Kaduna State Explained

Kaduna State
Type:State
Flag Alt:Flag of Kaduna State
Seal Alt:Seal of Kaduna State
Nickname:Centre of Learning
Coordinates:10.3333°N 52°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: Nigeria
Established Title:Date created
Established Date:27 May 1967
Seat Type:Capital
Seat:Kaduna
Governing Body:Government of Kaduna State
Leader Party:APC
Leader Title:Governor[1]
Leader Name:Uba Sani
Leader Name1:Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe
Leader Title2:Legislature
Leader Name2:Kaduna State House of Assembly
Leader Title3:Chief Judge
Leader Name3:Tukur Mu’azu
Leader Title4:National Assembly delegation
Leader Name4:Senators


Representatives: List

Unit Pref:Metric
Area Total Km2:46053
Area Rank:4th of 36
Population Total:6,113,503[2]
Population As Of:2006 census
Population Est:9,032,200
Pop Est As Of:2022[3]
Population Rank:4th of 36
Population Density Km2:auto
Demographics Type1:GDP (PPP)
Demographics1 Title1:Year
Demographics1 Info1:2021
Demographics1 Title2:Total
Demographics1 Info2:$27.88 billion[4]
11th of 36
Demographics1 Title3:Per capita
Demographics1 Info3:$2,905
14th of 36
Timezone1:WAT
Utc Offset1:+01
Postal Code Type:postal code
Postal Code:8000014
Iso Code:NG-KD
Blank Name Sec1:HDI (2021)
Blank Info Sec1:0.511[5]
· 25th of 37
Website:http://kdsg.gov.ng/
Footnotes: Preliminary results

Kaduna State (Hausa: Jihar Kaduna, جىِهَر كَدُنا; مدينة كدونا; Fulah: Leydi Kaduna|script=Latn, Fulah: ; Si̱tet Ka̱duna) is a state in the northwest geopolitical zone of Nigeria. The state capital is its namesake, the city of Kaduna, which was the 8th largest city in the country as of 2006. Created in 1967 as North-Central State, which also encompassed the modern Katsina State, Kaduna State achieved its current borders in 1987. Kaduna State is the fourth largest and third most populous state in the country, Kaduna State is nicknamed the Centre of Learning, owing to the presence of numerous educational institutions of importance within the state such as Ahmadu Bello University.

Modern Kaduna State is home to the sites of some of Africa's oldest civilizations, including the Nok civilization that prospered from to .[6] [7] In the 9th century, geographer and historian Ya'qubi documented the existence of the Hausa Kingdoms, which existed until the region was incorporated into the Sokoto Caliphate in the early 1800s. During the colonial era, the city of Kaduna was made the capital of Northern Nigeria Protectorate by British leadership.

The state economy is dependent on agriculture, especially cotton and groundnut production. In the modern era, Kaduna State has been the site of violent ethnic and religious conflict,[8] with the 2002 Miss World riots in the state capital over purported blasphemy leading to around 250 deaths and the loss of homes for around 30,000.[9]

Etymology

The most widespread etymology for the word Kaduna is that, it is a corruption of the Hausa plural for crocodile,, as there used to be many crocodiles in the Kaduna River.[10]

Another version of the etymology of the name is a narrative linked to the Gbagyi word/name 'Odna' for the Kaduna River.[11]

History

Zazzau, a traditional state which lies within the province's capital, is said to have been founded in 1536. It would later be renamed to Zaria after the younger sister of Queen Amina.[12] The Hausa people of Zaria are said to be the old ancestral of the region.[13] [14]

It is indicative that the name, Kaduna, was taken up by Lord Frederick Lugard and his colonial colleagues when they moved the capital of the then Northern Region from Zungeru to Kaduna City in 1916. This move of the colonial office to Kaduna city started in 1912–1918/20, with the initial effort having been made in 1902 from Jebba to Zungeru.[15]

At the start of British colonial rule in northern Nigeria, the people groups who lived in the area became 'Northern Nigerians'- a construct which continues even today. By 1967 these people groups again carved into 'North Central State'; this was the case until 1975 that 'Kaduna State' was formerly created by the then military leader, Gen. Murtala Mohammed, with all distinct identities amalgamated into one state without a referendum. The state hence is the successor of the old Northern Region of Nigeria, which had its capital at Kaduna which is now the state capital to about 6.3 million people (Nigerian census figure, 2006).

In 1967, the old Northern Region was divided into six states in the north, leaving Kaduna as the capital of North-Central State, whose name was changed to Kaduna State in 1976. Meanwhile, Kaduna State was further divided in 1987, creating Katsina State. Under the governance of Kaduna are the ancient cities of Zaria, Kafanchan, and Nok. The most intriguing aspect of this area is that the colonial construction and its post-colonial successor called 'Nigeria' hardly documented the history or the method of how Kaduna State's people groups encompassed in these constructs define and identify themselves. As such, the people groups who populate the area have lived in near oblivion or obscurity as they are often thought of as Hausa people. In 2019 Kaduna State celebrated its 100-year anniversary, making it one of the oldest states in Nigeria.[16]

In 2021, Kaduna State was the site of several major attacks done by bandits involved in the Nigerian bandit conflict. On 24 February, at least 34 were killed in attacks in Kaduna and neighboring Katsina state.[17] On 11 March, 39 students were kidnapped when gunmen attacked the Federal College of Forestry Mechanization.[18] On 20 April, in another raid by bandits on Greenfield University students and staff, 22 were kidnapped and 6 of them were killed.[19] On 5 July, a further 140 students were kidnapped from Bethel Baptist High School.[20] Attacks have continued into 2022,[21] [22] 2023,[23] [24] and 2024.[25] [26]

Geography

The state is located at the Northern part of Nigeria's high plains. The vegetation cover is Sudan Savannah type, characterized by scattered short trees, shrubs and grasses. The soil is mostly loamy to sandy. A substantial amount of clay is found also.

Its northern half became Katsina state in 1987. The state is bordered by seven states: Zamfara for 117 km (73 miles) and Katsina for 161 km (100 miles) to the north, Kano to the north-east for 255 km, Bauchi and Plateau to the east, Nasarawa and Abuja Federal Capital Territory (for 45 km) to the south, and Niger to the west.[27] The Kaduna state is located between latitude 10°38'58" N and 10°25'36" N and to longitude 7°22'14" E and 7°32'00" E.[28]

The state was ranked number four by total area of land and number three by population.[29]

The Kaduna River, a tributary of the Niger River, flows through the state. There are rocky stones in Zaria and Kogoro Hill. Many communities are prone to seasonal flooding during the rainy season.[30]

Climate

The rainy season in Kaduna is hot, humid, and cloudy, while the dry season is hot and partly cloudy. Throughout the year, the temperature rarely falls below 50 °F or rises above 102 °F, usually ranging between 55 °F and 95 °F.[31]

Government

The current governor of Kaduna state is legally under the control of Kaduna State Executives, Kaduna State House of Assembly and Kaduna State Judiciary. The current elected governor of the state is Senator Uba Sani and his deputy is Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe.[32] [33] In the state there 14 ministries that operate with the state government to improve the state: Ministries of Kaduna State. Within each Ministry there are multiple agencies with regulatory authority, such as the Kaduna State Environmental Protection Authority which overseas waste, water, and other environmental quality issues.

The governor of the state said he is trying to restore togetherness back in the state to make it hospitable for all Nigerians just as it has always been in the past. According to him, the city is now divided due to the frequent communal clashes that have been occurring in the last two decades.[34]

Local government areas

See also: List of villages in Kaduna State. Kaduna State consists of 23 local government areas. They are:

!s/n!Local government area!Zone!Total area!Political chairman!Population density
1Birnin GwariC6,257 km²Hon Garba Gambo Randagi
2ChikunC1,724 sq mi (4,466 km2)Hon Samaila Leeman
3GiwaCDr. Abubakar Shehu Giwa
4IgabiCHon Jabir Khamis
5IkaraNHon Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu
6JabaSHon. Benjamin Jock
7Jema'aSComrade Yunana Markus Barde
8KachiaSHon. Aaron Bako
9Kaduna NorthCHon. Mukhtar Baloni
10Kaduna SouthCHon. Yakubu Jarimi
11KagarkoS910 sq mi (2,356 km2)Hon. Mustapha Gidado
12KajuruCHon. Ibrahim Gajere
13KauraSHon Siman Mathias (impeached)https://blueprint.ng/suspended-kaura-lg-chair-impeached/
14KauruS
15KubauNHon. Bashir Suleiman Zuntu
16KudanNHon. Shuaibu Bawa Jaja[35]
17LereNHon. Mathew Gambo Kaku.Lere, Nigeria
18MakarfiNHon Kabir Mayare
19Sabon GariNHon. Engr. Mohammed Usman
20SangaSHon Bisallah Malam
21SobaNHon. Engineer Suleiman Yahaya Richifa
22Zangon KatafSHon. Dr Elias Manza.
23ZariaNAlhaji Aliyu Idris Ibrahim

Economics

The Kaduna State economy was ranked 15th largest state in Nigerian economy from 2002 to 2008, and it made up 3.3% of Nigerian GDP. While agriculture contributed 30% of SGDP in Kaduna.[36] Kaduna state cultivate cotton and peanuts (groundnuts) for exporting and domestic extraction of Peanut oil. In the state there is National Institute of Leather and Technology, to improve modern technology and traditional method.[37] [38] [39] [40]

Media

In Kaduna State there are many means of communication through mass media, broadcasting, internet communication and banking transaction. In Kaduna State, there are 21 radio stations and more than 4 television stations broadcasting. Many of them are owned by the state government or federal government, and a few are private. The following is a list of radio stations in Kaduna:[41] [42] [43]

!s/n!Name (AM)!Frequency!Motto
1Brila FM88.9
2Kada 2 FM, Kaduna (KSMC)89.9
3Rockside FM, Kafanchan (KSMC)89.9
4Capital Sounds FM, Kaduna (KSMC)90.9
5Liberty Radio (English) Kaduna91.7
6Karama FM, Kaduna (FRCN)92.1Tumbin giwa
7Freedom Radio FM, Kaduna92.9
8Vision FM Kaduna92.5
9FCE Zaria FM93.7
10Queen FM, Zaria (KSMC)94.1
11Supreme FM, Kaduna (FRCN)96.1
12Alheri Radio FM, Kaduna97.7
13ASU FM (Kaduna State University Radio)98.5
14Invicta FM, Kaduna98.9
15Human Right Radio Kaduna99.9
16BU Samaru FM, Zaria101.1
17Teachers Radio (Nigeria Institute of Teachers, NTI)102.5
18Spider FM (Kaduna Polytechnic Radio)102.7
19Liberty Radio (Hausa) Kaduna103.1Tashar Yanci
20Ray Power FM Kaduna106.5
21Demographics106.5

Ethnic groups

Kaduna State is populated by about 59 to 63 different ethnic groups, if not more, with the exactitude of the number requiring further verification through field work.[44] The question as in the last paragraph with the Hausa and Fulani as the dominant ethnic groups followed by at least 60 others. These groups include:

!S/N!Ethnic group!Origin!Area
1Abinu (dubbed Binawa)
2Ada (dubbed Kuturmi)
3Adara (dubbed Kadara)
4Agbiri (dubbed Gure)
5Akurmi (labelled Kurama by the Hausa)
6Anghan (dubbed Kamanton by the Hausa)
7Amap (dubbed Amo by the Hausa)
8Aniragu (dubbed Kahugu)
9Aruruma
10Asholio (dubbed Moro'a)
11Atachaat (dubbed Kachechere)
12Atuku
13Atyap (dubbed Kataf by the Hausa)
14Ayu
15Bajju (dubbed Kaje by the Hausa)
16Bakulu (Ikulu by the Hausa)
17Bhazar (named Koro)
18Bur (Sanga)
19Dingi
20Fantswam (dubbed Kafanchan)
21Fulani
22Gbagyi-Gbari (Gwari in Hausa)Southern Kaduna
23Gwandara
24Gwong (Kagoma in Hausa)
25Ham (dubbed Jaba in Hausa, which is a derogatory name)
26Hausa
27Ikulu
28Janji (dubbed Gwari by the Hausa)
29Kaivi (dubbed Kaibi)
30Kanufi
31Kanuri
32Kigono
33Kinugu
34Kitimi
35Kiwafa
36Kiwollo
37Koro
38Kubvori (dubbed Surubu)
39Mada (Mardan) Mada must have migrated during colonial rule
40MarghiBorno
41Nandu
42Nduyah
43Numana
44Nindem
45Ningeshe
46Nikyop
47Ninzo
48Nyenkpa (Yeskwa)
49Oegworok (dubbed Kagoro)
50Pikal
51Pitti
52Ribang
53Rishuwa
54Rumada
55Ruruma
56Rumayya
57Shemawa
58Zaar (dubbed Siyawa; Bauchi state?)
59Takad (dubbed Attakar)
60Tarri
61Atsam (dubbed Chawai)

Religion

The main religions in Kaduna State are Islam and Christianity while some minority ethnic groups practice traditional worshiping, mostly in the southern area of the state. The people of Kaduna are very religious, causing two religious crises in 2001 and 2002, the Miss World riots.

Languages

LGA Languages
Hausa, Fulani Acipa, Eastern; Gbagyi; Kamuku; Rogo; Shama-Sambuga
Gbagyi
Hausa
Fulani
Hausa
Fulani
Hausa
Fulani
Ashe
Duya; Hyam
Ashe
Berom; Duya; Fantswam; Gyong; Hyam; Jju; Kanufi; Mada; Kyoli; Nikyob-Kaninkon; Ninzo; Nungu; Nyankpa; Shamang; Tyap; Tyuku Zhire; Numana
Adara
Doka; Gbagyi; Hyam; Iku-Gora-Ankwa; Ikulu; Jju; Nghan; Koro Wachi; Kuturmi; Shamang; Tyap; Zhire
Kaduna NorthHausa
Fulani; Gbagyi
Kaduna SouthHausa
Ashe
Duya; Gbagyi; Koro Wachi
Adara
Ajiya; Kuce; Gbagyi; Shuwa-Zamani
Gworok
Iten; Takad; Sholyio; Tyap and Tyecarak (Tyecaat)
Abisi; Bina; Hausa; Fulani; Dungu; Jere; Ikulu; Kaivi; Kinuku; Koono; Mala; Rigwe; Ruma; Sheni; T'kurmi; Tsam; Tumi; Tyap; Vono; and Vori
KubauHausa
KudanHausa
Amo; Bina; Janji; Lemoro; Lere; Sanga Hausa; Fulani; Tugbiri-Niragu
Hausa
Fulani
Hausa
Fulani
Ahwai; Ayu; Bu; Gwandara; Hasha; Ninzo; Numana; Nungu; Sambe; Sha; Toro
Hausa, Fulani
Ikulu
Jju; Nghan; Tyap; Tyecarak (Tyecaat) Hausa; Fulani.
ZariaHausa
Fulani

Other languages in Kaduna State are Bacama, Firan, and Sambe.[45] Almost all of these languages are spoken in Southern Kaduna.

Education

Kaduna is one of the largest centres of education in Nigeria. The slogan of the state is Center of Learning because of the presence of many institution like Ahmadu Bello University (established 1962). There are many government schools, include primary schools and secondary schools. All secondary schools in Kaduna are owned by the state government, federal government or private organisations. there are many tertiary institutions in the state. The state also has colleges for transportation and agriculture.

Universities and institutes

Secondary schools and colleges

Transportation

Federal Highways are:

Other major roads include:

Railways: the 1435 mm Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Line is complete from Abuja via Minna in Niger State to Rigasa Station in Kaduna (2016), replacing part of the 1067 mm Cape gauge Western Line which continues north via Kano to Nguru. Kaduna is also connected by the Linking Line to Kafanchan with the Cape Gauge Eastern Line north from Lafia in Nasarawa State to Jos in Plateau State.

Airports: Kaduna International Airport (1982).

Architecture

Architecture includes the National Museum which was built in 1975 with archaeological and ethnographic exhibitions, the Kajuru Castle, Lugard Hall, Zaria walls and gates and Nok settlements. In the state there are many architectural buildings like Ahmadu Bello Stadium, Murtala Square, Investment house, Kaduna central market, and Sultan Bello Mosque. The palace of empire of Zazzau is one of the oldest traditional buildings in Kaduna state.[49] [50]

Traditional architecture

In Kaduna State there are a lot of ethnic groups, which lead to the variation of culture and architectural style, this include the city wall of Zaria. The walls constructed during the reigns of Queen Amina of Zazzau protected the city and they are between 14 and 16 km long, and are closed by eight gates, Also the Emir's Palace of Zaria is an important traditional heritage. The palace has luxurious interiors. The St. Bartholomew's Church Zaria, built by the Church Missionary Society in 1929, still stands in Zaria, the church was built based on Hausa traditional architecture.

Modern architecture

Modern architecture is present in the state as a result of civilization and development. Most of these architectural buildings were built by the federal or state government, while the residential ones are mostly built by individuals; these buildings include Ahmadu Bello Stadium, Ten storey building, Investment house, federal secretary, Ranchers Bees Stadium, and Murtala square.

Health

Kaduna State has over 1,000 primary healthcare facilities to cater to every resident, even in the most remote village or ward of the state. To further improve on healthcare delivery, in 2016, the Kaduna State Government partnered with the UK Department for International Development (DFID) to install over 1.3 megawatts of solar power in primary healthcare facilities across the state.[51]

Sports

In Kaduna State many sports are played, such as football,[52] golf, swimming, traditional wrestling and handball.[53] [54] The Kaduna State government run a football club called Kaduna United F.C. The club participated in playing Nigerian Professional Football League but are under relegation.[55] The state also hosts the Kaduna Marathon.[56]

Entertainment and tourism

In Kaduna State an annual festival is organized by Ministry of Culture and Tourism (Kaduna State). The festival exposes folklore talent and through these process, to promote unity and encourage tourism and build culture in the State. It takes place every November or December.[57] Cultural activities include Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha performed by the Muslims in the state; the Tuk Ham; the Afan National Festival; the Christmas and Easter celebrations, by Christians, and the Kallan-Kowa celebrations. Kaduna has a museum and a park, the Kofar Gamji park and Zoo. Lord Lugard's Residence, is also a tourist attraction and it currently houses the state assembly.

Festivals

Other small festivals include the following:

Tourism

Notable people

Politics

The state government is led by a democratical elected governor who works closely with members of the state's house of assembly. The capital city of the state is Kaduna[62]

Electoral system

The governor of each state is selected using a modified two-round system. To be elected in the first round, a candidate must receive the plurality of the vote and over 25% of the vote in at least two -third of the State local government Areas. If no candidate passes threshold, a second round will be held between the top candidate and the next candidate to have received a plurality of votes in the highest number of local government Areas.[63]

See also

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. See List of governors of Kaduna State for a list of prior governors
  2. Web site: 2006 PHC Priority Tables – NATIONAL POPULATION COMMISSION. population.gov.ng. en-US. 10 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171010054745/http://population.gov.ng/core-activities/surveys/dataset/2006-phc-priority-tables/. 10 October 2017. dead.
  3. Web site: Kaduna State: Subdivision . 2024-02-07 . www.citypopulation.de.
  4. Web site: 2022-10-13 . 2022 . Okeowo . Gabriel . Fatoba . Iyanuoluwa . State of States 2022 Edition . 2023-03-07 . Budgit.org . BudgIT . 2022-10-13.
  5. Web site: Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab. hdi.globaldatalab.org. en. 13 September 2018. 23 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/. live.
  6. Breunig, Peter. 2014. Nok: African Sculpture in Archaeological Context: p. 21.
  7. Fagg, Bernard. 1969. Recent work in west Africa: New light on the Nok culture. World Archaeology 1(1): 41–50.
  8. Web site: 5 February 2021. El-Rufai vows to restore Kaduna to its past glory. 12 March 2021. Vanguard News. en-US. 16 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210216224821/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/el-rufai-vows-to-restore-kaduna-to-its-past-glory/. live.
  9. Web site: 23 July 2003. The "Miss World Riots": Continued Impunity for Killings in Kaduna. 7 April 2014. Human Rights Watch. 8 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200508011956/https://www.hrw.org/report/2003/07/22/miss-world-riots/continued-impunity-killings-kaduna. live.
  10. Web site: Kaduna Location, History, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 28 July 2019. 19 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190419131059/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kaduna-Nigeria. live.
  11. Book: Shekwo, Joseph Amali. Fundamentals of the Gbagyi Language. Centre for Adult Education and Extension Services, Ahmadu Bello University. 1979. Zaria.
  12. Book: Smith, Bonnie G. . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History . 2008 . Oxford University Press . 9780195148909 . en.
  13. News: Zaria Nigeria . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161106065218/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zaria-Nigeria . 6 November 2016 . 5 November 2016 . Encyclopædia Britannica.
  14. Book: M.G, Smith . Government in Zazzau: A study of Government in the Hausa Chiefdom of the Zaria in Northern Nigeria from 1800-1950 . Oxford University Press for the International African Institute . 1960 . 978-0197242018.
  15. Web site: 2019-05-29 . History Of Kaduna State . 2023-05-15 . Nigeria Zip Codes . en-US.
  16. News: Kalli hotunan bikin cika shekara 100 da kafa Kaduna . BBC Hausa . 17 December 2017 . ha . 8 December 2021 . 9 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210309200407/https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-42383714 . live .
  17. Web site: Gunmen kill 36 in attacks in northern Nigeria. Al Jazeera English. 25 February 2021. 26 February 2021.
  18. Web site: Olukoya . Sam . 2021-03-12 . Gunmen abduct 39 students from school in northwest Nigeria . 2023-07-15 . AP News . en.
  19. News: 22 April 2021 . Bandits raid Varsity kidnapped 23 students and killed 5 of them . 5 May 2021 . Vanguard Nigeria.
  20. Web site: Gunmen kidnap students in northwest Nigeria, school official says. July 5, 2021. France 24. July 5, 2021. July 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210705230452/https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20210705-gunmen-kidnap-more-than-100-students-in-northwest-nigeria-school-official-says. live.
  21. Web site: 27 March 2022 . Two flights 'escape' as '200 terrorists' attack Kaduna airport, one dead . 27 March 2022 . Vanguard News . en-US . 27 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220327065202/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/two-flights-escape-as-200-terrorists-attack-kaduna-airport-one-dead/ . live .
  22. Web site: 29 March 2022 . Many Feared Killed, Others Kidnapped As Bandits Attack Abuja-Kaduna Train . 23 February 2022 . Channels Television.
  23. Web site: Obiezu . Timothy . 17 April 2023 . 33 Killed in Attack by Gunmen in Northwest Nigeria . 2023-11-06 . Voice of America.
  24. News: Alabi . Abduganiyu . Afolabi . Ayodele . 7 June 2023 . Bandits kill two, abduct 30 after communities missed deadline on levies . 18 March 2024 . guardian.ng.
  25. Web site: Carter . Sarah . Reals . Tucker . 2024-03-08 . Witnesses in Nigeria say hundreds of children kidnapped in second mass-abduction in less than a week . 2024-03-08 . CBS News . en-US.
  26. News: Ewokor . Chris . 11 March 2024 . Nigeria kidnap crisis: Schoolboy recounts daring escape from bandits . 18 March 2024 . BBC .
  27. Web site: Kaduna state, Nigeria. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. 25 March 2020. 13 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200613225321/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kaduna-state-Nigeria. live.
  28. Book: Yusuf, Saleh. Kaduna: Physical and Human environment. 2015.
  29. Web site: World Bank Open Data . 2023-05-15 . World Bank Open Data.
  30. Web site: 2021-09-06. Kaduna residents in flood prone areas say nowhere to go. 2021-10-02. Vanguard News. en-US. 2 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211002130143/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/kaduna-residents-in-flood-prone-areas-say-nowhere-to-relocate/. live.
  31. Web site: Kaduna Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark . 2022-11-25 . weatherspark.com . en.
  32. Web site: Meet Hadiza Balarabe, the first female deputy governor of Kaduna State. 12 March 2019. Within Nigeria. en-US. 15 February 2020. 15 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200215163151/https://www.withinnigeria.com/2019/03/12/meet-hadiza-balarabe-the-first-female-deputy-governor-of-kaduna-state/. live.
  33. Web site: StackPath. leadership.ng. 12 March 2019. 15 February 2020. 15 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200215163151/https://leadership.ng/2019/03/12/deputy-governor-elect-hadiza-balarabe-chairs-kaduna-transition-committee/. live.
  34. Web site: 5 February 2021. El-Rufai vows to restore Kaduna to its past glory. 6 February 2021. Vanguard News. en-US. 5 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210205185404/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/02/el-rufai-vows-to-restore-kaduna-to-its-past-glory/. live.
  35. Web site: 2021-05-06 . The Executive Chairman . 2024-01-23 . Kudan Local Government Area . en.
  36. Web site: Overview of Kaduna State economy 2002–2008 Eldis. www.eldis.org. 25 March 2020. 25 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200325075017/https://www.eldis.org/document/A66138. live.
  37. Web site: Overview of Kaduna State economy 2002–2008 Eldis. www.eldis.org. 26 March 2020. 25 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200325075017/https://www.eldis.org/document/A66138. live.
  38. Web site: Economy • Kaduna State Bureau of Statistics. Kaduna State Bureau of Statistics. en-US. 26 March 2020. 26 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200326050151/https://kdbs.ng/domains/economy/. live.
  39. News: Elrufai ya bma kswn bbci waadin kwna uku. BBC News Hausa. 8 March 2020. 8 December 2021. 17 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201117213259/https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-51785535. live.
  40. News: An fara rusa kasuwan bacci. BBC News Hausa. 10 March 2020. 8 December 2021. 9 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210309200404/https://www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-51821210. live.
  41. Web site: Nwabueze . Chinenye . 14 July 2018 . List Of Radio Stations In Kaduna State and Their Frequencies (2019) . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200613204251/https://massmediang.com/list-of-radio-stations-in-kaduna-state-and-their-frequencies-2019/ . 13 June 2020 . 6 April 2020 . MassMediaNG . en-US.
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