Kaman K-MAX explained

The Kaman K-MAX (company designation K-1200) is a helicopter with intermeshing rotors (synchropter) designed and produced by the American manufacturer Kaman Aircraft.

Developed during the 1980s and 1990s, the K-MAX builds on the work of the German aeronautical engineer Anton Flettner. Performing its maiden flight on December 23, 1991, it was specially designed to optimally perform external cargo load operations and is capable of lifting payloads in excess of 6000lb, which is greater than the helicopter's empty weight and almost twice as much as the competing Bell 205 despite sharing a similar engine. Being a synchropter, it has greater efficiency in comparison to conventional rotor technology. In addition to airlifting external loads, specialised configurations for aerial firefighting and casualty evacuation have been developed. It was produced for both military and civilian operators.

Kaman sought to develop the K-MAX into an unmanned aerial vehicle with optional remote control. During the early 2010s, a pair of unmanned K-Maxes underwent an extended battlefield evaluation as a cargo UAV, for which purpose they were deployed to provide logistics support to United States Marine Corps (USMC) ground forces during the war in Afghanistan. Despite receiving numerous awards, the K-MAX was ultimately passed over by the USMC in favour of an unmanned version of the Boeing H-6U Little Bird. The company stated its intention to continue development and to seek out other customers for this capability. An optionally-piloted configuration, branded as the ’’K-Max Titan’’, underwent flight testing in 2021.

The initial production run of the K-MAX ran between 1991 and 2003, at which point the line was shuttered after the completion of 38 helicopters due to low customer demand. During June 2015, Kaman announced that it was restarting production following the receipt of ten commercial orders for the K-MAX.[1] During May 2017, the first flight of a K-MAX built on the restarted production line took place; two months later, the first new-build aircraft since 2003 was delivered to a customer based in China. However, in January 2023, amid a downturn in demand, Kaman announced its intention to shutter production of the K-MAX once again.

Development

Background

In 1947, the German aeronautical engineer Anton Flettner was brought to the United States as part of Operation Paperclip.[2] He was the developer of the two earlier synchropter designs from Germany during the Second World War: the Flettner Fl 265 which pioneered the synchropter layout, and the slightly later Flettner Fl 282 Kolibri ("Hummingbird"), intended for eventual production. Both designs used the principle of counter-rotating side-by-side intermeshing rotors, as the means to solve the problem of torque compensation, normally countered in single–rotor helicopters by a tail rotor, fenestron, NOTAR, or vented blower exhaust, which can use 10-25% of the engine power.[3] Flettner remained in the United States and became the chief designer of the Kaman company.[4] In this capacity, he designed numerous new helicopters that used the Flettner double rotor.

Design

The K-MAX series is the latest in a long line of Kaman synchropters, the most famous of which is the HH-43 Huskie. The first turbine-powered helicopter was also a Kaman synchropter.[5] HH-43 customers requested a similar helicopter from Kaman, optimized for lifting.[3]

Accordingly, the K-MAX relies on two primary advantages of synchropters over conventional helicopters: The increased efficiency compared to conventional rotor-lift technology; and the synchropter's natural tendency to hover. This increases stability, especially for precision work in placing suspended loads. At the same time, the synchropter is more responsive to pilot control inputs, making it possible to easily swing a load, or to scatter seed, chemicals, or water over a larger area. The K-MAX was flight certified in 1994.[3]

The K-1200 K-MAX "aerial truck" is the world's first helicopter specifically designed, tested, and certified for repetitive external lift operations and vertical reference flight (Kaman received IFR Certification in 1999), an important feature for external load work. Other rotorcraft used for these tasks are adapted from general-purpose helicopters, or those intended to primarily carry passengers or internal cargo.

The K-MAX can lift, almost twice as much as the Bell 205 using a different version of the same engine.[6] The aircraft's narrow, wedge-shaped profile and bulging side windows give the pilot a good view of the load looking down&out from either side of the aircraft,[7] with the most important flight instruments duplicated on the outside of the aircraft, near the pilot's line of sight straight down to the load.[3] The cargo hook slides freely on a curved bearing under the helicopter's center of gravity, improving cargo handling during flight.[3] The seat is FAA crashworthiness approved.[3]

The transmission has a reduction ratio of 24.3:1 in three stages, and is designed for unlimited life.[8] The two rotor masts are set at an angle of 25 degrees apart to allow the rotors to intermesh with each other. The masts transfer rotation from the transmission to the rotor blades.[3] The rotor blades (which turn in opposite directions[6] at 250—270 rpm) are built with a Sitka spruce wooden spar and Nomex fiberglass trailing edge sections.[3] Wood was chosen for its damage tolerance and fatigue resistance; and to take advantage of field experience and qualification data amassed from a similar spar on the HH-43 Huskie helicopter, built for the U.S. Air Force in the 1950s and 1960s.[9] The pilot controls the blade pitch via steel tubes running inside the mast and rotor blades to move servo flaps that pitch the blades, reducing required force and avoiding the added weight, cost and maintenance of hydraulic controls.[6] [10] Due to the rotor principle, the helicopter is operated slightly differently compared to regular helicopters, and pilots go through a flight training program in an HH-43 Huskie.[6] [3]

First termination of production

Between 1991 and 2003, thirty-eight K-MAX helicopters had been completed by Kaman.[11] [12] In 2003, amid a wider downturn that impacted the whole aviation industry, it was decided to shutter the production line.[13] However, this move did not lead to development work being halted; instead, such initiatives were continued for an extended period and new partners on the programme were sought.[11]

Unmanned version

As early as 1998, Kaman was working on the development of an unmanned version of the K-MAX. During March 2007, Kaman and Lockheed Martin (Team K-MAX) signed a Strategic Relationship Agreement (SRA) to jointly pursue U.S. DoD opportunities.[14] [15] An unmanned mostly autonomously flying, optionally remote controlled and optionally piloted vehicle (OPV) version, the K-MAX Unmanned Multi-Mission Helicopter was developed for hazardous missions. It can be used in combat to deliver supplies to the battlefield, as well as civilian situations involving chemical, biological, or radiological hazards. A prototype of this was shown in 2008 for potential military heavy-lift resupply use,[16] and again in 2010.[17] In December 2010, the Naval Air Systems Command awarded a $46 million contract to Kaman for two aircraft,[18] and, in 2011, they completed a five-day Quick Reaction Assessment.[19] At the 2013 Paris Air Show, Kaman promoted the unmanned K-MAX to foreign buyers, the company claimed that several countries had expressed interest in the system.[20]

During the mid-2010s, the unmanned K-MAX competed with the Boeing H-6U Little Bird to fulfil the Marine Corps unmanned lift/ISR requirement.[21] In April 2014, Marines at Quantico announced they successfully landed an unmanned K-MAX, as well as a Little Bird, autonomously using a hand held mini-tablet. The helicopters were equipped with Autonomous Aerial Cargo/Utility System (AACUS) technology, which combines advanced algorithms with LIDAR and electro-optical/infrared sensors to enable a user to select a point to land the helicopter at an unprepared landing site.[22] The Office of Naval Research selected Aurora Flight Sciences and the Unmanned Little Bird to complete development of the prototype AACUS system, however, Lockheed stated that it would continue to promote the K-MAX and develop autonomous cargo delivery systems.[23]

Second production run

During February 2014, Kaman stated that it was looking into resuming K-MAX production, having recently received over 20 inquiries for firefighting, logging and industry transport requirements as well as requests for the military unmanned version. Ten firm orders convinced Kaman to put the design back into production again.[24] [25] [26] By 2014, the K-MAX fleet had cumulatively flown 300,000 hours and cost $1,200 per flight hour to operate.[26]

At Heli-Expo 2015 in Orlando, Kaman reported it was continuing to progress towards reopening the production line.[27] Following the receipt of multiple customer deposits, the assembly line was restarted in January 2017.[28] On 12 May 2017, Kaman test flew the first K-MAX to be produced since 2003;[29] [30] on 13 July 2017, it was delivered to Kaman's Chinese sales agent Lectern Aviation, which delivered it onwards to Guangdong Juxiang General Aviation, Guangdong Province for firefighting with the second to be delivered the following week.[31] [32]

To facilitate appropriate scheduling and preparations, Kaman needed to decide in 2017 whether to extend production beyond the first 10 K-MAX rotorcraft. During June 2017, Kaman made the decision to produce a further 10 aircraft, extending the production run into at least 2019.[33] [34] In mid 2017, the company publicly commented that it expected to produce one K-MAX every eight weeks.[35]

Building on a three-year autonomy experiment in Afghanistan with the US Marine Corps,[36] [37] Kaman was at one point pursuing development of the K-Max Titan, an optionally piloted variant intended for commercial customers to fly into dangerous zones like wildfires or natural disasters, and for long operation with no pilot rest; it was claimed to be suitable for operating for up to 100 flight hours before requiring any mandatory inspections. Following FAA certification, the system was to be fitted on new and used helicopters outside the factory. In April 2021, the Titan technology took its first flight.[38] [39]

On 18 January 2023, Kaman announced it will once again be ending the K-MAX production line later that year; its stated reasons for the closure were “low demand and variation in annual deliveries, coupled with low profitability and large working capital inventory requirements.” The line is scheduled to close in the first quarter of FY 2023 after completing a 60-platform production run.[40] Kaman noted that it would take a $54 million of non-cash charges on account of write-downs of existing inventory and aircraft alike.[11]

Operational history

During 2008, a single K-MAX was used for demolition work, having been outfitted with a 3000order=flipNaNorder=flip wrecking ball as a slung load.[41] [42]

In December 2011, an unmanned K-MAX was reported to be at work in Afghanistan.[43] On 17 December 2011, the U. S. Marine Corps conducted the first unmanned aerial system cargo delivery in a combat zone using the unmanned K-MAX, moving about 3500lb of food and supplies to troops at Combat Outpost Payne.[44] [45] A third unmanned K-MAX in the U.S. was tested in 2012 to deliver cargo to a small homing beacon to achieve three-meter precision.[46] By February 2013, the K-MAX had delivered 2000000spell=inNaNspell=in of cargo across 600 unmanned missions, during which in excess of 700 flight hours had been recorded.[47]

On July 31, 2012, Lockheed announced a second service extension for the K-MAX in Afghanistan to support the Marine Corps;[48] on 18 March 2013, the Marine Corps announced the indefinite extension of its use of the unmanned K-MAX helicopters, stating that it would keep the two aircraft in use "until otherwise directed". At the time of the announcement, they had flown over 1,000 missions and hauled over 3000000spell=inNaNspell=in of supplies; assessments for their use after the deployment were also being studied.[49] The unmanned K-MAX has won awards from Popular Science and Aviation Week & Space Technology,[50] and was nominated for the 2012 Collier Trophy.[51]

On June 5, 2013, one of the unmanned K-MAX helicopters crashed in Afghanistan while flying a resupply mission. No injuries occurred, the subsequent accident investigation ruled out both pilot error and mechanical issue,[52] the rotorcraft having been flying autonomously towards a predetermined point and performing during the final stages of cargo delivery at the time.[53] Operational flights of the remaining unmanned K-MAX were suspended following the crash, the Navy stating at that time that it could resume flying by late August. Early on, swing load was viewed as the crash's prime cause.[54] The investigation determined that the crash had been caused by unexpected tailwinds that the helicopter experienced while making the delivery, instead of headwinds, which caused it to begin oscillating. Operators employed a weathervane effect to try to regain control, but its load began to swing, which exacerbated the effect and caused it to contact the ground. The accident report determined that it could have been prevented if pilots intervened earlier and mission planners received updated weather reports; diverging conditions and insufficient programming meant it could not recover on its own and required human intervention.[55]

The K-MAX supporting Marines in Afghanistan was planned to remain in use there until at least August 2014. The Marine Corps was looking into acquiring the unmanned K-MAX as a program of record, and the United States Army was also looking into it to determine cost-effectiveness. In theater, the rotorcraft performed most missions at night and successfully lifted loads of up to 4500lb. Hook-ups of equipment were performed in concert with individuals on the ground, however, Lockheed was looking into performing this action automatically through a device mounted atop the package that the helicopter can hook up to by itself; this feature was demonstrated in 2013.[56] Other features were being examined, including the ability to be automatically re-routed in flight, and to fly in formation with other aircraft.[57] The unmanned K-MAX was successfully able to deliver 30000abbr=onNaNabbr=on of cargo in one day over the course of six missions (average 5000abbr=onNaNabbr=on transported cargo per mission). Lockheed and Kaman discussed the purchasing of 16 helicopters with the Navy and Marine Corps for a baseline start to a program.[52]

In May 2014, both of the unmanned K-MAX helicopters in use by the Marine Corps returned to the U.S., shortly after the Corps had determined that they were no longer needed to support missions in Afghanistan. After deploying in December 2011, originally planned for six months, they operated in the region for almost three years and lifted 2,250 tons of cargo. While the equipment entered storage, the service contemplated the possibility of turning the unmanned K-MAX from a proof-of-concept project into a program of record. Formal requirements for unmanned aerial cargo delivery are being written to address expected future threats, including electronic attack, cyber warfare, and effective hostile fire; these were avoided in Afghanistan quickly and cheaply by flying at night at high altitudes against an enemy with no signal degradation capabilities.[58] [59] Officials assessed the K-MAX helicopter that crashed and planned to repair it in 2015. The helicopters, ground control stations, and additional equipment are stored at Lockheed's facility in Owego.[60] The two unmanned K-MAXs, designated CQ-24A, were to be moved to a Marine Corps base in Arizona by the end of September 2015 to develop tactics and operations concepts to inform an official program of record for a cargo UAV.[61]

During November 2014, Lockheed Martin demonstrated a fire fighting version,[27] another demonstration was performed in October 2015, in which the K-MAX delivered over 24000lb of water in one hour.[62] [63] In March 2015, a casualty evacuation exercise was performed in coordination with an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) and mission planning system.[64] A medic launched the UGV to evaluate the casualty, used a tablet to call in and automatically land the K-MAX, then strapped a mannequin to a seat aboard the helicopter.[65]

By January 2015, 11 K-MAX helicopters were reportedly no longer airworthy, some of which had been written off in accidents. Furthermore, an additional five were in storage at Kaman.[66] [67] By March 2015, the number of operational K-MAXs was reportedly 21, having flown a total of 315,000 hours among 250 pilots.[6] Despite production of the type having been discontinued in 2023, Kaman pledged that it would continued to support the existing K-Max fleet in operation, which includes the provision of spare parts, servicing, training, and repairs to operators for the foreseeable future.[68]

Operators

[73]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Kaman restarts K-Max production on new commercial orders . https://web.archive.org/web/20150610130455/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/kaman-restarts-k-max-production-on-new-commercial-orders-413164/ . June 10, 2015 . Flightglobal.
  2. Book: Boyne, Walter J. . Walter J. Boyne . 2011 . How the Helicopter Changed Modern Warfare . 45 . Pelican Publishing . 978-1-58980-700-6.
  3. Web site: Bazzani . Mario . Kaman K-1200 K-MAX . www.heli-archive.ch . en . December 2020. Initial design features resulting from operator input included: a lead-acid battery, a DC only electrical system, “mechanically-hardened” sheet metal construction and heavy duty hook, crashworthy cockpit, easy access cowlings and panels, a particle separator on the engine inlet, and simple operating procedures..
  4. Web site: "Anton Flettner"; Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg . August 22, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121018002037/http://www.hubschraubermuseum.de/archiv/personnlichkeiten/flettner-anton . October 18, 2012 . live .
  5. Web site: Twin Turborotor Helicopter . . August 1954 . 139 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150915141300/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zt4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA139&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&hl=en&sa=X&ei=twghT4yjN4_tggfElaX9CA&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=1954%20Popular%20Mechanics%20January&f=true . September 15, 2015 .
  6. News: Elan . Head . Going Solo . Vertical Magazine . 9 March 2015 . 8 November 2022 . intermeshing main rotors, which turn in opposite directions “like a swimmer doing the breaststroke,” as Kaman’s instructors put it.
  7. News: Long – Lining . Gray . Peter . 26 June 1996 . . Reed Business Information . 21 June 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150621165114/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/long-lining-12558/ . June 21, 2015 . live.
  8. 'K-MAX Intermeshing Rotor Drive System' 53rd Annual Forum Proc., AHH, 1997.
  9. Web site: Composites take off ... in some civil helicopters . compositesworld.com . 1 March 2005 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110911043839/http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/composites-take-off-in-some-civil-helicopters . September 11, 2011 .
  10. Web site: Chandler . Jay . Advanced rotor designs break conventional helicopter speed restrictions . 2 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130718141528/http://www.propilotmag.com/archives/2012/September%2012/A3_Rotor_p2.html . July 18, 2013 . ProPilotMag . September 2012 . 10 May 2014 . dead .
  11. Web site: Kaman Ending Production of K-Max Heavy-lift Helicopter . Mark . Huber . AIN Online . 19 January 2023.
  12. Web site: The Kaman K-MAX Production list . https://web.archive.org/web/20150418193651/http://www.markusherzig.com/kmax/kmaxprod.htm . April 18, 2015 . Markus . Herzig.
  13. News: Civil Tiltrotor and K-Max Aerial Truck Back in the Saddle? . AINonline.com . R. Randall . Padfield . March 2012 . 31 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131220212520/http://www.ainonline.com/sites/ainonline.com/files/pdf/ain_2012_heliexpo_report.pdf . December 20, 2013 . live.
  14. Web site: Kaman Aerospace . https://web.archive.org/web/20130629170441/http://www.kaman.com/aerospace/aerosystems/air-vehicles-mro/products-services/unmanned-aerial-systems/ . June 29, 2013 . dead.
  15. Web site: Lockheed Martin K-MAX . October 17, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120603072604/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/kmax.html . June 3, 2012 . live .
  16. Web site: Lockheed Martin And Kaman Aerospace Demonstrate Unmanned Supply Helicopter To U.S. Army . 13 August 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091010104549/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2008/0605si-kmax.html . October 10, 2009 . mdy-all.
  17. Web site: Team K-MAX demonstrates successful unmanned Helicopter Cargo resupply to U.S. Marine Corps . https://web.archive.org/web/20111104140039/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2010/020810_LM_K-MAX.html . November 4, 2011 . . 8 February 2010 . 14 March 2010.
  18. Web site: Lockheed Martin awarded $45.8 million for unmanned KMAX . https://web.archive.org/web/20101209185246/http://defense-update.com/wp/20101206_kmax.html . December 9, 2010 . Defense Update . 6 December 2010 . 11 December 2010.
  19. Web site: Lockheed Martin/Kaman K-MAX Completes US Navy Unmanned Cargo Assessment . https://web.archive.org/web/20120325163945/http://www.uasvision.com/2011/09/08/lockheed-martinkaman-k-max-completes-us-navy-unmanned-cargo-assessment/ . March 25, 2012 . 8 September 2011 . 9 September 2011.
  20. Web site: K-MAX looks to lift overseas sales . https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023226/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-k-max-looks-to-lift-overseas-sales-387283/ . January 19, 2016 . Flightglobal.com . 18 June 2013.
  21. Web site: USMC Unmanned Lift Competition Taking Shape . https://archive.today/20130928154903/http://www.defensenews.com/article/20130925/SHOWSCOUT/309250023/USMC-Unmanned-Lift-Competition-Taking-Shape?odyssey=mod_sectionstories . September 28, 2013 . Defensenews.com . 25 September 2013.
  22. Web site: Marines Fly Helicopters With Mini-Tablet . https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220552/http://www.dodbuzz.com/2014/04/05/marines-fly-helicopters-with-mini-tablet/ . April 8, 2014 . DoDBuzz.com . 5 April 2014.
  23. Web site: Aurora beats Lockheed bid to develop iPad-based UAS controller . Flightglobal.com . 6 May 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160119023225/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/aurora-beats-lockheed-bid-to-develop-ipad-based-uas-398947/ . January 19, 2016 .
  24. Kaman Aerospace Soliciting Interest in New K-MAX Production . February 25, 2014 . Kaman . June 16, 2017 . May 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210514171602/https://www.kaman.com/news/kaman-aerospace-soliciting-interest-new-k-max%C2%AE-production . dead .
  25. News: Heli-Expo 2014: Kaman looks to restart K-MAX production . Shephardmedia . rotorhub . February 27, 2014 . Scott . Gourley . March 1, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140301104619/http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/rotorhub/heli-expo-2014-kaman-looks-restart-k-max-productio/ . March 1, 2014 . live .
  26. News: Elan . Head . Production potential . 44 . Vertical Magazine . April 2014 . July 8, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140716081046/http://www.verticalmag.com/digital_issue/2014/v13i2/files/2.html . July 16, 2014 . live .
  27. News: Elan . Head . 15 March 2015 . Kaman still aiming to restart K-MAX production . Vertical Magazine . March 17, 2015 . live . March 23, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150323043931/http://www.verticalmag.com/news/article/KamanstillaimingtorestartKMAXproduction.
  28. News: Kaman inducts first K-Max into re-opened assembly plant . Stephen . Trimble . Flightglobal . 17 January 2017 . January 18, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170118152336/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/kaman-inducts-first-k-max-into-re-opened-assembly-pl-433263/ . 18 January 2017 . live.
  29. Kaman announces first new K-MAX flight . Kaman . 19 May 2017 . 16 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170606034125/http://www.kaman.com/news/kaman-announces-first-k-max%C2%AE-flight . 6 June 2017 . live .
  30. Web site: First Flight For New K-Max . 24 May 2017 . Grady . Mary . AVweb . May 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180720125457/https://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/First-Flight-For-New-K-Max-229041-1.html . 20 July 2018 . live.
  31. Web site: Officials Celebrate Return Of Kaman K-MAX Helicopters . Hartford Courant . 13 July 2017.
  32. News: Kaman Delivers First New-build K-Max in Fourteen Years . Mark . Phelps . July 17, 2017 . Aviation International News . July 18, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170717202901/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2017-07-17/kaman-delivers-first-new-build-k-max-fourteen-years . July 17, 2017 . live .
  33. Web site: Kaman authorises second batch of K-Max helicopter production . Stephen . Trimble . June 14, 2017 . Flightglobal . June 18, 2017 . a decision within two months on whether to extend production beyond the first 10 aircraft. A decision had to be made before June to avoid a break in the production system. . https://web.archive.org/web/20170614203821/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/kaman-authorises-second-batch-of-k-max-helicopter-pr-438234/ . June 14, 2017 . live .
  34. News: Kaman Delivering First New-production K-Max . Mark . Huber . June 9, 2017 . Aviation International News . 16 June 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170827042822/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2017-06-09/kaman-delivering-first-new-production-k-max . August 27, 2017 . live .
  35. Web site: Kaman aims for new K-MAX delivery every 8 weeks . verticalmag.com . Oliver . Johnson . 20 July 2017.
  36. News: Kaman to offer optionally piloted K-Max by 2020 . Garrett . Reim . 7 March 2019 . Flightglobal . 7 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190307101059/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/hai-kaman-to-offer-optionally-piloted-k-max-by-2020-456409/ . 7 March 2019 . live .
  37. Web site: How Kaman's unmanned K-Max helicopter is getting smarter . verticalmag.com . Elan . Head . 21 August 2020.
  38. Web site: K-Max Titan: The first commercial heavy-lift helicopter with no pilot . New Atlas . 27 April 2021.
  39. Web site: Kaman Announces First Flight of Unmanned K-MAX TITAN . businesswire.com . 21 April 2021.
  40. Web site: 20 January 2023 . Kaman to close K-MAX production line . . https://web.archive.org/web/20230122212911/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/kaman-to-close-k-max-production-line . 22 January 2023 . live.
  41. News: Demolition precedes new construction for Ursuline schools . John R. . Karman III . 18 August 2008 . January 24, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026083326/http://www.bizjournals.com/louisville/stories/2008/08/18/story8.html?b=1219032000%5E1685800 . October 26, 2012 . live.
  42. News: Thompson . Jennifer . Ursuline Campus Expansion "The Wild Thing" called in for demolition of chimney . WDRB television, WLKY television . 11 August 2008.
  43. Web site: Robotic helicopters at work in Afghanistan . John . Roach . . 22 December 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120107173929/http://futureoftech.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/12/21/9612653-robotic-helicopters-at-work-in-afghanistan . 7 January 2012 .
  44. Web site: K-MAX RoboCopter Starts Making Autonomous Afghanistan Deliveries Little robot helicopters are on the job, delivering supplies to front-line troops in Afghanistan . . 20 December 2011.
  45. Web site: Unmanned helicopter makes first delivery for Marines in Afghanistan . . Evan . Ackerman . 28 December 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120108020436/http://www.marines.mil/unit/mcascherrypoint/Pages/111220-M-JU941-CARGO1.aspx#.TvsPD1aQC6c . January 8, 2012 . mdy-all.
  46. Web site: Beacon improves UAV's cargo-delivery accuracy . https://archive.today/20130128083439/http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2012/07/marine-kmax-beacon-improves-uav-cargo-delivery-accuracy-070812w/ . January 28, 2013 . . 8 July 2012 . 9 July 2012.
  47. Web site: McLeary . Paul . K-MAX Chugging Along in Afghanistan . . 3 February 2012 . 4 February 2012.
  48. Web site: U.S. Marine Corps to Keep K-MAX Unmanned Cargo Re-Supply Helicopter in Theater for Second Deployment Extension . https://web.archive.org/web/20130126204530/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2012/july/ms2-0731-us-marine-corps-to-keep-k-max-unmanned-cargo-helicopter.html . January 26, 2013 . Lockheed . July 31, 2012.
  49. Web site: US Marines extend K-MAX unmanned helicopter's use in Afghanistan . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180120/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/18/lockheed-unmanned-helicopter-idUSL1N0C603420130318 . September 24, 2015 . Reuters.com . 18 March 2013.
  50. Web site: Unmanned K-MAX Wins Top Innovation Honors, USMC Praise . HeliHub . 26 February 2013 . 9 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130421030311/http://helihub.com/2013/01/09/unmanned-k-max-wins-top-innovation-honors-usmc-praise/ . April 21, 2013 . live.
  51. Web site: Unmanned K-MAX is nominee for Collier Trophy . HeliHub . 26 February 2013 . 11 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130729060157/http://helihub.com/2013/02/11/unmanned-k-max-is-nominee-for-collier-trophy/ . 29 July 2013 . live.
  52. Web site: Marines Work to Extend K-MAX in Afghanistan Through 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140305021316/http://defensetech.org/2013/09/25/marines-work-to-extend-k-max-through-2014/?ESRC=deftech.sm . March 5, 2014 . Defensetech.org . 25 September 2013.
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