| Cahuapanan | |
| Also Known As: | Kawapanan |
| Region: | Peru |
| Familycolor: | American |
| Fam1: | Macro-Jibaro ? |
| Child1: | Chayahuita |
| Child2: | Jebero |
| Glotto: | cahu1265 |
| Glottorefname: | Cahuapanan |
The Cahuapanan languages are a language family spoken in the Amazon basin of northern Peru. They include two languages, Chayahuita and Jebero, which are spoken by more than 11,300 people. Chayahuita is spoken by most of that number, but Jebero is almost extinct.
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua, Arawak, Kandoshi, Pukina, and Karib language families due to contact.[1]
Glottolog classifies the extinct language Maynas as close to Chawi.
Other Cahuapanan varieties that are listed by Loukotka (1968):[2]
| Proto-Cahuapanan | |
| Also Known As: | Proto-Kawapanan |
| Familycolor: | American |
| Target: | Cahuapanan languages |
Rojas-Berscia (2019) gives the following forms for Proto-Kawapanan, along with their respective Shawi, and Shiwilu reflexes.[4]
| gloss | Proto-Kawapanan | Shawi | Shiwilu | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ihtɘʔ | ɘttʃɘk | ||
| aipina | ɘrpina | ||
| ɘ-(ʃa), aɘ | ɘk-pi | ||
| ʃiwa | sɘrwa | ||
| armadillo |
| tɘʔnɘ-ʃa(ʔ)wɘ | tʃiʔlɘk | |
| bat |
| isɘʔ | iʃɘk | |
| belly |
| yoʔ | ð̞u ʔ | |
| bird |
| inansi-raʔ, ina(i)nʃi-ra ~ inai-ra | ilansɘrʔ | |
| bite |
| kɘ-tɘ- | ki-tɘk- | |
| blood |
| wɘna-iʔ | wɘkla-ð̞ek | |
| boa |
| kopi-wan | kupiwan | |
| wanki | wankɘr-tʃɘk | ||
| pito | pɘttʃu | ||
| brother (of a woman) |
| yoʔyoʔ | yuyuʔ | |
| burn (vt.) |
| iʔʃi- 'dip into salt’ | ð̞iʔsɘrʔ- | |
| carry |
| pɘʔpɘ- | piʔpɘk- | |
| chest |
| tɘʔ-tɘʔ ‘breast (of birds)’ | tʃiʔ-tɘk | |
| soroʔ | suluʔ | ||
| cicada |
| kaʔyora | kað̞ula | |
| condor |
| tamɘ | tamɘk | |
| noʔnoʔ | luʔluʔ | ||
| cover:CL |
| -tɘʔ | -tɘk | |
| cunchi |
| toʔwan | tuʔwan | |
| cunchi (fish sp.) |
| ikia-na < *îkîa-a | ikɘλa-la | |
| cunchi, tullu uma |
| toʔwan | tuʔwan | |
| iʔsa | iʃa | ||
| ear |
| wɘ-ra-tɘʔ | wɘk | |
| earth |
| noʔpaʔ | luʔpaʔ | |
| earth:CL |
| -nuʔ | - luʔ | |
| egg |
| kayoʔ | kað̞uʔ | |
| evening star |
| iʔwa-yo | ɘrʔwa-ð̞u | |
| feather, bodily hair |
| anporoʔ | anpuluʔ | |
| fire |
| pɘn | pɘn | |
| firewood |
| iwɘ | ð̞iwɘk | |
| fish |
| sami | samɘr | |
| floodplain |
| tɘtɘ-pi ~ tɘti-wi | tʃitɘk-pi-luʔ | |
| flower |
| yanko | ð̞anku | |
| foot |
| nan-tɘʔ | lan-tɘk | |
| isa | ɘksa | ||
| ɘpɘ ~ ipɘ | ipɘk | ||
| hair |
| ain | ɘrn | |
| head |
| motoʔ | mutuʔ | |
| horn |
| pomon | pɘnmun | |
| house |
| pɘiʔ | pið̞ɘk | |
| huaman samana tree |
| anpinian | anpɘnɲan | |
| naman | laman | ||
| aʔnanan | aʔlanan | ||
| huito tree |
| isa | ɘksa | |
| husband |
| suʔya, suʔ-in | suð̞a, suð̞-in | |
| panpɘ | panpɘk-lu | ||
| niʔniʔ | ɲiɲiʔ(-wa) | ||
| knee |
| toʔtopi | tuʔtuʔpi | |
| leaf for the roof |
| pani-ra | paʎi | |
| leg |
| tona | tula | |
| liquid:CL |
| -iʔ | -ð̞ɘk | |
| nika-ra | nɘrka-la | ||
| louse |
| tɘmɘn | tʃimɘn | |
| macana fish |
| ʃiʔwi-roʔ | sɘrwin | |
| maize |
| ʃiʔʃiʔ < *tîʔtîʔ | tʃitɘr ~ tʃitɘrʔ | |
| mammal sp. |
| poʔʃi ‘squirrel sp.’ | puʔsɘr ‘pygmy-marmoset’ | |
| kiʔ | kɘrʔ | ||
| toʔya | tuð̞a | ||
| moriche palm |
| ʃipi < *tîpî | tʃipɘr ~ tʃipɘrʔ | |
| mosquito net |
| ʃipi-tɘʔ < *tîpî-tɘʔ | tʃipɘr-tʃɘk ~ tʃipɘt-tʃɘk | |
| mouth, language |
| nanan / nanam-ɘn | ||
| musmuque monkey |
| kuwi | kuð̞ɘk | |
| nail |
| toʔ-tɘ-ra-tɘʔ | tuʔtɘk-la | |
| name |
| ninin | ʎinʎin | |
| nose |
| ni-tɘʔ | nɘrtʃɘk ~ nɘttʃɘk | |
| anaʃi | anasɘr | ||
| otter |
| ini | ð̞ɘnɲi | |
| over |
| ai- | að̞i- | |
| pain in the eye |
| yaʔpi-ra ‘eye’ | ð̞api- | |
| pineapple |
| ʃinpa | sɘrnpa | |
| tanko ‘platanillo’ | tanku ‘banana’ | ||
| porcupine |
| sɘsɘʔ ~ sɘsɘ | sisɘk ~ siʔsɘk | |
| pressing with fingernails |
| iʔ- | ð̞ɘk- | |
| pucacuru ant |
| nipi | lipɘr-λa | |
| pus |
| yoniʔ | ð̞ulɘrʔ-yuʔ | |
| rain |
| oʔnan | uʔlan | |
| recently/late, afternoon |
| iʔwa | ɘrʔwa | |
| reed |
| ʃiwi | siwɘn-ɲan | |
| river mouth |
| tʃinpinam-ɘn | tʃinpɘnɲan | |
| root |
| i-tɘʔ | i-tɘk | |
| rope |
| ina-rin | ila-ʎin | |
| pawara | panwala | ||
| sand |
| i-nu-tɘʔ | ð̞ɘ-λuʔ-tɘk | |
| scare |
| aiwan | að̞iwan- | |
| shrimp |
| wan-ʃa | wan-ʃɘn | |
| sister (of a man) |
| oʃi, uʃi | utɘr | |
| sister (of a woman) |
| kai, 3 kai-n | kað̞ɘk, kað̞ɘ-n | |
| sour |
| ai- | ɘr- | |
| sweet |
| kaʃi | kasɘr | |
| termite |
| iʔtɘrɘʔ | ɘttʃɘkla | |
| thief (> to steal) |
| apiʔ | apɘr- | |
| thin |
| ʃimɘn- | simɘn | |
| thorn |
| nawan | lawan | |
| tick |
| tɘpa | tɘkpa | |
| to believe |
| natɘ- | latɘk- | |
| to bite |
| kɘtɘ- | kitɘk | |
| to burn |
| aʔpɘ- | apɘk- | |
| to burn (vt.) |
| iʔʃi- ‘to dip into salt’ < *yîʔsî- | ð̞iʔsɘrʔ | |
| to bury |
| paʔpi- | papɘrʔ- | |
| to carry |
| pɘʔpɘ- | piʔpɘk- | |
| to climb |
| nanpɘ- | nanpɘk- | |
| to come |
| wɘʔ- | wɘk- | |
| to crawl |
| patɘ- | patɘk- | |
| to cut |
| pɘʔtɘ- | pɘktɘk- | |
| to die |
| tʃimin- | tʃimin- | |
| to die out |
| taki- | takɘrʔ | |
| to eat, to have sex |
| kaʔ- | kaʔ- | |
| to end |
| nani- ‘to end’ | nanɘrʔ- ‘to forget, to flee’ | |
| to fly |
| pɘn- | pɘn- | |
| to fry, to singe |
| kɘ-t- | kɘk- | |
| to gnaw |
| wɘno- | wɘklu- | |
| to jump |
| nii- | inð̞ɘk | |
| to kneel |
| ison- | yɘnsun- | |
| to know |
| nowi- | luwɘr- | |
| to meet (to find?) |
| na-kapi- | kapɘrʔ- | |
| to plant |
| ʃaʔ- | tɘra- | |
| to pour |
| paʃi- ‘to perfume’ | pasɘrʔ- | |
| to see |
| niʔ- | ʎiʔ- | |
| to sting |
| wi- | wɘr- | |
| to suck, to lick |
| iro- | iluʔ- | |
| to sweep |
| wɘtɘ- ‘to extend’ | witɘk- | |
| to tie |
| tonpoʔ ‘bundle’, tonpo- ~ tɘnpo- | tɘnpuʔ- | |
| to untie |
| iʔki-ri- | ɘkkɘr | |
| tokon | tukun | ||
| tongue |
| nɘnɘ-ra | ɲinɘk-la | |
| toucan |
| yoʔwin | ð̞uwin | |
| trace |
| iʔna- | ɘrʔʎa | |
| vein, sinew, tendon |
| ipa-tɘʔ | ɘrpa-tɘk | |
| vine:CL |
| -rin | -lin | |
| vulture |
| sopoʔ | supuʔ | |
| water |
| iʔ | ð̞ɘk | |
| who |
| in | ð̞ɘn | |
| wound (> to get spoilt, ugly) |
| apiʔ | apɘrʔ | |
| yanguaturi (armadillo sp.) |
| ɘpɘ/ipɘ | ipɘk | |
| you |
| kɘma | kɘnma |
Valenzuela (2011) gives the following Swadesh list table for the Proto-Cahuapana, Jebero, and Chayahuita.[5]
| no. | Spanish gloss | English gloss | Proto-Cahuapana | Chayahuita | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | yo, me, a mí | I |
| kʷa, -ku | ka, ku | |
| 2 | tú | you |
| kənma | kɨma | |
| 3a | nosotros (exclusivo) | we (exclusive) |
| kuða | kija | |
| 3b | nosotros (inclusivo) | we (inclusive) |
| kənmuʔwa | kanpuwa, kamuwa | |
| 4 | este | this |
| asuʔ | isuʔ | |
| 5 | él, ella | he, she |
| nana | iná | |
| 6 | ¿quién? | who? | ðən | intaʔ | ||
| 7 | ¿qué? | what? |
| maʔnən | maʔtaʔ | |
| 8 | no | no |
| kuʔlaʔ | kuʔ | |
| 9a | todos | all (pl.) | iɲəɾðapəɾ | kaʔipinan | ||
| 9b | todo | all (sg.) | iɲə | jaʔipiɾa | ||
| 10 | mucho | many |
| nakusuʔ | naʔkun 'muchos' ("many, pl.") | |
| 11 | uno | one |
| alaʔsaʔ | aʔnaʔ | |
| 12 | dos | two |
| katuʔtaʔ | katuʔ | |
| 13 | grande | big | aʔʎupi | panka | ||
| 14 | largo | long | ʃin | napuɾupi | ||
| 15 | pequeño | small | aʔməɾ | waʔwiʃin | ||
| 16 | mujer | woman | kuʔapəɾ | sanapi | ||
| 17 | hombre, varón | man, male | ənmupinən | kɨmapi | ||
| 18 | persona | person | muðaʔ | pijapi | ||
| 19 | pájaro | bird | ʃunpula | inaiɾa | ||
| 20a | jaguar | jaguar |
| ɲiɲiʔ | niʔniʔ | |
| 20b | perro | dog | ɲiɲiʔwa | niʔniɾa | ||
| 21 | piojo | louse |
| tʃimən | tɨmɨn | |
| 22 | árbol | tree |
| nala | naɾa | |
| 23 | semilla, ojo | seed, eye |
| laða | -ɾaja 'cara, ojo, semilla' ("face, eye, seed") | |
| 24 | hoja | sheet | lalumək | wɨɾun- | ||
| 25 | raíz | root |
| iɾək | itɨʔ | |
| 26 | corteza | bark | tʃipiɾək | ʃaʔwɨtɨʔ | ||
| 27 | piel | skin | tʃipitək | ʃaʔwɨtɨʔ | ||
| 28 | carne | meat | tʃutʃu | nuʃa | ||
| 29 | sangre | blood | uklaðək | wɨnaiʔ | ||
| 30 | hueso | bone |
| lansiʔ | nansɨʔ | |
| 31 | grasa | fat, grease |
| ija- | ija- 'freír' | |
| 32 | fuego | fire |
| pən | pɨn | |
| 33 | huevo | egg |
| kaðuʔ | kajuʔ | |
| 34 | sangre | blood | wiʔwək | pumun | ||
| 35 | hueso | bone | ʎintək | winan | ||
| 36 | pluma | feather |
| anpuluʔ | anpuɾuʔ | |
| 37 | pez | fish |
| saməɾ | sami | |
| 38 | pelo | hair |
| əntʃək | ain | |
| 39 | cabeza | head |
| mutuʔ | mutuʔ | |
| 40 | oreja | ear |
| wiʔwək | wɨɾatɨʔ | |
| 41 | ojo | eye |
| ðapi- 'doler el ojo' ("the eye hurts") | jaʔpiɾa | |
| 41b | ojo, cara | eye, face | laða | -ɾaja 'clasificador' ("classifier") | ||
| 42 | uña | nail |
| tuʔtəkla | tuʔtɨɾatɨʔ | |
| 43 | respirar | breathe |
| nəʔttʃək (< nəɾ + -tək) | nitɨʔ | |
| 44 | boca | mouth |
| laʔlaʔ | nanan | |
| 45 | diente | tooth |
| latək | natiʔ | |
| 46 | lengua | tongue |
| ɲinəkla | nɨnɨɾa | |
| 47 | pie | foot |
| lantək | nantɨʔ | |
| 48 | rodilla | knee |
| tuʔtuʔpi | tuʔtupitɨʔ | |
| 49 | mano | hand | itəkla | imiɾa | ||
| 50 | barriga | belly |
| məɾpi; ikəɾ-ðu(ʔ) 'doler la baɾɾiga' ("the belly hurts") | juʔnau | |
| 51 | cuello | neck |
| kulupi 'manzana de Adán' ("Adam's apple") | kunupi | |
| 52 | seno | breast | muðin | ʃuʔʃu | ||
| 53 | corazón | heart |
| ðinlupi | ninupi | |
| 54 | hígado | liver |
| kankan | kankan | |
| 55 | beber | drink |
| u- | uʔu | |
| 56 | comer | eat |
| kaʔ- | kaʔ | |
| 57 | morder | bite |
| kitək- | kɨtɨ- | |
| 58 | ver | see |
| ʎiʔ- | niʔ- | |
| 59 | oír | hear | lawək- | natan- | ||
| 60 | saber | know | ɲintʃi- 'aprender' ("to catch") | nitotɨ- | ||
| 61 | dormir | sleep |
| witʃiʔ- | wɨʔɨ- | |
| 62 | morir | die |
| tʃimin- | tʃimin- | |
| 63 | matar | kill | ðiʔ- | tɨpa- | ||
| 64 | nadar | swim |
| iðun- | jun- | |
| 65 | volar | fly |
| pənnuʔ- | pɨn- | |
| 66 | ir | go |
| paʔ- | paʔ- | |
| 67 | venir | come |
| wək- | wɨ- | |
| 68 | estar echado, echarse | lying down | pəkkwaʔ- | kɨwɨn- 'echarse' ("to lie down") | ||
| 69 | estar sentado, sentarse | seated | ðuʔ- | wɨnsɨ- | ||
| 70 | estar parado | standing up |
| wanəɾ- | wani- | |
| 71 | dar | give | ənkaʔ- | kɨtɨ- | ||
| 72 | decir | say |
| (i)ɾ- | itɨ- 'dice' ("say") | |
| 73 | sol | sun | kəkki | piʔi | ||
| 74 | luna | moon |
| ðukəɾ | juki | |
| 75 | estrella | star |
| tanðula | tajuɾa | |
| 76 | agua | water | ðək | iʔʃa, tɨʔkɨin 'río' ("river") | ||
| 77 | lluvia | rain |
| uʔlan | uʔnan | |
| 78 | piedra | stone |
| laʔpi | naʔpi | |
| 79 | arena | sand | ðəʎuʔtɨk, kaʎiluʔ | inutɨʔ | ||
| 80 | tierra | earth |
| lupaʔ | nuʔpaʔ | |
| 81 | nube | cloud | ðinpanluʔtək | wiɾiɾuʔtɨ, jaɾaɾuʔtɨ, piʔiɾutɨ, ʃituɾuʔ | ||
| 82 | humo | smoke | kəʎu | kunaiʔ | ||
| 83 | ceniza | ashes |
| pənðaluʔ | januʔ | |
| 84 | quemar(se) | burn |
| wəʔkəɾ- | wiki- | |
| 85 | camino | road | intʃilala | iɾa | ||
| 86a | cerro | mountain |
| mutupi | mutupi | |
| 86b | selva | jungle |
| tanan | tanan | |
| 87 | rojo | red | pipəɾ | kɨwan | ||
| 88 | verde | green | wawa 'una fruta' ("a fruit"), aðawaʔ 'opaco' ("opaque") | kanuɾa | ||
| 89 | amarillo | yellow |
| ʃaʔpiʔ | ʃaʔpitun | |
| 90 | blanco | white | ðaða | wiɾitun | ||
| 91 | negro | black | kəɾ | jaɾatun | ||
| 92 | noche | night | kasisəɾ 'oscuro' ("dark") | taʃiʔ | ||
| 93 | gusano | worm |
| kuweɾ 'lombriz' ("earthworm") | kuwiʔ | |
| 94 | frío | cold | sanək | sɨwɨn | ||
| 95 | lleno | full | muɾ | mɨntaʃa, mɨnta- 'estar lleno' ("to be full") | ||
| 96 | nuevo | new |
| nalu | naʃa | |
| 97 | bueno | good | mukankan, uʔtʃimu 'bonito' ("beautiful") | nuja | ||
| 98 | redondo | round | munkun | putʃin jaʔnuɾinsuʔ, tawiʃi | ||
| 99 | seco | dry | ən- 'estar seco' ("to be dry") | jakɨn | ||
| 100 | nombre | name |
| ʎi(n)ʎin | ninin |
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Cahuapanan languages.[2]
| gloss | Cahuapana | Chayavita | Jebero | Miquirá | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | ara | haná | aláʔatsa | ||
| two | katu | kató | katáta | ||
| three | kara | kará | kála | ||
| head | mutu | mostó | móto | hu-mato | |
| ear | buek | wuiraté | wuíoga | ||
| tooth | nate | naté | látek | ||
| fire | puín | puíng | pön | punga | |
| stone | napí | napí | láʔapi | napi | |
| sun | kéki | pií | köki | kogua | |
| moon | matáshi | yuxkí | rúkör | rúki | |
| maize | tötrla | shiʔishí | chíter | chichi | |
| dog | nini | niʔíni | niní | nini | |
| boat | nũng | ñong | ñung | nunga |