Kareniaceae Explained

Kareniaceae is a accepted marine family of relatively small, toxic, unarmored dinoflagellates belonging to the order Gymnodiniales.^{[1] [2]} Species in the Kareniaceae clade often times cause discolored green Harmful algea blooms (HABs) that pose a safety and health risk to humans (H. sapiens) and the regions around it. Such blooms also pose a risk to coastal aquaculture worldwide, especially places like France, Atlantic ocean, the English channel and the Mediterranean sea.^{[3] [4]}

Species in this family produces Neurotoxins like Brevetoxin which causes Human Shellfish Poisoning (HSP), respiratory effects and mass fish death.^[5]

Genera^[6]

• Asterodinium Sournia
• Brachidinium Sournia
• Gertia K.Takahashi et Iwataki
• Karenia G.Hansen et Moestrup
• Karlodinium Larsen
• Shimiella Ok, Jeong, Lee et Noh
• Takayama G.Hansen et Moestrup

Notes and References

1. Web site: Taxonomy Browser :: Algaebase . www.algaebase.org . 29 October 2022.
2. Web site: WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Kareniaceae . 2023-11-09 . www.marinespecies.org.
3. Zhang . Weiqian . Zhang . Qingchun . Smith . Kirsty F. . Qiu . Limei . Liu . Chao . Yin . Xiaoting . Liu . Qing . 2022 . Development of Specific DNA Barcodes for the Dinophyceae Family Kareniaceae and Their Application in the South China Sea . Frontiers in Marine Science . 9 . 10.3389/fmars.2022.851605 . 2296-7745 . free .
4. Nézan . Elisabeth . Siano . Raffaele . Boulben . Sylviane . Six . Christophe . Bilien . Gwenael . Chèze . Karine . Duval . Audrey . Le Panse . Sophie . Quéré . Julien . Chomérat . Nicolas . 2014-12-01 . Genetic diversity of the harmful family Kareniaceae (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in France, with the description of Karlodinium gentienii sp. nov.: A new potentially toxic dinoflagellate . Harmful Algae . 40 . 75–91 . 10.1016/j.hal.2014.10.006 . 1568-9883.
5. Web site: Karenia – Harmful Algal Blooms . 2023-11-09 . en-US.
6. Iwataki . Mitsunori . Lum . Wai Mun . Kuwata . Koyo . Takahashi . Kazuya . Arima . Daichi . Kuribayashi . Takanori . Kosaka . Yuki . Hasegawa . Natsuki . Watanabe . Tsuyoshi . Shikata . Tomoyuki . Isada . Tomonori . Orlova . Tatiana Yu. . Sakamoto . Setsuko . Morphological variation and phylogeny of Karenia selliformis (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) in an intensive cold-water algal bloom in eastern Hokkaido, Japan . Harmful Algae . Elsevier BV . 114 . 2022 . 1568-9883 . 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102204 . 102204. free . 35550287 .