Karlodinium Explained

Karlodinium is a genus of athecate dinoflagellates that lives worldwide.^[1] They are often toxin producing, and compared to the other members of the Kareniaceae, are fairly small at <8-15 μm diameter. They are also able to form intense algal blooms.^[2] This species relies of photosynthesis and phagotrphy to grow.^[3]

Species

• Karlodinium antarcticum^[4]
• Karlodinium armiger^{[5] [6]}
• Karlodinium ballantinum
• Karlodinium conicum
• Karlodinium corrugatum
• Karlodinium decipiens
• Karlodinium veneficum^[7]

Notes and References

1. Müller . Marius N. . Dorantes-Aranda . Juan José . Seger . Andreas . Botana . Marina T. . Brandini . Frederico P. . Hallegraeff . Gustaaf M. . 2019 . Ichthyotoxicity of the Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum in Response to Changes in Seawater pH . Frontiers in Marine Science . 6 . 10.3389/fmars.2019.00082 . 2296-7745 . free .
2. Place . Allen R. . Bowers . Holly A. . Bachvaroff . Tsetvan R. . Adolf . Jason E. . Deeds . Jonathan R. . Sheng . Jian . Karlodinium veneficum—The little dinoflagellate with a big bite . Harmful Algae . Elsevier BV . 14 . 2012 . 1568-9883 . 10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.021 . 179–195.
3. Place . Allen R. . Bowers . Holly A. . Bachvaroff . Tsetvan R. . Adolf . Jason E. . Deeds . Jonathan R. . Sheng . Jian . 2012-02-01 . Karlodinium veneficum—The little dinoflagellate with a big bite . Harmful Algae . Harmful Algae--The requirement for species-specific information . 14 . 179–195 . 10.1016/j.hal.2011.10.021 . 1568-9883. subscription .
4. de Salas. Miguel F.. Laza-Martínez. Aitor. Hallegraeff. Gustaaf M.. NOVEL UNARMORED DINOFLAGELLATES FROM THE TOXIGENIC FAMILY KARENIACEAE (GYMNODINIALES): FIVE NEW SPECIES OF KARLODINIUM AND ONE NEW TAKAYAMA FROM THE AUSTRALIAN SECTOR OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN¹. Journal of Phycology. 44. 1. 2008. 241–257. 0022-3646. 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00458.x. 27041059. 2008JPcgy..44..241D . 25477095 .
5. Bergholtz . Trine . Daugbjerg . Niels . Moestrup . Ojvind . Fernandez-Tejedor . Margarita . ON THE IDENTITY OF KARLODINIUM VENEFICUM AND DESCRIPTION OF KARLODINIUM ARMIGER SP. NOV. (DINOPHYCEAE), BASED ON LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, NUCLEAR-ENCODED LSU RDNA, AND PIGMENT COMPOSITION¹ . Journal of Phycology . Wiley . 42 . 1 . 2006 . 0022-3646 . 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00172.x . 170–193. 2006JPcgy..42..170B . 53620395 .
6. Garcés . Esther . Fernandez . Margarita . Penna . Antonella . Van Lenning . Kees . Gutierrez . Andrés . Camp . Jordi . Zapata . Manuel . CHARACTERIZATION OF NW MEDITERRANEAN KARLODINIUM SPP. (DINOPHYCEAE) STRAINS USING MORPHOLOGICAL, MOLECULAR, CHEMICAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL METHODOLOGIES¹ . Journal of Phycology . Wiley . 42 . 5 . 2006 . 0022-3646 . 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00270.x . 1096–1112. 2006JPcgy..42.1096G . 11576/1884792 . 84085728 . free .
7. Fuentes-Grünewald . C.. Garcés . E.. Rossi . S.. Camp . J.. Use of the dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum as a sustainable source of biodiesel production. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 36. 9. 1215–1224. 2009. 19536573. 10.1007/s10295-009-0602-3. 10261/16953. free.