Karenia bicuneiformis explained

Karenia bicuneiformis, also known as Karenia bidigitata is a microbial species from the genus Karenia, which are dinoflagellates. It was first discovered in New Zealand.^{[1] [2]}

Description

Common to the genus Karenia, this species shares morphological characters such as a smooth theca and a linear apical groove on its apex. At the same time, this species can be distinguished from its cogenerates on the basis of morphological characteristics within its vegetative cells, including the location and shape of its nucleus; the excavation of its hypotheca; the characteristics of its apical and sulcal groove extensions on the epitheca; the shape of its cells, as well as their size and symmetry; the degree of dorsoventral compression; and the presence of an apical carina.

Species that present said dorsoventral compression are shown to swim in a distinctive fluttering motion.^{[3] [4]}

Molecular phylogenetic analyses of rDNA indicates Karenia bicuneiformis, together with K. selliformis and K. papilionacea, is closely related to K. mikimotoi and K. brevis.

Further reading

• de Salas, Miguel F., Christopher JS Bolch, and Gustaaf M. Hallegraeff. "Karenia asterichroma sp. nov.(Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae), a new dinoflagellate species associated with finfish aquaculture mortalities in Tasmania, Australia." Phycologia 43.5 (2004): 624-631.
• Gómez, Fernando. "The dinoflagellate genera Brachidinium, Asterodinium, Microceratium and Karenia in the open SE Pacific Ocean." Algae 21.4 (2006): 445-452.
• Brown, Alisa F. Maier, et al. "Effect of salinity on the distribution, growth, and toxicity of Karenia spp." Harmful Algae 5.2 (2006): 199-212.

External links

• • AlgaeBase

Notes and References

1. Haywood. Allison J.. Steidinger. Karen A.. Truby. Earnest W.. Bergquist. Patricia R.. Bergquist. Peter L.. Adamson. Janet. Mackenzie. Lincoln. Comparative Morphology and Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of Three New Species of the Genus Karenia (Dinophyceae) from New Zealand1 . Journal of Phycology. 40. 1. 2004. 165–179. 0022-3646. 10.1111/j.0022-3646.2004.02-149.x. 2004JPcgy..40..165H . 83753181 .
2. Botes, Lizeth, Stuart D. Sym, and Grant C. Pitcher. "Karenia cristata sp. nov. and Karenia bicuneiformis sp. nov.(Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae): two new Karenia species from the South African coast." Phycologia 42.6 (2003): 563-571.
3. Rhodes, Lesley, and Susie Wood. "Micro-algal and Cyanobacterial Producers of Biotoxins." Toxins and Biologically Active Compounds from Microalgae 1 (2014): 21.
4. Kamykowski, D., E. J. Milligan, and R. E. Reed. "Relationships between geotaxis/phototaxis and diel vertical migration in autotrophic dinoflagellates."Journal of Plankton Research 20.9 (1998): 1781-1796.