Karlodinium armiger explained

Karlodinium armiger is a species of dinoflagellates belonging to the family Kareniaceae.^[1] It was first isolated from the Mediterranean sea & described in 2006.^{[2] [3]}

It is a producer of karmitoxin, a toxin structurally related to amphidinols and karlotoxins; however karmitoxin also contains the longest carbon−carbon backbone known for this compound class, and an unusual primary amino group.^[4]

It has a spherical shape with a diameter of about 15 μm.^[5] Under optimal conditions with supplemented NH4⁺, it has a division rate of ~0.3 times per day.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Karlodinium armiger Bergholtz, Daugbjerg & Moestrup 2006 :: Algaebase . www.algaebase.org . 24 January 2021.
2. Bergholtz . Trine . Daugbjerg . Niels . Moestrup . Ojvind . Fernandez-Tejedor . Margarita . On the Identity of Karlodinium Veneficum and Description of Karlodinium armiger sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), Based on Light and Electron Microscopy, Nuclear-Encoded Lsu Rdna, and Pigment Composition1 . Journal of Phycology . Wiley . 42 . 1 . 2006 . 0022-3646 . 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00172.x . 170–193. 2006JPcgy..42..170B . 53620395 .
3. Garcés . Esther . Fernandez . Margarita . Penna . Antonella . Van Lenning . Kees . Gutierrez . Andrés . Camp . Jordi . Zapata . Manuel . Characterization of Nw Mediterranean Karlodinium SPP. (Dinophyceae) Strains Using Morphological, Molecular, Chemical, and Physiological Methodologies . Journal of Phycology . Wiley . 42 . 5 . 2006 . 0022-3646 . 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00270.x . 1096–1112. 2006JPcgy..42.1096G . 11576/1884792 . 84085728 .
4. Rasmussen . Silas Anselm . Binzer . Sofie Bjørnholt . Hoeck . Casper . Meier . Sebastian . de Medeiros . Livia Soman . Andersen . Nikolaj Gedsted . Place . Allen . Nielsen . Kristian Fog . Hansen . Per Juel . Larsen . Thomas Ostenfeld . Karmitoxin: An Amine-Containing Polyhydroxy-Polyene Toxin from the Marine Dinoflagellate Karlodinium armiger . Journal of Natural Products . American Chemical Society (ACS) . 80 . 5 . 2017-04-05 . 0163-3864 . 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00860 . 1287–1293. 28379705 . 6446557 .
5. Xu . Jiayi . Kiørboe . Thomas . Toxic dinoflagellates produce true grazer deterrents . Ecology . Wiley . 99 . 10 . 2018-08-15 . 0012-9658 . 10.1002/ecy.2479 . 2240–2249. 30110126 . 2018Ecol...99.2240X . 52003865 .