian languages.[9]
Archaeological evidence shows a foraging culture on Kayoa before around 3,500 years ago, changing at that time to an agricultural way of life with animals including pigs and dogs, red-slipped pottery, shell bracelets and beads, and polished stone tools such as adzes. This change shows the arrival on Kayoa of a new culture by 1500 BC.[10] From 2,000 years ago the islands started to trade spices to India and beyond.[11] Chinese copper money is found in jar burials of between 2,000 and 1,000 years ago in the Uattamdi cave shelter on Kayoa, implying that trade in cloves began early on the island. With the jars are glass beads, pieces of bronze and iron, and large shells from the coral reef. One of the burial vessels has rectangular and triangular patterns like those found at Leang Buidane but not on nearby islands.[6]
Naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace visited Kayoa, as described in his 1869 book The Malay Archipelago.[12] He records that
. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan, and the bird of paradise. A narrative of travel, with sketches of man and nature . Macmillan . Wallace, Alfred Russel . 1869 . Alfred Russel Wallace . 1 .