Karlodinium veneficum explained

Karlodinium veneficum is a species of dinoflagellates belonging to the family Kareniaceae.[1] This species is predominantly inhabiting aquatic environments, particularly in temperate coastal regions.

Karlodinium veneficum genome sizes have been reported as ~20 pg/cell[2] and 4 pg/cell.[3]

This phytoplankton has the capacity to produce harmfull toxins, specifically karlotoxins, which have been associated with detrimental phenomena such as harmful algae blooms.[4] These blooms have been documented globally, spanning regions from South Africa[5] and Europe[6] to Australia, North America, and China. The repercussions of K. veneficum blooms include not only ecological concerns, also substantial economic and environmental impacts.

The species-specific toxins produced by K. veneficum, known as karlotoxins, belong to the amphidinol-like compound class, exhibiting hemolytic, ichthyotoxic, and cytotoxic properties. The toxins generated by this dinoflagellate have been implicated in massive fish kills during bloom events.[7]

K. veneficum is not confined to solitary blooms but frequently coexists with other phytoplankton species, such as Prorocentrum donghaiense and Karenia mikimotoi.[8] K. veneficum often proliferates into dense blooms following the decline of P. donghaiense.[9]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Karlodinium veneficum (D.Ballantine) J.Larsen 2000 :: Algaebase . www.algaebase.org . 29 October 2022.
  2. Figueroa . Rosa Isabel . Garcés . E. . Bravo . I. . The use of flow cytometry for species identification and life-cycle studies in dinoflagellates . Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography . Elsevier BV . 57 . 3–4 . 2010 . 0967-0645 . 10.1016/j.dsr2.2009.09.008 . 301–307. 2010DSRII..57..301F .
  3. Liu . Yuyang . Hu . Zhangxi . Deng . Yunyan . Shang . Lixia . Gobler . Christopher J. . Tang . Ying Zhong . Dependence of genome size and copy number of rRNA gene on cell volume in dinoflagellates . Harmful Algae . Elsevier BV . 109 . 2021 . 1568-9883 . 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102108 . 102108. 34815026 . 244318552 .
  4. Deeds . Jonathan R . Terlizzi . Daniel E . Adolf . Jason E . Stoecker . Diane K . Place . Allen R . 2002-06-01 . Toxic activity from cultures of Karlodinium micrum (=Gyrodinium galatheanum) (Dinophyceae)—a dinoflagellate associated with fish mortalities in an estuarine aquaculture facility . Harmful Algae . 1 . 2 . 169–189 . 10.1016/S1568-9883(02)00027-6 . 1568-9883.
  5. Web site: Gymnodinium galatheanum Braarud :: AlgaeBase . 2023-12-02 . www.algaebase.org.
  6. Carreto . J. I. . 2001-10-01 . Pigment profile of the ichthyotoxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sp. from a massive bloom in southern Chile . Journal of Plankton Research . 23 . 10 . 1171–1175 . 10.1093/plankt/23.10.1171 . 1464-3774. free .
  7. Van Wagoner . Ryan M. . Deeds . Jonathan R. . Satake . Masayuki . Ribeiro . Anthony A. . Place . Allen R. . Wright . Jeffrey L.C. . November 2008 . Isolation and characterization of karlotoxin 1, a new amphipathic toxin from Karlodinium veneficum . Tetrahedron Letters . en . 49 . 45 . 6457–6461 . 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.08.103 . 2928153 . 20798789.
  8. Zhou . Chengxu . Place . Allen R. . Yan . Xiaojun . Xu . Jilin . Luo . Qijun . William . Ernest . Jiang . Ying . November 2015 . Interactions between Karlodinium veneficum and Prorocentrum donghaiense from the East China Sea . Harmful Algae . en . 49 . 50–57 . 10.1016/j.hal.2015.08.004 . 6512812 . 31093028.
  9. Wang . Rui . Wu . Jiajun . Zhou . Shiwen . Cao . Ruobing . Chan . Leo Lai . 2020-09-01 . A preliminary study on the allelopathy and toxicity of the dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum . Marine Pollution Bulletin . 158 . 111400 . 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111400 . 2020MarPB.15811400W . 220979297 . 0025-326X.

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