Kam–Sui languages explained

Kam–Sui
Also Known As:侗水語支
Dong–Shui
Region:eastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi
Familycolor:Tai-Kadai
Protoname:Proto-Kam–Sui
Fam2:Kam–Tai ?
Glotto:kams1241
Glottorefname:Kam–Sui

The Kam–Sui languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai languages spoken by the Kam–Sui peoples. They are spoken mainly in eastern Guizhou, western Hunan, and northern Guangxi in southern China. Small pockets of Kam–Sui speakers are also found in northern Vietnam and Laos.[1]

Classification

The Kam–Sui branch includes about a dozen languages. Solnit (1988)[2] considers Lakkia and Biao languages to be sister branches of Kam–Sui, rather than part of Kam–Sui itself.

The best known Kam–Sui languages are Dong (Kam), with over a million speakers, Mulam, Maonan, and Sui. Other Kam–Sui languages include Ai-Cham, Mak, and Tʻen, and Chadong, which is the most recently discovered Kam–Sui language. Yang (2000) considers Ai-Cham and Mak to be dialects of a single language.[3]

Thurgood (1988)

Graham Thurgood (1988) presents the following tentative classification for the Kam–Sui branch. Chadong, a language that has been described only recently by Chinese linguist Jinfang Li, is also included below. It is most closely related to Maonan.[4] Cao Miao and Naxi Yao, which are closely related to Southern Dong, have also been added from Shi (2015).

Norquest (2021)

Peter Norquest (2021:234) presents another classification for the Kam–Sui branch.[5]

Demographics

Nearly all speakers of Kam–Sui languages originate in the Qiandongnan (Dong) and Qiannan (Sui, Then, Mak, Ai-Cham) Prefectures of Guizhou, as well as the prefecture-level cities of Hechi (Mulam and Maonan) and Guilin (Chadong) in northern Guangxi. Many Kam–Sui speakers have also migrated to farther urban areas such as Guangzhou.

Small groups of Kam and Sui speakers also reside in Tuyên Quang Province, Vietnam, in the villages of Đồng Mộc and Hồng Quang, respectively.

By language

By location

(Listed counterclockwise: east to north to west to south)

By population

There is a total of about 2 million Kam–Sui speakers.

The four largest Kam–Sui ethnic groups, the Dong, Shui, Mulao, and Maonan, are officially recognized by the Chinese government. Non-recognized Kam–Sui ethnic groups (Chadong, Then, Mak, Ai-Cham) who can still speak their own languages number less than 50,000.

  1. Dong

about 1,500,000 speakers; 1.7 million in 1995

  1. Sui

300,000 speakers

  1. Mulam

86,000 speakers (ethnic population: 200,000)

  1. Maonan

30,000 speakers (ethnic population: 100,000)

  1. Chadong

20,000 speakers

  1. Then

15,000 speakers

  1. Mak

10,000 speakers

  1. Ai-Cham

2,700 speakers

Other languages

See main article: article and List of unrecognized ethnic groups of Guizhou.

The following language varieties are closely related to, or part of, Southern Dong.

The following peoples may also speak Kam–Sui languages.[9]

There are also some languages in southeastern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, and southwestern Hunan that have been influenced by Kam–Sui languages, such as Suantang 酸汤 and Tongdao Pinghua, a Pinghua lect spoken in Tongdao Dong Autonomous County, Hunan.[24] Kam–Sui languages are also in contact with Suantang 酸汤, a Sinitic language spoken by about 80,000 ethnic Miao in Baibu 白布, Dihu 地湖, Dabaozi 大堡子, and Sanqiao 三锹 in Tianzhu, Huitong, and Jing counties (Chen Qiguang 2013:35).[25] Suantang is very similar to New Xiang (新湘语), but is unintelligible with Southwestern Mandarin.

Reconstruction

See main article: Proto-Kam–Sui language. The Proto-Kam–Sui language is the reconstructed ancestor of the Kam–Sui languages.

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Map & Language Descriptions . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120207074151/http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/research/map.html . 2012-02-07 . 2010-12-02 . Lesser Known Indigenous Languages of Northern Vietnam . en.
  2. Book: Solnit, David B. . Comparative Kadai: Linguistic Studies Beyond Tai . 1988 . Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington . Edmondson . Jerold A. . Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics 86 . Dallas . 219–238 . en . The Position of Lakkia Within Kadai . Solnit . David B..
  3. Book: Yang, Tongyin 杨通银 . Mò yǔ yánjiū . 2000 . Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe . 978-7-81056-427-4 . Beijing . zh . zh:莫语研究 . A Study of Mak.
  4. Book: Li, Jinfang . The Tai–Kadai Languages . 2008 . Routledge . Diller . Anthony . New York . 596–620 . en . Chadong, a Newly-Discovered Kam–Sui Language in Northern Guangxi . Edmondson . Jerold A. . Luo . Yongxian.
  5. Book: Norquest, Peter. The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages. De Gruyter. 2021. 10.1515/9783110558142-013. 225–246. 9783110558142 . 238672319 .
  6. Web site: Mjuniang . 2021-08-31 . en . Asia Harvest.
  7. Book: Shi, Lin 石林 . Xiāng-Qián-Guì biānqū de sān gè zúqún fāngyán dǎo . 2015 . Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe . 978-7-5161-6494-5 . Beijing . zh . zh:湘黔桂边区的三个族群方言岛 . Three Language Varieties of the Hunan-Guizhou-Guangxi Border Region.
  8. Web site: Diao . 2021-08-31 . en . Asia Harvest.
  9. Web site: China . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130801062653/http://asiaharvest.org/index.php/people-group-profiles/china/ . 2013-08-01 . 2013-07-19 . Asia Harvest . en.
  10. Web site: Xialusi . 2021-08-31 . en . Asia Harvest.
  11. Web site: Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Gǔgǎn Cūnwěihuì . zh:富源县古敢水族乡古敢村委会 . Gugan Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20181230185827/http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69595 . 2018-12-30 . 2018-12-30 . ynszxc.net . zh.
  12. Web site: Shui, Yunnan . 2021-08-31 . en . Asia Harvest.
  13. http://file.lw23.com/5/54/542/5426d856-8bbb-4108-a310-96caa7bace36.pdf
  14. Web site: Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Bǔzhǎng Cūn . zh:富源县古敢水族乡补掌村委会补掌村 . Buzhang Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20181230202049/http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69611 . 2018-12-30 . 2018-12-30 . ynszxc.net . zh.
  15. Web site: Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Dōnglǎ Cūn . zh:富源县古敢水族乡补掌村委会咚喇村 . Dongla Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20181230184230/http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vindex.aspx?departmentid=69619&classid=727513 . 2018-12-30 . 2018-12-30 . ynszxc.net . zh.
  16. Web site: Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Rèshuǐlǎozhài Cūn . zh:富源县古敢水族乡补掌村委会热水老寨村 . Reshuilaozhai Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20181230202258/http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69618 . 2018-12-30 . 2018-12-30 . ynszxc.net . zh.
  17. Web site: Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Dàzhài Cūn . zh:富源县古敢水族乡补掌村委会大寨村 . Dazhai Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20181230191550/http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69621 . 2018-12-30 . 2018-12-30 . ynszxc.net . zh.
  18. Web site: Fùyuán Xiàn Gǔgǎn Shuǐzú Xiāng Bǔzhǎng Cūnwěihuì Dōuzhāng Cūn . zh:富源县古敢水族乡补掌村委会都章村 . Duzhang Village, Buzhang Village Committee, Gugan Shui Ethnic Township, Fuyuan County . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181230195336/http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=69609 . 2018-12-30 . 2018-12-30 . ynszxc.net . zh.
  19. Hai . Zuoliang 海佐良 . 2006 . Yúnnán shuǐzú yǔyán zuìhòu de yúyīn . zh:云南水族语言最后的余音 . Jīnrì mínzú . zh . 2006 . 4 . 32–33 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052359/http://wuxizazhi.cnki.net/Search/MCGZ200604008.html . 2016-03-04 . zh:今日民族.
  20. Web site: Fùyuán Xiàn Lǎochǎng Xiāng Xīnbǎo Cūnwěihuì Lèé Cūn . zh:富源县老厂乡新堡村委会乐额村 . Le'e Village, Xinbao Village Committee, Laochang Township, Fuyuan County . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181230181324/http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=92314 . 2018-12-30 . 2018-12-30 . ynszxc.net . zh.
  21. Web site: Xuānwēi Shì Géyí Zhèn Dàpíng Cūnwěihuì Dàcūnzi Cūn . zh:宣威市格宜镇大坪村委会大村子村 . Dacunzi Village, Daping Village Committee, Geyi Town, Xuanwei City . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20181230185925/http://www.ynszxc.net/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=34677 . 2018-12-30 . 2018-12-30 . ynszxc.net . zh.
  22. Web site: Qūjìng mínzú yuánliú gàishù . zh:曲靖民族源流概述 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210830184501/https://wenku.baidu.com/view/69084e8ad0d233d4b14e699b.html . 2021-08-30 . 2013-03-08 . zh . Baidu.
  23. Hsiu . Andrew . 2013 . "Shui" Varieties of Western Guizhou and Yunnan . 10.5281/zenodo.1133488.
  24. Peng . Jianguo 彭建国 . He . Yuna 何妤娜 . 2010 . Húnán Tōngdào dòngzú "Běndìhuà" de yǔyīn xìtǒng jí qí guīshǔ . zh:湖南通道侗族“本地话”的语音系统及其归属 . The Phonetic System and Belongingness of "Bendihua" of Tongdao . Yúnmèng xué kān / Journal of Yunmeng . zh . 31 . 4 . 138–141 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210830184501/https://wenku.baidu.com/view/4d6bdbf1856a561252d36f61.html . 2021-08-30 . Baidu.
  25. Book: Chen, Qiguang 陈其光 . Miáo Yáo yǔwén . 2013 . Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe . Beijing . zh . zh:苗瑶语文 . Miao and Yao Language.

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