Lak language explained
| Lak |
| Nativename: | лакку маз
lakku maz|italic=no
لاکّو ماز |
| States: | North Caucasus |
| Region: | Mountain Dagestan |
| Ethnicity: | Laks |
| Speakers: | 152,050 |
| Date: | 2010 census |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Script: | Cyrillic (Lak alphabet)
Latin (formerly)
Arabic (formerly) |
| Familycolor: | Caucasian |
| Fam1: | Northeast Caucasian |
| Iso3: | lbe |
| Glotto: | lakk1252 |
| Glottorefname: | Lak |
| Map: | Northeast Caucasian languages.png |
| Map2: | Lang Status 80-VU.svg |
| Pronunciation: | pronounced as /[lakːu maz]/ |
Lak (лакку маз, [''lakːu maz'']) is a Northeast Caucasian language forming its own branch within this family. It is the language of the Lak people from the Russian autonomous republic of Dagestan, where it is one of six standardized languages. It is spoken by about 157,000 people.
History
In 1864 Russian ethnographer and linguist P. K. Uslar wrote: "Kazikumukh grammar or as I called it for short in the native language, the Lak grammar, Lakku maz, the Lak language, is ready".[1]
In 1890, P. K. Uslar compiled a textbook on Lak grammar titled The Lak Language. It stated under the title "Lak alphabet": "The proposed alphabet is written for people who name themselves collectively Lak, genitive Lakral. From among these people each one is named separately Lakkuchu 'Lakian man', the woman – Lakkusharssa 'Lakian woman'. Their homeland they name Lakral kIanu – 'Lak place'."
Lak has throughout the centuries adopted a number of loanwords from Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and Russian.[2] Ever since Dagestan was part of the Soviet Union and later Russia, the largest portion of loanwords have come from Russian, especially political and technical vocabulary. There is a newspaper and broadcasting station in Lak.[3]
In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Dagestan of 1994, Lak was named as the state language along with Russian and some other major languages spoken in Dagestan (about 20 local languages are unwritten and have no official status). Lak is used as a teaching tool in elementary school and taught as a subject in secondary schools, vocational schools and universities. There is a Lak newspaper, "Ilchi".
The standard Lak language is based on the dialect of the city of Kumukh. This city should not be confused with the Kumyk ethnic group, a Turkic people also present in the Caucasus. Lak has the following dialects: Kumukh, Vitskhi, Arakul, Balkhar, Shadni, Shalib, Vikhli, Kuli, and Kaya.
Initially Lak by lexicon was found to be close to Dargin and the two were often combined in one Lak–Dargin subgroup of Dagestani languages. However, further research has led linguists to conclude that this association was insufficient.
Phonology
Consonants
Consonants[4] [5] | Labial | Dental | Postalveolar | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
|---|
| | | | | |
|---|
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | | | | | | | |
|---|
| Plosive | voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | | pronounced as /link/ | |
|---|
| voiceless lenis | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | pronounced as /link/ |
|---|
| voiceless fortis | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | |
|---|
| ejective | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | |
|---|
| Affricate | voiceless lenis | | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | | | | | |
|---|
| voiceless fortis | | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | | | | | |
|---|
| ejective | | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | | | | | |
|---|
| Fricative | voiceless lenis | | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | pronounced as /link/ |
|---|
| voiceless fortis | | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | |
|---|
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ ~ pronounced as /link/ ~ pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | |
|---|
| Trill | | pronounced as /link/ | | | | | | | pronounced as /link/ | |
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| Approximant | | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | | | | | | | | |
|---|
According to Catford (1977), some dialects have /t͡p, d͡b, t͡pʼ/.[6]
Vowels
Five vowels are presented as /i, e, a, o, u/. Three vowels /i, a, u/ are also pharyngealized as /iˤ, aˤ, uˤ/, and also have allophones of [e, æ, œ,].[7]
Grammar
Lak is one of the few North East Caucasian languages with verbal agreement for person. It generally only distinguishes between speech-act participants and non-speech-act participants. In other words, the first- and second-person agreement markers are the same.[8]
| Singular | Plural |
|---|
| 1,2 | -ra | -ru |
| 3 | -r / -ri / -∅ | |
The free pronouns of Lak do distinguish first and second person.
| Singular | Plural |
|---|
| | | |
|---|
| 1 | na | tːu- | žu(-) |
| 2 | ina | wi- | zu(-) | |
Writing systems
The Lak language was written using the Arabic script until 1928. Afterwards it was written with a Latin alphabet for ten years, and since 1938 it has been written in Cyrillic.
The Lak alphabet in Cyrillic initially included 48 letters and later 54 letters with double letters as "тт", "пп", "чч", "хьхь", etc.:
| А а | Аь аь | Б б | В в | Г г | Гъ гъ | Гь гь | Д д |
| Е е | Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Къ къ |
| Кь кь | Кӏ кӏ | Л л | М м | Н н | О о | Оь оь | П п |
| Пп пп | Пӏ пӏ | Р р | С с | Т т | Тӏ тӏ | У у | Ф ф |
| Х х | Хъ хъ | Хь хь | Хӏ хӏ | Ц ц | Цӏ цӏ | Ч ч | Чӏ чӏ |
| Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я | |
Writing Comparison Table
Compiled according to,[9] [10] [11]
Cyrillic
alphabet | Latin
(1930s) | Perso-Arabic | IPA[12] |
|---|
| А а | A a|italic=no | آ | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | | Аь аь | Ә ә|italic=no | أ | pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /link/ | | Б б | B b|italic=no | ب | pronounced as /link/ | | В в | V v|italic=no | و | pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /link/ | | Г г | G g|italic=no | گ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Гъ]] гъ | Ƣ ƣ|italic=no | غ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Гь]] гь | H h|italic=no | ھ | pronounced as /link/ | | Д д | D d|italic=no | د | pronounced as /link/ | | Е е | e, Je je|italic=no | اە | pronounced as /[je]/, pronounced as /link/ | | Ё ё | Jo jo|italic=no | - | pronounced as /[jo]/ | | Ж ж | Ƶ ƶ|italic=no | ژ، ج | pronounced as /link/ | | З з | Z z|italic=no | ز | pronounced as /link/ | | И и | I i|italic=no | اى | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | | Й й | J j|italic=no | ی | pronounced as /link/ | | К к | K k|italic=no | ک | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Къ]] къ | Q q|italic=no | ڠ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Кк]] кк | Kk kk|italic=no | کّ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Кь]] кь | Ꝗ ꝗ|italic=no | ق | pronounced as /link/ | | [[КӀ]] кӀ | Ⱪ ⱪ|italic=no | ࢰ | pronounced as /link/ | | Л л | L l|italic=no | ل | pronounced as /link/ | | М м | M m|italic=no | م | pronounced as /link/ | | Н н | N n|italic=no | ن | pronounced as /link/ | | О о | O o|italic=no | اؤ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Оь]] оь | Ө ө|italic=no | اۊ | pronounced as /link/~pronounced as /link/ | | П п | P p|italic=no | پ | pronounced as /link/ | | Пп пп | Pp pp|italic=no | پّ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[ПӀ]] пӀ | Ҏ ҏ|italic=no | ڢ | pronounced as /link/ | | Р р | R r|italic=no | ر | pronounced as /link/ | | С с | S s|italic=no | س | pronounced as /link/ | | Сс сс | Ss ss|italic=no | سّ | pronounced as /link/ | | Т т | T t|italic=no | ت | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Тт]] тт | Tt tt|italic=no | تّ | pronounced as /link/ | | ТӀ тӀ | T̨ t̨|italic=no | ط | pronounced as /link/ | | У у | U u|italic=no | او | pronounced as /link/, pronounced as /link/ | | Ф ф | F f|italic=no | ف | pronounced as /link/ | | Х х | X x|italic=no | خ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Хх]] хх | Xx xx|italic=no | خّ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Хъ]] хъ | Ӿ ӿ|italic=no | څ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Хь]] хь | Ҳ ҳ|italic=no | ؼ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Хьхь]] хьхь | Ҳҳ ҳҳ|italic=no | ؼّ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[ХӀ]] хӀ | ħ|italic=no[13] | ح | pronounced as /link/ | | Ц ц | Ꞩ ꞩ|italic=no | ڝ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Цц]] цц | Ꞩꞩ ꞩꞩ|italic=no | ڝّ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[ЦӀ]] цӀ | Ⱬ ⱬ|italic=no | ڗ | pronounced as /link/ | | Ч ч | C c|italic=no | چ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[Чч]] чч | Cc cc|italic=no | چّ | pronounced as /link/ | | [[ЧӀ]] чӀ | Ç ç|italic=no | ڃ | pronounced as /link/ | | Ш ш | Ş ş|italic=no | ش | pronounced as /link/ | | Щ щ | Şc şc|italic=no | شّ | pronounced as /link/ | | Ъ ъ | ’|italic=no | ئ | pronounced as /link/ | | Ы ы | - | - | | | Ь ь | - | - | | | Э э | E e|italic=no | اە | pronounced as /link/ | | Ю ю | Ju ju, Ө ө|italic=no | اۊ | pronounced as /[ju]/, pronounced as /link/ | | Я я | Ja ja, Ә ә|italic=no | أ | pronounced as /[ja]/,pronounced as /link/ | | - | ⱨ|italic=no | ع | | | - | Ꞓ ꞓ|italic=no | ڃ | | |
| Perso-Arabic | Cyrillic | Latin | IPA |
|---|
| آ / ـا | А а | A a|italic=no | [a], [ə], [ɛ] | | أ | Аь аь | Ә ә|italic=no | [æ]~[ɛ] | | ب | Б б | B b|italic=no | [b] | | ت | Т т | T t|italic=no | [t] | | تّ | Тт тт | Tt tt|italic=no | [t:] | | ث | С с | S s|italic=no | [s] | | پ | П п | P p|italic=no | [p] | | پّ | Пп пп | Pp pp|italic=no | [p:] | | ج | Ж ж | Ƶ ƶ|italic=no | [ʒ] | | ح | ХӀ хӀ | Ħ ħ|italic=no | [ħ] | | خ | Х х | X x|italic=no | [χ] | | خّ | Хх хх | Xx xx|italic=no | [χ:] | | څ | Хъ хъ | Ӿ ӿ|italic=no | [q] | | چ | Ч ч | C c|italic=no | [ʧ] | | چّ | Чч чч | Cc cc|italic=no | [ʧ:] | | ڃ | ЧӀ чӀ | Ç ç|italic=no | [ʧʼ] | | د | Д д | D d|italic=no | [d] | | ذ | З з | Z z|italic=no | [z] | | ر | Р р | R r|italic=no | [r] | | ز | З з | Z z|italic=no | [z] | | ڗ | ЦӀ цӀ | Ⱬ ⱬ|italic=no | [ʦʼ] | | ژ | Ж ж | Ƶ ƶ|italic=no | [ʒ] | | س | С с | S s|italic=no | [s] | | سّ | Сс сс | Ss ss|italic=no | [s:] | | ش | Ш ш | Ş ş|italic=no | [ʃ] | | شّ | Щ щ | Şc şc|italic=no | [ʃʷ] | | ص | С с | S s|italic=no | [s] | | ض | З з | Z z|italic=no | [z] | | ڝ | Ц ц | Ꞩ ꞩ|italic=no | [ʦ] | | ڝّ | Цц цц | Ꞩꞩ ꞩꞩ|italic=no | [ʦ:] | | ط | ТӀ тӀ | T̨ t̨|italic=no | [tʼ] | | ظ | З з | Z z|italic=no | [z] | | ع | Ъ ъ | ’|italic=no | [ʔ] | | غ | Гъ гъ | Ƣ ƣ|italic=no | [ʁ] | | ڠ | Къ къ | Q q|italic=no | [qː] | | ف | Ф ф | F f|italic=no | [f] | | ڢ | ПӀ пӀ | Ҏ ҏ|italic=no | [pʼ] | | ق | Кь кь | Ꝗ ꝗ|italic=no | [qʼ] | | ک | К к | K k|italic=no | [k] | | کّ | Кк кк | Kk kk|italic=no | [k:] | | گ | Г г | G g|italic=no | [g] | | ࢰ | КӀ кӀ | Ⱪ ⱪ|italic=no | [kʼ] | | ؼ | Хь хь | Ҳ ҳ|italic=no | [x] | | ؼّ | Хьхь хьхь | Ҳҳ ҳҳ|italic=no | [x:] | | ل | Л л | L l|italic=no | [l] | | م | М м | M m|italic=no | [m] | | ن | Н н | N n|italic=no | [n] | | و | В в | V v|italic=no | [w]~[β] | | اؤ / ؤ | О о | O o|italic=no | [o] | | اۊ / ۊ | Оь оь | Ө ө|italic=no | [oˤ]~[ø] | | او / و | У у | U u|italic=no | [u], [y] | | ھ | Гь гь | H h|italic=no | [h] | | اە / ە | Е е
Э э | E e|italic=no | [e] | | ی | Й й | J j|italic=no | [j] | | ای / ی | И и | I i|italic=no | [i], [y] | | ئ | Ъ ъ | ’|italic=no | [ʔ] | |
| |
External links
Notes and References
- P. K. Uslar. Этнография Кавказа [Ethnography of the Caucasus]. Языкознание [Linguistics]. 4. Лакский язык [The Lak language]. Tbilisi, 1890.
- Словарь арабских и персидских лексических заимствований в лакском языке [Dictionary of Arabic and Persian lexical borrowings in Lak language]. N. B. Kurbaytayeva, I. I. Efyendiyev. Makhachkala, 2002.
- http://ilchi.etnosmi.ru Илчи – Lak newspaper
- http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/caucasus/nekklaut.htm#XFN5 Consonant Systems of the North-East Caucasian Languages on TITUS DIDACTICA
- https://web.archive.org/web/20090413144902/http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~wschulze/lak.pdf The Lak Language – A quick reference, by Wolfgang Schulze (2007)
- 2949334 . Mountain of Tongues: The Languages of the Caucasus . Catford . J. C. . Annual Review of Anthropology . 1977 . 6 . 283–314 . 10.1146/annurev.an.06.100177.001435 . free.
- Book: Anderson, Gregory D. S.. Lak phonology. University of Chicago. 1997. Kaye A (ed.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa (including the Caucasus).
- Helmbrecht, J. (1996). "The Syntax of Personal Agreement in East Caucasian Languages". Sprachtypol. Univ. Frsch. (STUF) 49:127–48. Cited in Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 26.
- Web site: 2022-04-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20220402173608/https://viewer.rusneb.ru/ru/rsl01005509731?page=177. Баку. 176–177. Новый алфавит для народностей Дагестана. Культура и письменность Востока. 1928. II.
- Web site: Lakh romanization. 2003-04-27. Institute of the Estonian Language. en. 2016-02-13. 2015-04-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20150427200122/http://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kbllbe.pdf. live.
- Yevlampiev, Ilya; Pentzlin, Karl; Joomagueldinov, Nurlan. (2011, May 20) Revised Proposal to encode Arabic characters used for Bashkir, Belarusian, Crimean Tatar, and Tatar languages - Unicodehttps://unicode.org/L2/L2011/11209-n4072-arabic.pdf
- The Lak Language — Лакку маз. A Quick Reference Author: Wolfgang Schulze (IATS, LMU Munich). 2007
- Removed in 1932
