Katherine Ortega Courtney Explained

Katherine Ortega Courtney is an American psychologist and author who co-developed the 100% Community model, a theoretical framework designed to guide the state and local work of preventing two interrelated public health and education challenges: adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adverse social determinants of health (SDH). As bureau chief of New Mexico's Child Protective Services Research, Assessment, and Data Bureau and developer of a data-scholars program for child welfare managers across the nation, she saw firsthand child welfare's lack of capacity to implement a data-driven strategy to prevent maltreatment by ensuring families had access to the vital services of medical care, mental health care, food security programs, and safe housing.

Background on ACEs

The 100% Community model calls for state and local strategies that go upstream to prevent ACEs and ACEs-related trauma before they occur. ACEs are ten forms of abuse and neglect that occur in the home, first identified in The ACEs Study in 1998 by Felitti, Anda and team.[1] ACEs can lead to trauma and substance use disorders linked with low school achievement, lack of job readiness, domestic violence, child welfare involvement, and other lifelong effects.[2] [3] [4] [5]

There are also economic costs that ACEs incur.[6] The ACEs Study called for reforms in public health and providing parents with family services shown to increase family functioning and prevent maltreatment. The study's recommendation did not lead to federal, state, or local policies that would ensure vital services to prevent ACEs. Instead, ACEs became viewed by healthcare providers and educators as a problem that could be addressed after ACEs and ACEs-related trauma occurred, through a practice called trauma-informed practice. The 100% Community model provides to local stakeholders, including elected officials, the strategies to ensure all families have access to the services shown to prevent ACEs and treat ACEs-related trauma, including healthcare.

Background on social determinants of health

The article "A Critical Assessment of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study at 20 Years" called for promoting an ACEs prevention strategy that was guided by an understanding of the social determinants of health,[7] [8] [9] [10] which is the environment children grow up in and includes the services that determine one's health, safety, education and quality of life.

These services include medical care, mental healthcare, food security programs, affordable housing, transportation, parent supports, early childhood learning programs, fully-resourced community schools[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] with health centers,[16] [17] [18] youth mentor programs, and job training.

The research focused on building the positive social determinants of health identifies not only vital family services but state and local policies that determine environmental health, social justice, cultural and faith-based social supports, and education from pre-K through higher education that aligns with the job market. The social determinants of health is a concept that became popularized in public health circles in the 1970s yet a criticism is that public health leaders have not articulated a blueprint for transforming the adverse social determinants of health (lack of services and policies protecting resident's health) into the positive social determinants of health [19] There exists a problem in policy circles, as the advocates for the positive SDH may lack a cohesive definition of SDH and specific policies that policymakers can support on the federal, state, and local levels.[20] The goal of the 100% Community model is to provide goals and processes for improving vital services that represent the social determinants of health. The model articulates a public policy process that provides a roadmap for elected leaders to follow with policy implementation on every level of government.

Advocacy

Courtney is currently a co-director of the Anna, Age Eight Institute at New Mexico State University, the sponsor of the 100% New Mexico initiative. Her doctorate work at Texas Christian University was in experimental psychology focused on substance abuse treatment and prevention. She is also the co-author, with Dominic Cappello, of Anna, Age Eight: The data-driven prevention of childhood trauma and maltreatment.

Courtney's work focuses on the data-driven prevention of ACEs and SDH guide state and local leadership in their work transforming the adverse social determinants of health into positive ones, thus reducing rates of ACEs, ACEs-related trauma, low school achievement, substance use disorders, and other costly public health and education challenges.

Courtney's work in social change also calls for transparency in government to increase trust, responsiveness, and effectiveness with health and education policy that leads to measurable results.[21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26]

Books

Notes and References

  1. Felitti. V. J.. Anda. R. F.. Nordenberg. D.. Williamson. D. F.. Spitz. A. M.. Edwards. V.. Koss. M. P.. Marks. J. S.. May 1998. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 14. 4. 245–258. 0749-3797. 9635069. 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8. free.
  2. Wood. David L.. Pascoe. John. McGuinn. Laura. Garner. Andrew S.. Earls. Marian F.. Dobbins. Mary I.. Siegel. Benjamin S.. The Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. Committee on Early Childhood. Garner. Andrew S.. 2012-01-01. The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress. Pediatrics. en. 129. 1. e232–e246. 10.1542/peds.2011-2663. 0031-4005. 22201156. free.
  3. Grey . H.R. . Ford . K. . Bellis . M.A. . Lowey . H. . Wood . S. . Associations between childhood deaths and adverse childhood experiences: An audit of data from a child death overview panel . Child Abuse & Neglect . April 2019 . 90 . 22–31 . 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.020 . 73432221 . free .
  4. Scully . C. . McLaughlin . J. . Fitzgerald . A. . The relationship between adverse childhood experiences, family functioning, and mental health problems among children and adolescents: A systematic review. . Journal of Family Therapy . 21 May 2019 . 42 . 2 . 291–316 . 10.1111/1467-6427.12263 . 181895223 . 7 June 2023.
  5. Shonkoff . J.P. . Garner . A.S. . Siegel . B.S. . Dobbins . M.I. . Earls . M.F. . McGuinn . L. . Pascoe . J. . Wood . D.L. . The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress . Pediatrics . 1 January 2012 . 129 . 1 . 232–246 . 10.1542/peds.2011-2663 . 22201156 . 535692 . 7 June 2023. free .
  6. Fang . X. . Brown . D.S. . Florence . C.S. . Mercy . J.A. . The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention . Child Abuse & Neglect . February 2012 . 36 . 2 . 156–165 . 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.10.006 . 22300910 . 3776454 .
  7. 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.10.016. 30803781. A Critical Assessment of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Study at 20 Years. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 56. 6. 790–794. 2019. McEwen. Craig A.. Gregerson. Scout F.. 73499502 .
  8. Web site: Social Determinants of Health . Healthy People 2020 . 7 June 2023.
  9. Book: Cappa . C. . Giulivi . S. . Adolescent Health and Wellbeing . 15 November 2019 . Springer, Cham . 978-3-030-25816-0 . 205–229 . https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-25816-0_10 . 7 June 2023 . Adolescence and Social Determinants of Health: Family and Community. 10.1007/978-3-030-25816-0_10 . 210553568 .
  10. Carey . G. . Crammond . B. . Systems change for the social determinants of health . BMC Public Health . 14 July 2015 . 15 . 1 . 662 . 10.1186/s12889-015-1979-8 . 26168785 . 4501117 . free .
  11. Anderson . J.A. . Chen . M.E. . Min . M. . Watkins . L.L. . Successes, challenges, and future directions for an Urban Full Service Community schools initiative . Education and Urban Society . 18 December 2017 . 51 . 7 . 894–921 . 10.1177/0013124517747032 . 149061327 . 7 June 2023.
  12. Anderson-Butcher . D. . Transforming Schools into 21st Century community learning centers . Children & Schools . October 2004 . 26 . 4 . 248–252 . 10.1093/cs/26.4.248 . 7 June 2023.
  13. Biag . M. . Castrechini . S. . Coordinated Strategies to Help the Whole Child: Examining the Contributions of Full-Service Community Schools . Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk . 3 June 2016 . 21 . 3 . 157–173 . 10.1080/10824669.2016.1172231 . 147782892 . 7 June 2023.
  14. Book: Caldas . S.J. . Gómez . D.W. . Ferrara . J.A. . A comparative analysis of the impact of a full-service community school on student achievement . 10.4324/9781003010388-2 . 9781003010388 . 2020 . 242737923 .
  15. Daniel . J. . Malone . H.L.S. . Kirkland . D.E . A Step Closer to Racial Equity: Towards a Culturally Sustaining Model for Community Schools . Urban Education . 14 October 2020 . 58 . 9 . 2058–2088 . 10.1177/0042085920954906 . 225135506 .
  16. Arenson . M. . Hudson . P.J. . Lee . N.H. . Lai . B. . The evidence on school-Based Health Centers: A Review . Global Pediatric Health . 19 February 2019 . 6 . 2333794X1982874 . 10.1177/2333794x19828745 . 30815514 . 6381423 .
  17. Bersamin . M. . Garbers . S. . Gold . M.A. . Heitel . J. . Martin . K. . Fisher . D.A. . Santelli . J. . Measuring Success: Evaluation Designs and approaches to assessing the impact of school-based health centers . Journal of Adolescent Health . January 2016 . 58 . 1 . 3–10 . 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.018 . 26707224 . 4693147 . 7 June 2023.
  18. Dunfee . M.N. . School-Based Health Centers in the United States: Roots, reality, and potential . Journal of School Health . 21 June 2020 . 90 . 8 . 665–670 . 10.1111/josh.12914 . 32567122 . 219975227 . 7 June 2023.
  19. Dyar . O.J. . Haglund . B.J. . Melder . C. . Skillington . T. . Kristenson . M. . Sarkadi . A. . Rainbows over the world's public health: determinants of health models in the past, present, and future . Scandinavian Journal of Public Health . 8 September 2022 . 50 . 7 . 1047–1058 . 10.1177/14034948221113147 . 252160816 . free .
  20. Exworthy . M. . Policy to tackle the social determinants of health: using conceptual models to understand the policy process . Health Policy and Planning . September 2008 . 23 . 5 . 318–327 . 10.1093/heapol/czn022 . 18701553 . 7 June 2023.
  21. Alt . J.E. . Lassen . D.D. . Skilling . D. . Fiscal Transparency, Gubernatorial Approval, and the Scale of Government: Evidence from the States . State Politics & Policy Quarterly . 25 January 2021 . 2 . 3 . 230–250 . 10.1177/153244000200200302 . 17515954 . 8 June 2023.
  22. Cucciniello . M. . Nasi . G. . Transparency for trust in government: How effective is formal transparency? . International Journal of Public Administration . 6 November 2014 . 37 . 13 . 911–921 . 10.1080/01900692.2014.949754 . 154461512 . 8 June 2023.
  23. Fenster . M . The transparency fix: Advocating legal rights and their alternatives in the pursuit of a visible state . University of Pittsburgh Law Review . 15 September 2015 . 73 . 3 . 10.2139/ssrn.1918154 . 1918154 . 8 June 2023.
  24. Khurshid . M.M. . Zakaria . N.H. . Rashid . A. . Ahmad . M.N. . Arfeen . M.I. . Faisal Shehzad . H.M. . Modeling of open government data for public sector organizations using the potential theories and determinants—a systematic review . Informatics . 21 July 2020 . 7 . 3 . 24 . 10.3390/informatics7030024 . free .
  25. Lyrio . M.V. . Lunkes . R.j. . Taliani . E.T. . Thirty Years of studies on transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector: The State of the art and opportunities for future research . Public Integrity . 8 February 2018 . 20 . 5 . 512–533 . 10.1080/10999922.2017.1416537 . 148820178 .
  26. Matheus . R. . Janssen . M. . A systematic literature study to unravel transparency enabled by Open Government Data: The window theory . Public Performance & Management Review . 4 December 2019 . 43 . 3 . 503–534 . 10.1080/15309576.2019.1691025 . 214262871 . free .

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